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Finding and Counting Permutations via CSPs

Authors Benjamin Aram Berendsohn, László Kozma, Dániel Marx

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ACM Subject Classification
  • Theory of computation → Data structures design and analysis
  • Theory of computation → Pattern matching
Keywords
  • permutations
  • pattern matching
  • constraint satisfaction
  • exponential time

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Abstract

Permutation patterns and pattern avoidance have been intensively studied in combinatorics and computer science, going back at least to the seminal work of Knuth on stack-sorting (1968). Perhaps the most natural algorithmic question in this area is deciding whether a given permutation of length n contains a given pattern of length k. 
In this work we give two new algorithms for this well-studied problem, one whose running time is n^{k/4 + o(k)}, and a polynomial-space algorithm whose running time is the better of O(1.6181^n) and O(n^{k/2 + 1}). These results improve the earlier best bounds of n^{0.47k + o(k)} and O(1.79^n) due to Ahal and Rabinovich (2000) resp. Bruner and Lackner (2012) and are the fastest algorithms for the problem when k in Omega(log{n}). We show that both our new algorithms and the previous exponential-time algorithms in the literature can be viewed through the unifying lens of constraint-satisfaction. 
Our algorithms can also count, within the same running time, the number of occurrences of a pattern. We show that this result is close to optimal: solving the counting problem in time f(k) * n^{o(k/log{k})} would contradict the exponential-time hypothesis (ETH). For some special classes of patterns we obtain improved running times. We further prove that 3-increasing and 3-decreasing permutations can, in some sense, embed arbitrary permutations of almost linear length, which indicates that an algorithm with sub-exponential running time is unlikely, even for patterns from these restricted classes.

Cite As Get BibTex

Benjamin Aram Berendsohn, László Kozma, and Dániel Marx. Finding and Counting Permutations via CSPs. In 14th International Symposium on Parameterized and Exact Computation (IPEC 2019). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 148, pp. 1:1-1:16, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2019) https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPIcs.IPEC.2019.1

Author Details

Benjamin Aram Berendsohn
  • Institut für Informatik, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
László Kozma
  • Institut für Informatik, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
Dániel Marx
  • Max Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarland Informatics Campus, Saarbrücken, Germany

Funding

  • Marx, Dániel: Supported by the European Research Council (ERC) Consolidator Grant No. 725978 SYSTEMATICGRAPH.

Acknowledgements

An earlier version of the paper contained a mistake in the analysis of the algorithm for Theorem 2. We thank Günter Rote for pointing out the error. This work was prompted by the Dagstuhl Seminar 18451 "Genomics, Pattern Avoidance, and Statistical Mechanics". The second author thanks the organizers for the invitation and the participants for interesting discussions.

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