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Inverting Step-Reduced SHA-1 and MD5 by Parameterized SAT Solvers

Author Oleg Zaikin

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Author Details

Oleg Zaikin
  • ISDCT SB RAS, Irkutsk, Russia

Funding

This study was funded by the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation, project No. 121041300065-9.

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Oleg Zaikin. Inverting Step-Reduced SHA-1 and MD5 by Parameterized SAT Solvers. In 30th International Conference on Principles and Practice of Constraint Programming (CP 2024). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 307, pp. 31:1-31:19, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2024) https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPIcs.CP.2024.31

Abstract

MD5 and SHA-1 are fundamental cryptographic hash functions proposed in 1990s. Given a message of arbitrary finite size, MD5 produces a 128-bit hash in 64 steps, while SHA-1 produces a 160-bit hash in 80 steps. It is computationally infeasible to invert MD5 and SHA-1, i.e. to find a message given a hash. In 2012, 28-step MD5 and 23-step SHA-1 were inverted by CDCL solvers, yet no progress has been made since then. The present paper proposes to construct 31 intermediate inverse problems for any pair of MD5 or SHA-1 steps (i,i+1), such that the first problem is very close to inverting i steps, while the 31st one is almost inverting i+1 steps. We constructed SAT encodings of intermediate problems for MD5 and SHA-1, and tuned a CDCL solver on the simplest of them. Then the tuned solver was used to design a parallel Cube-and-Conquer solver which for the first time inverted 29-step MD5 and 24-step SHA-1.

Subject Classification

ACM Subject Classification
  • Theory of computation → Constraint and logic programming
Keywords
  • cryptographic hash function
  • MD5
  • SHA-1
  • preimage attack
  • SAT
  • Cube-and-Conquer

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