We study the parameterized complexity of algorithmic problems whose input is an integer set A in terms of the doubling constant 𝒞 := |A+A| / |A|, a fundamental measure of additive structure. We present evidence that this new parameterization is algorithmically useful in the form of new results for two difficult, well-studied problems: Integer Programming and Subset Sum. First, we show that determining the feasibility of bounded Integer Programs is a tractable problem when parameterized in the doubling constant. Specifically, we prove that the feasibility of an integer program ℐ with n polynomially-bounded variables and m constraints can be determined in time n^{O_𝒞(1)} ⋅ poly(|ℐ|) when the column set of the constraint matrix has doubling constant 𝒞. Second, we show that the Subset Sum and Unbounded Subset Sum problems can be solved in time n^{O_C(1)} and n^{O_𝒞(log log log n)}, respectively, where the O_C notation hides functions that depend only on the doubling constant 𝒞. We also show the equivalence of achieving an FPT algorithm for Subset Sum with bounded doubling and achieving a milestone result for the parameterized complexity of Box ILP. Finally, we design near-linear time algorithms for k-SUM as well as tight lower bounds for 4-SUM and nearly tight lower bounds for k-SUM, under the k-SUM conjecture. Several of our results rely on a new proof that Freiman’s Theorem, a central result in additive combinatorics, can be made efficiently constructive. This result may be of independent interest.
@InProceedings{randolph_et_al:LIPIcs.ESA.2024.96, author = {Randolph, Tim and W\k{e}grzycki, Karol}, title = {{Parameterized Algorithms on Integer Sets with Small Doubling: Integer Programming, Subset Sum and k-SUM}}, booktitle = {32nd Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2024)}, pages = {96:1--96:19}, series = {Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)}, ISBN = {978-3-95977-338-6}, ISSN = {1868-8969}, year = {2024}, volume = {308}, editor = {Chan, Timothy and Fischer, Johannes and Iacono, John and Herman, Grzegorz}, publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik}, address = {Dagstuhl, Germany}, URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2024.96}, URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-211672}, doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2024.96}, annote = {Keywords: Parameterized algorithms, parameterized complexity, additive combinatorics, Subset Sum, integer programming, doubling constant} }
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