Going Deep and Going Wide: Counting Logic and Homomorphism Indistinguishability over Graphs of Bounded Treedepth and Treewidth

Authors Eva Fluck , Tim Seppelt , Gian Luca Spitzer



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Author Details

Eva Fluck
  • RWTH Aachen University, Germany
Tim Seppelt
  • RWTH Aachen University, Germany
Gian Luca Spitzer
  • RWTH Aachen University, Germany

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Martin Grohe and Daniel Neuen for fruitful discussions.

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Eva Fluck, Tim Seppelt, and Gian Luca Spitzer. Going Deep and Going Wide: Counting Logic and Homomorphism Indistinguishability over Graphs of Bounded Treedepth and Treewidth. In 32nd EACSL Annual Conference on Computer Science Logic (CSL 2024). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 288, pp. 27:1-27:17, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2024) https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPIcs.CSL.2024.27

Abstract

We study the expressive power of first-order logic with counting quantifiers, especially the k-variable and quantifier-rank-q fragment 𝖢^k_q, using homomorphism indistinguishability. Recently, Dawar, Jakl, and Reggio (2021) proved that two graphs satisfy the same 𝖢^k_q-sentences if and only if they are homomorphism indistinguishable over the class 𝒯^k_q of graphs admitting a k-pebble forest cover of depth q. Their proof builds on the categorical framework of game comonads developed by Abramsky, Dawar, and Wang (2017). We reprove their result using elementary techniques inspired by Dvořák (2010). Using these techniques we also give a characterisation of guarded counting logic. Our main focus, however, is to provide a graph theoretic analysis of the graph class 𝒯^k_q. This allows us to separate 𝒯^k_q from the intersection of the graph class TW_{k-1}, that is graphs of treewidth less or equal k-1, and TD_q, that is graphs of treedepth at most q if q is sufficiently larger than k. We are able to lift this separation to the semantic separation of the respective homomorphism indistinguishability relations. A part of this separation is to prove that the class TD_q is homomorphism distinguishing closed, which was already conjectured by Roberson (2022).

Subject Classification

ACM Subject Classification
  • Mathematics of computing → Graph theory
  • Theory of computation → Finite Model Theory
Keywords
  • Treewidth
  • treedepth
  • homomorphism indistinguishability
  • counting first-order logic

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References

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