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DARTS, Volume 9, Issue 1

Special Issue of the 35th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2023)

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Document
Front Matter
DOI: 10.4230/DARTS.9.1.0
Front Matter, Table of Contents, Preface, Conference Organization

Authors: Matthias Becker and Julien Forget

Abstract
Front Matter, Table of Contents, Preface, Conference Organization
Cite as

Special Issue of the 35th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2023). Dagstuhl Artifacts Series (DARTS), Volume 9, Issue 1, pp. 0:i-0:x, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2023)

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@Article{becker_et_al:DARTS.9.1.0,
  author =	{Becker, Matthias and Forget, Julien},
  title =	{{Front Matter, Table of Contents, Preface, Conference Organization}},
  pages =	{0:i--0:x},
  journal =	{Dagstuhl Artifacts Series},
  ISSN =	{2509-8195},
  year =	{2023},
  volume =	{9},
  number =	{1},
  editor =	{Becker, Matthias and Forget, Julien},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/DARTS.9.1.0},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-180211},
  doi =		{10.4230/DARTS.9.1.0},
  annote =	{Keywords: Front Matter, Table of Contents, Preface, Conference Organization}
}
Document
Artifact
DOI: 10.4230/DARTS.9.1.1
A New Perspective on Criticality: Efficient State Abstraction and Run-Time Monitoring of Mixed-Criticality Real-Time Control Systems (Artifact)

Authors: Tim Rheinfels, Maximilian Gaukler, and Peter Ulbrich

Abstract
The increasing complexity of real-time control systems, comprising control tasks interacting with physics and non-control tasks, comes with substantial challenges: meeting various non-functional requirements implies conflicting design goals and a pronounced gap between worst and average-case resource requirements up to the overall timeliness being unverifiable. Mixed-criticality systems (MCS) are a well-known mitigation concept that operate the system in different criticality levels with timing guarantees given only to the subset of critical tasks. In many real-world applications, the criticality of control applications is tied to the system’s physical state and control deviation, with safety specifications becoming a crucial design objective. Monitoring the physical state and adapting scheduling is inaccessible to MCS but has been dedicated mainly to control engineering approaches such as self-triggered (model-predictive) control. These, however, are hard to schedule or expensive at run time. This paper explores the potential of linking both worlds and elevating the physical state to a criticality criterion. We, therefore, propose a dedicated state estimation that can be leveraged as a run-time monitor for criticality mode changes. For this purpose, we develop a highly efficient one-dimensional state abstraction to be computed within the operating system’s scheduling. Furthermore, we show how to limit abstraction pessimism by feeding back state measurements robustly. The paper focuses on the control fundamentals and outlines how to leverage this new tool in adaptive scheduling. Our experimental results substantiate the efficiency and applicability of our approach.
Cite as

Tim Rheinfels, Maximilian Gaukler, and Peter Ulbrich. A New Perspective on Criticality: Efficient State Abstraction and Run-Time Monitoring of Mixed-Criticality Real-Time Control Systems (Artifact). In Special Issue of the 35th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2023). Dagstuhl Artifacts Series (DARTS), Volume 9, Issue 1, pp. 1:1-1:3, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2023)

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@Article{rheinfels_et_al:DARTS.9.1.1,
  author =	{Rheinfels, Tim and Gaukler, Maximilian and Ulbrich, Peter},
  title =	{{A New Perspective on Criticality: Efficient State Abstraction and Run-Time Monitoring of Mixed-Criticality Real-Time Control Systems (Artifact)}},
  pages =	{1:1--1:3},
  journal =	{Dagstuhl Artifacts Series},
  ISSN =	{2509-8195},
  year =	{2023},
  volume =	{9},
  number =	{1},
  editor =	{Rheinfels, Tim and Gaukler, Maximilian and Ulbrich, Peter},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/DARTS.9.1.1},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-180229},
  doi =		{10.4230/DARTS.9.1.1},
  annote =	{Keywords: Real-time Control, Mixed-Criticality, Switched Systems, State Monitoring}
}
Document
Artifact
DOI: 10.4230/DARTS.9.1.2
FusionClock: WCEC-Optimal Clock-Tree Reconfigurations (Artifact)

Authors: Eva Dengler, Phillip Raffeck, Simon Schuster, and Peter Wägemann

Abstract
Numerous embedded real-time systems have, besides their worst-case execution time (WCET) requirements, strict worst-case energy consumption (WCEC) constraints that must be satisfied. The core hardware component of modern system-on-chip (SoC) platforms to configure the tradeoff between time and energy is the system’s clock tree, which provides the necessary clock source for each connected device (i.e., memory, sensors, transceivers). Existing energy-aware scheduling approaches have limitations with regard to these modern, feature-rich clock trees: These shortcomings concern the (re-)configuration of the clock tree with the associated penalties, which are a non-negligible part of dynamic frequency/voltage scaling or power-gating devices in addition to the influence of available sleep modes. This artifact evaluation covers the work on FusionClock, an approach that exploits a fine-grained model of the system’s temporal and energetic behavior. By means of our developed clock-tree model, FusionClock processes time-triggered schedules and finally generates optimized code for a system where offline-determined and online-applied reconfigurations lead to the worst-case-optimal energy demand while still meeting given timing-related deadlines. For statically determining these energy-optimal reconfigurations on task level, FusionClock builds a mathematical optimization problem based on the tasks' specifications and the system’s resource-consumption model. Specific components like transceivers of SoCs usually have strict requirements regarding the used clock source (e.g., phase-locked loop, RC network, oscillator). FusionClock accounts for these clock-tree requirements with its ability to exploit application-specific knowledge within an optimization problem. With our resource-consumption model for a modern SoC platform and our open-source prototype of FusionClock, we are able to achieve significant energy savings while still providing guarantees for timeliness, as our evaluations on a real hardware platform (i.e., ESP32-C3) show.
Cite as

Eva Dengler, Phillip Raffeck, Simon Schuster, and Peter Wägemann. FusionClock: WCEC-Optimal Clock-Tree Reconfigurations (Artifact). In Special Issue of the 35th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2023). Dagstuhl Artifacts Series (DARTS), Volume 9, Issue 1, pp. 2:1-2:3, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2023)

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@Article{dengler_et_al:DARTS.9.1.2,
  author =	{Dengler, Eva and Raffeck, Phillip and Schuster, Simon and W\"{a}gemann, Peter},
  title =	{{FusionClock: WCEC-Optimal Clock-Tree Reconfigurations (Artifact)}},
  pages =	{2:1--2:3},
  journal =	{Dagstuhl Artifacts Series},
  ISSN =	{2509-8195},
  year =	{2023},
  volume =	{9},
  number =	{1},
  editor =	{Dengler, Eva and Raffeck, Phillip and Schuster, Simon and W\"{a}gemann, Peter},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/DARTS.9.1.2},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-180238},
  doi =		{10.4230/DARTS.9.1.2},
  annote =	{Keywords: energy-constrained real-time systems, worst-case execution time (WCET), worst-case energy consumption (WCEC), energy-aware real-time scheduling, static whole-system analysis, time/energy tradeoff, clock tree, system on chip}
}
Document
Artifact
DOI: 10.4230/DARTS.9.1.3
Isospeed: Improving (min,+) Convolution by Exploiting (min,+)/(max,+) Isomorphism (Artifact)

Authors: Raffaele Zippo, Paul Nikolaus, and Giovanni Stea

Abstract
(min,+) convolution is the key operation in (min,+) algebra, a theory often used to compute performance bounds in real-time systems. As already observed in many works, its algorithm can be computationally expensive, due to the fact that: i) its complexity is superquadratic with respect to the size of the operands; ii) operands must be extended before starting its computation, and iii) said extension is tied to the least common multiple of the operand periods. In this paper, we leverage the isomorphism between (min,+) and (max,+) algebras to devise a new algorithm for (min,+) convolution, in which the need for operand extension is minimized. This algorithm is considerably faster than the ones known so far, and it allows us to abate the computation times of (min,+) convolution by orders of magnitude.
Cite as

Raffaele Zippo, Paul Nikolaus, and Giovanni Stea. Isospeed: Improving (min,+) Convolution by Exploiting (min,+)/(max,+) Isomorphism (Artifact). In Special Issue of the 35th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2023). Dagstuhl Artifacts Series (DARTS), Volume 9, Issue 1, pp. 3:1-3:4, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2023)

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@Article{zippo_et_al:DARTS.9.1.3,
  author =	{Zippo, Raffaele and Nikolaus, Paul and Stea, Giovanni},
  title =	{{Isospeed: Improving (min,+) Convolution by Exploiting (min,+)/(max,+) Isomorphism (Artifact)}},
  pages =	{3:1--3:4},
  journal =	{Dagstuhl Artifacts Series},
  ISSN =	{2509-8195},
  year =	{2023},
  volume =	{9},
  number =	{1},
  editor =	{Zippo, Raffaele and Nikolaus, Paul and Stea, Giovanni},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/DARTS.9.1.3},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-180247},
  doi =		{10.4230/DARTS.9.1.3},
  annote =	{Keywords: Deterministic Network Calculus, min-plus algebra, max-plus algebra, performance, algorithms}
}
Document
Artifact
DOI: 10.4230/DARTS.9.1.4
From FMTV to WATERS: Lessons Learned from the First Verification Challenge at ECRTS (Artifact)

Authors: Sebastian Altmeyer, Étienne André, Silvano Dal Zilio, Loïc Fejoz, Michael González Harbour, Susanne Graf, J. Javier Gutiérrez, Rafik Henia, Didier Le Botlan, Giuseppe Lipari, Julio Medina, Nicolas Navet, Sophie Quinton, Juan M. Rivas, and Youcheng Sun

Abstract
We propose here solutions to the FMTV 2015 challenge of a distributed video processing system using four different formalisms, as well as the description of the challenge itself. This artifact contains several solutions to various subchallenges, and instructions and scripts to reproduce these results smoothly.
Cite as

Sebastian Altmeyer, Étienne André, Silvano Dal Zilio, Loïc Fejoz, Michael González Harbour, Susanne Graf, J. Javier Gutiérrez, Rafik Henia, Didier Le Botlan, Giuseppe Lipari, Julio Medina, Nicolas Navet, Sophie Quinton, Juan M. Rivas, and Youcheng Sun. From FMTV to WATERS: Lessons Learned from the First Verification Challenge at ECRTS (Artifact). In Special Issue of the 35th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2023). Dagstuhl Artifacts Series (DARTS), Volume 9, Issue 1, pp. 4:1-4:6, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2023)

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@Article{altmeyer_et_al:DARTS.9.1.4,
  author =	{Altmeyer, Sebastian and Andr\'{e}, \'{E}tienne and Dal Zilio, Silvano and Fejoz, Lo\"{i}c and Harbour, Michael Gonz\'{a}lez and Graf, Susanne and Guti\'{e}rrez, J. Javier and Henia, Rafik and Le Botlan, Didier and Lipari, Giuseppe and Medina, Julio and Navet, Nicolas and Quinton, Sophie and Rivas, Juan M. and Sun, Youcheng},
  title =	{{From FMTV to WATERS: Lessons Learned from the First Verification Challenge at ECRTS (Artifact)}},
  pages =	{4:1--4:6},
  journal =	{Dagstuhl Artifacts Series},
  ISSN =	{2509-8195},
  year =	{2023},
  volume =	{9},
  number =	{1},
  editor =	{Altmeyer, Sebastian and Andr\'{e}, \'{E}tienne and Dal Zilio, Silvano and Fejoz, Lo\"{i}c and Harbour, Michael Gonz\'{a}lez and Graf, Susanne and Guti\'{e}rrez, J. Javier and Henia, Rafik and Le Botlan, Didier and Lipari, Giuseppe and Medina, Julio and Navet, Nicolas and Quinton, Sophie and Rivas, Juan M. and Sun, Youcheng},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/DARTS.9.1.4},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-180257},
  doi =		{10.4230/DARTS.9.1.4},
  annote =	{Keywords: Verification challenge, industrial use case, end-to-end latency, real-time systems, response time analysis}
}

Filters

  • Authors
  • A
  • Altmeyer, Sebastian
  • André, Étienne
  • B
  • Becker, Matthias
  • D
  • Dal Zilio, Silvano
  • Dengler, Eva
  • F
  • Fejoz, Loïc
  • Forget, Julien
  • G
  • Gaukler, Maximilian
  • Graf, Susanne
  • Gutiérrez, J. Javier
  • H
  • Harbour, Michael González
  • Henia, Rafik
  • L
  • Le Botlan, Didier
  • Lipari, Giuseppe
  • M
  • Medina, Julio
  • N
  • Navet, Nicolas
  • Nikolaus, Paul
  • Q
  • Quinton, Sophie
  • R
  • Raffeck, Phillip
  • Rheinfels, Tim
  • Rivas, Juan M.
  • S
  • Schuster, Simon
  • Stea, Giovanni
  • Sun, Youcheng
  • U
  • Ulbrich, Peter
  • W
  • Wägemann, Peter
  • Z
  • Zippo, Raffaele

  • Subjects
  • Computer systems organization
  • Computer systems organization → Dependable and fault-tolerant systems and networks
  • Computer systems organization → Embedded and cyber-physical systems
  • Computer systems organization → Embedded systems
  • Computer systems organization → Real-time systems
  • General and reference
  • General and reference → Verification
  • Mathematics of computing
  • Mathematics of computing → Mathematical software performance
  • Networks
  • Networks → Network performance analysis
  • Software and its engineering
  • Software and its engineering
  • Software and its engineering → Software verification and validation
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