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Future long-duration and deep-space missions will rely on digital health technologies to ensure the health and safety of the crew, as well as to enable the required mission autonomy. This position paper redefines the current paradigms of digital health by emphasizing prevention, self-management, and individual empowerment for health as central challenges for both space and terrestrial medicine. We focus on future mission scenarios and highlight the potential of co-evolving digital health and related technologies, particularly sensing, artificial intelligence (AI), and human-computer interaction (HCI), across the continuum of space medicine: from astronaut selection and training to prevention, diagnostics, therapy, rehabilitation, and long-term care. Future digital health technologies can respond to pressing needs arising from limited medical infrastructure, rising care costs, and increasing demands on healthcare systems in space and on Earth. To structure research and development needs, we introduce a framework with four autonomy levels based on mission distance and communication latency (Earth orbit, Lunar Gateway and Moon vicinity, Mars, and deep space) that illustrate how mission context constrains medical support and dictates system requirements. Using the Lunar Orbital Platform-Gateway as a near-future reference, we discuss how growing communication delays demand greater onboard autonomy and new telemedical strategies. Within the proposed framework, we integrate solutions built around AI-supported decision making, multimodal monitoring, and adaptive HCI, which should be co-designed through human-centered methods to form a cohesive health management ecosystem. The framework opens up synergies for proactive and trustworthy health support under isolation and limited ground contact. The paper consolidates current technological readiness and strategic challenges, offering guidance for space health research and policy, with clear translational benefits for terrestrial care delivery.