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Documents authored by Eisenstat, Sarah

Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2018.24
Solving the Rubik's Cube Optimally is NP-complete

Authors: Erik D. Demaine, Sarah Eisenstat, and Mikhail Rudoy

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 96, 35th Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2018)

Abstract
In this paper, we prove that optimally solving an n x n x n Rubik's Cube is NP-complete by reducing from the Hamiltonian Cycle problem in square grid graphs. This improves the previous result that optimally solving an n x n x n Rubik's Cube with missing stickers is NP-complete. We prove this result first for the simpler case of the Rubik's Square--an n x n x 1 generalization of the Rubik's Cube--and then proceed with a similar but more complicated proof for the Rubik's Cube case. Our results hold both when the goal is make the sides monochromatic and when the goal is to put each sticker into a specific location.
Cite as

Erik D. Demaine, Sarah Eisenstat, and Mikhail Rudoy. Solving the Rubik's Cube Optimally is NP-complete. In 35th Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2018). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 96, pp. 24:1-24:13, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2018)

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@InProceedings{demaine_et_al:LIPIcs.STACS.2018.24,
  author =	{Demaine, Erik D. and Eisenstat, Sarah and Rudoy, Mikhail},
  title =	{{Solving the Rubik's Cube Optimally is NP-complete}},
  booktitle =	{35th Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2018)},
  pages =	{24:1--24:13},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-062-0},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2018},
  volume =	{96},
  editor =	{Niedermeier, Rolf and Vall\'{e}e, Brigitte},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2018.24},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-85336},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2018.24},
  annote =	{Keywords: combinatorial puzzles, NP-hardness, group theory, Hamiltonicity}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.SoCG.2016.3
Who Needs Crossings? Hardness of Plane Graph Rigidity

Authors: Zachary Abel, Erik D. Demaine, Martin L. Demaine, Sarah Eisenstat, Jayson Lynch, and Tao B. Schardl

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 51, 32nd International Symposium on Computational Geometry (SoCG 2016)

Abstract
We exactly settle the complexity of graph realization, graph rigidity, and graph global rigidity as applied to three types of graphs: "globally noncrossing" graphs, which avoid crossings in all of their configurations; matchstick graphs, with unit-length edges and where only noncrossing configurations are considered; and unrestricted graphs (crossings allowed) with unit edge lengths (or in the global rigidity case, edge lengths in {1,2}). We show that all nine of these questions are complete for the class Exists-R, defined by the Existential Theory of the Reals, or its complement Forall-R; in particular, each problem is (co)NP-hard. One of these nine results - that realization of unit-distance graphs is Exists-R-complete - was shown previously by Schaefer (2013), but the other eight are new. We strengthen several prior results. Matchstick graph realization was known to be NP-hard (Eades & Wormald 1990, or Cabello et al. 2007), but its membership in NP remained open; we show it is complete for the (possibly) larger class Exists-R. Global rigidity of graphs with edge lengths in {1,2} was known to be coNP-hard (Saxe 1979); we show it is Forall-R-complete. The majority of the paper is devoted to proving an analog of Kempe's Universality Theorem - informally, "there is a linkage to sign your name" - for globally noncrossing linkages. In particular, we show that any polynomial curve phi(x,y)=0 can be traced by a noncrossing linkage, settling an open problem from 2004. More generally, we show that the nontrivial regions in the plane that may be traced by a noncrossing linkage are precisely the compact semialgebraic regions. Thus, no drawing power is lost by restricting to noncrossing linkages. We prove analogous results for matchstick linkages and unit-distance linkages as well.
Cite as

Zachary Abel, Erik D. Demaine, Martin L. Demaine, Sarah Eisenstat, Jayson Lynch, and Tao B. Schardl. Who Needs Crossings? Hardness of Plane Graph Rigidity. In 32nd International Symposium on Computational Geometry (SoCG 2016). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 51, pp. 3:1-3:15, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2016)

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@InProceedings{abel_et_al:LIPIcs.SoCG.2016.3,
  author =	{Abel, Zachary and Demaine, Erik D. and Demaine, Martin L. and Eisenstat, Sarah and Lynch, Jayson and Schardl, Tao B.},
  title =	{{Who Needs Crossings? Hardness of Plane Graph Rigidity}},
  booktitle =	{32nd International Symposium on Computational Geometry (SoCG 2016)},
  pages =	{3:1--3:15},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-009-5},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2016},
  volume =	{51},
  editor =	{Fekete, S\'{a}ndor and Lubiw, Anna},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.SoCG.2016.3},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-58951},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.SoCG.2016.3},
  annote =	{Keywords: Graph Drawing, Graph Rigidity Theory, Graph Global Rigidity, Linkages, Complexity Theory, Computational Geometry}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2013.172
Two Hands Are Better Than One (up to constant factors): Self-Assembly In The 2HAM vs. aTAM

Authors: Sarah Cannon, Erik D. Demaine, Martin L. Demaine, Sarah Eisenstat, Matthew J. Patitz, Robert T. Schweller, Scott M Summers, and Andrew Winslow

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 20, 30th International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2013)

Abstract
We study the difference between the standard seeded model (aTAM) of tile self-assembly, and the "seedless" two-handed model of tile self-assembly (2HAM). Most of our results suggest that the two-handed model is more powerful. In particular, we show how to simulate any seeded system with a two-handed system that is essentially just a constant factor larger. We exhibit finite shapes with a busy-beaver separation in the number of distinct tiles required by seeded versus two-handed, and exhibit an infinite shape that can be constructed two-handed but not seeded. Finally, we show that verifying whether a given system uniquely assembles a desired supertile is co-NP-complete in the two-handed model, while it was known to be polynomially solvable in the seeded model.
Cite as

Sarah Cannon, Erik D. Demaine, Martin L. Demaine, Sarah Eisenstat, Matthew J. Patitz, Robert T. Schweller, Scott M Summers, and Andrew Winslow. Two Hands Are Better Than One (up to constant factors): Self-Assembly In The 2HAM vs. aTAM. In 30th International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2013). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 20, pp. 172-184, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2013)

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@InProceedings{cannon_et_al:LIPIcs.STACS.2013.172,
  author =	{Cannon, Sarah and Demaine, Erik D. and Demaine, Martin L. and Eisenstat, Sarah and Patitz, Matthew J. and Schweller, Robert T. and Summers, Scott M and Winslow, Andrew},
  title =	{{Two Hands Are Better Than One (up to constant factors): Self-Assembly In The 2HAM vs. aTAM}},
  booktitle =	{30th International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2013)},
  pages =	{172--184},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-939897-50-7},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2013},
  volume =	{20},
  editor =	{Portier, Natacha and Wilke, Thomas},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2013.172},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-39321},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2013.172},
  annote =	{Keywords: abstract tile assembly model, hierarchical tile assembly model, two-handed tile assembly model, algorithmic self-assembly, DNA computing, biocomputing}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2013.269
Algorithms for Designing Pop-Up Cards

Authors: Zachary Abel, Erik D. Demaine, Martin L. Demaine, Sarah Eisenstat, Anna Lubiw, André Schulz, Diane L. Souvaine, Giovanni Viglietta, and Andrew Winslow

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 20, 30th International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2013)

Abstract
We prove that every simple polygon can be made as a (2D) pop-up card/book that opens to any desired angle between 0 and 360°. More precisely, given a simple polygon attached to the two walls of the open pop-up, our polynomial-time algorithm subdivides the polygon into a single-degree-of-freedom linkage structure, such that closing the pop-up flattens the linkage without collision. This result solves an open problem of Hara and Sugihara from 2009. We also show how to obtain a more efficient construction for the special case of orthogonal polygons, and how to make 3D orthogonal polyhedra, from pop-ups that open to 90°, 180°, 270°, or 360°.
Cite as

Zachary Abel, Erik D. Demaine, Martin L. Demaine, Sarah Eisenstat, Anna Lubiw, André Schulz, Diane L. Souvaine, Giovanni Viglietta, and Andrew Winslow. Algorithms for Designing Pop-Up Cards. In 30th International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2013). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 20, pp. 269-280, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2013)

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@InProceedings{abel_et_al:LIPIcs.STACS.2013.269,
  author =	{Abel, Zachary and Demaine, Erik D. and Demaine, Martin L. and Eisenstat, Sarah and Lubiw, Anna and Schulz, Andr\'{e} and Souvaine, Diane L. and Viglietta, Giovanni and Winslow, Andrew},
  title =	{{Algorithms for Designing Pop-Up Cards}},
  booktitle =	{30th International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2013)},
  pages =	{269--280},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-939897-50-7},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2013},
  volume =	{20},
  editor =	{Portier, Natacha and Wilke, Thomas},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2013.269},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-39407},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2013.269},
  annote =	{Keywords: geometric folding, linkages, universality}
}
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