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Understanding Partial Reachability in the Internet Core

Authors Guillermo Baltra , Tarang Saluja, Yuri Pradkin , John Heidemann

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ACM Subject Classification
  • Networks → Network measurement
  • Networks → Public Internet
  • Networks → Network economics
Keywords
  • Internet
  • Internet reliability
  • Network outages
  • Active measurements

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Abstract

Routing strives to connect all the Internet, but compete: political pressure threatens routing fragmentation; architectural changes such as private clouds, carrier-grade NAT, and firewalls make connectivity conditional; and commercial disputes create partial reachability for days or years. This paper suggests persistent, partial reachability is fundamental to the Internet and an underexplored problem. We first derive a conceptual definition of the Internet core based on connectivity, not authority. We identify peninsulas: persistent, partial connectivity; and islands: when computers are partitioned from the Internet core. Second, we develop algorithms to observe each across the Internet, and apply them to two existing measurement systems: Trinocular, where 6 locations observe 5M networks frequently, and RIPE Atlas, where 13k locations scan the DNS roots frequently. Cross-validation shows our findings are stable over three years of data, and consistent with as few as 3 geographically-distributed observers. We validate peninsulas and islands against CAIDA Ark, showing good recall (0.94) and bounding precision between 0.42 and 0.82. Finally, our work has broad practical impact: we show that peninsulas are more common than Internet outages. Factoring out peninsulas and islands as noise can improve existing measurement systems; their "noise" is 5× to 9.7× larger than the operational events in RIPE’s DNSmon. We show that most peninsula events are routing transients (45%), but most peninsula-time (90%) is due to a few (7%) long-lived events. Our work helps inform Internet policy and governance, with our neutral definition showing no single country or organization can unilaterally control the Internet core.

Cite As Get BibTex

Guillermo Baltra, Tarang Saluja, Yuri Pradkin, and John Heidemann. Understanding Partial Reachability in the Internet Core. In 1st New Ideas in Networked Systems (NINeS 2026). Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs), Volume 139, pp. 4:1-4:32, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2026) https://doi.org/10.4230/OASIcs.NINeS.2026.4

Author Details

Guillermo Baltra
  • USC/ISI, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
Tarang Saluja
  • Swarthmore College, PA, USA
Yuri Pradkin
  • USC/ISI, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
John Heidemann
  • USC/ISI, Marina del Rey, CA, USA

Funding

The work is supported in part by the National Science Foundation, CISE Directorate, award CNS-2007106 NSF-2028279, OAC-2530698, and DARPA Contract HR001124C0403. Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of NSF or DARPA. The U.S. Government is authorized to reproduce and distribute reprints for Governmental purposes notwithstanding any copyright notation thereom.

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank John Wroclawski, Wes Hardaker, Ramakrishna Padmanabhan, Ramesh Govindan, Eddie Kohler, and the Internet Architecture Board for their input on on an early version of this paper. We would also like to thank the NINeS chairs and steering committee for building a venue that is receptive for this kind of paper, and to our shepherd, Michael Schapira, and the reviewers for their input.

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