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The Structure of Trees in the Pushdown Hierarchy

Authors Arnaud Carayol, Lucien Charamond

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Author Details

Arnaud Carayol
  • Univ Gustave Eiffel, CNRS, LIGM, F-77454 Marne-la-Vallée, France
Lucien Charamond
  • Univ Gustave Eiffel, CNRS, LIGM, F-77454 Marne-la-Vallée, France

Acknowledgements

The authors are indebted to Didier Caucal for pointing out the notion of (𝓁,b)-tree implicit in the work [Boris Adamczewski et al., 2020] and starting this work. The authors would like to thanks the reviewers for their work.

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Arnaud Carayol and Lucien Charamond. The Structure of Trees in the Pushdown Hierarchy. In 51st International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2024). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 297, pp. 131:1-131:18, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2024)
https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2024.131

Abstract

In this article, we investigate the structure of the trees in the pushdown hierarchy, a hierarchy of infinite graphs having a decidable MSO-theory. We show that a binary complete tree in the pushdown hierarchy must contain at least two different subtrees which are isomorphic. We extend this property to any tree with no leaves and with chains of unary vertices of bounded length. We provided two applications of this result. A first application in formal language theory, gives a simple argument to show that some languages are not deterministic higher-order indexed languages. A second application in number theory shows that the real numbers defined by deterministic higher-order pushdown automata are either rational or transcendental.

Subject Classification

ACM Subject Classification
  • Theory of computation → Automata over infinite objects
  • Theory of computation → Verification by model checking
Keywords
  • Pushdown hierarchy
  • Monadic second-order logic
  • Automatic numbers

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References

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