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Arbitrary-Length Analogs to de Bruijn Sequences

Authors Abhinav Nellore , Rachel Ward

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Abhinav Nellore
  • Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
Rachel Ward
  • The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA

Acknowledgements

We thank Arie Israel, Štěp{á}n Holub, Joe Sawada, Jeffrey Shallit, and the anonymous reviewers for the 33rd Annual Symposium on Combinatorial Pattern Matching for their helpful feedback on various iterations of this manuscript. AN thanks the Oden Institute for Computational Engineering & Sciences at the University of Texas at Austin for hosting him as a visiting scholar as part of the J. Tinsley Oden Faculty Fellowship Research Program when the work contained here was initiated.

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Abhinav Nellore and Rachel Ward. Arbitrary-Length Analogs to de Bruijn Sequences. In 33rd Annual Symposium on Combinatorial Pattern Matching (CPM 2022). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 223, pp. 9:1-9:20, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2022)
https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPIcs.CPM.2022.9

Abstract

Let α̃ be a length-L cyclic sequence of characters from a size-K alphabet 𝒜 such that for every positive integer m ≤ L, the number of occurrences of any length-m string on 𝒜 as a substring of α̃ is ⌊ L / K^m ⌋ or ⌈ L / K^m ⌉. When L = K^N for any positive integer N, α̃ is a de Bruijn sequence of order N, and when L ≠ K^N, α̃ shares many properties with de Bruijn sequences. We describe an algorithm that outputs some α̃ for any combination of K ≥ 2 and L ≥ 1 in O(L) time using O(L log K) space. This algorithm extends Lempel’s recursive construction of a binary de Bruijn sequence. An implementation written in Python is available at https://github.com/nelloreward/pkl.

Subject Classification

ACM Subject Classification
  • Mathematics of computing → Combinatorial algorithms
  • Mathematics of computing → Combinatorics on words
Keywords
  • de Bruijn sequence
  • de Bruijn word
  • Lempel’s D-morphism
  • Lempel’s homomorphism

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