Understanding the Moments of Tabulation Hashing via Chaoses

Simple tabulation hashing dates back to Zobrist in 1970 and is defined as follows: Each key is viewed as c characters from some alphabet Σ, we have c fully random hash functions h₀, …, h_{c - 1} : Σ → {{0, …, 2^l - 1}}, and a key x = (x₀, …, x_{c - 1}) is hashed to h(x) = h₀(x₀) ⊕ … ⊕ h_{c - 1}(x_{c - 1}) where ⊕ is the bitwise XOR operation. The previous results on tabulation hashing by Pǎtraşcu and Thorup [J.ACM'11] and by Aamand et al. [STOC'20] focused on proving Chernoff-style tail bounds on hash-based sums, e.g., the number keys hashing to a given value, for simple tabulation hashing, but their bounds do not cover the entire tail. Thus their results cannot bound moments. The paper Dahlgaard et al. [FOCS'15] provides a bound on the moments of certain hash-based sums, but their bound only holds for constant moments, and we need logarithmic moments. Chaoses are random variables of the form ∑ a_{i₀, …, i_{c - 1}} X_{i₀} ⋅ … ⋅ X_{i_{c - 1}} where X_i are independent random variables. Chaoses are a well-studied concept from probability theory, and tight analysis has been proven in several instances, e.g., when the independent random variables are standard Gaussian variables and when the independent random variables have logarithmically convex tails. We notice that hash-based sums of simple tabulation hashing can be seen as a sum of chaoses that are not independent. This motivates us to use techniques from the theory of chaoses to analyze hash-based sums of simple tabulation hashing. In this paper, we obtain bounds for all the moments of hash-based sums for simple tabulation hashing which are tight up to constants depending only on c. In contrast with the previous attempts, our approach will mostly be analytical and does not employ intricate combinatorial arguments. The improved analysis of simple tabulation hashing allows us to obtain bounds for the moments of hash-based sums for the mixed tabulation hashing introduced by Dahlgaard et al. [FOCS'15]. With simple tabulation hashing, there are certain inputs for which the concentration is much worse than with fully random hashing. However, with mixed tabulation, we get logarithmic moment bounds that are only a constant factor worse than those with fully random hashing for any possible input. This is a strong addition to other powerful probabilistic properties of mixed tabulation hashing proved by Dahlgaard et al.