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Documents authored by Liu, Chih-Hung


Document
Approximate Selection with Unreliable Comparisons in Optimal Expected Time

Authors: Shengyu Huang, Chih-Hung Liu, and Daniel Rutschmann

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 254, 40th International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2023)


Abstract
Given n elements, an integer k ≤ n/2 and a parameter ε ≥ 1/n, we study the problem of selecting an element with rank in (k-nε, k+nε] using unreliable comparisons where the outcome of each comparison is incorrect independently with a constant error probability, and multiple comparisons between the same pair of elements are independent. In this fault model, the fundamental problems of finding the minimum, selecting the k-th smallest element and sorting have been shown to require Θ(n log 1/Q), Θ(n log k/Q) and Θ(n log n/Q) comparisons, respectively, to achieve success probability 1-Q [Uriel Feige et al., 1994]. Considering the increasing complexity of modern computing, it is of great interest to develop approximation algorithms that enable a trade-off between the solution quality and the number of comparisons. In particular, approximation algorithms would even be able to attain a sublinear number of comparisons. Very recently, Leucci and Liu [Stefano Leucci and Chih-Hung Liu, 2022] proved that the approximate minimum selection problem, which covers the case that k ≤ nε, requires expected Θ(ε^{-1} log 1/Q) comparisons, but the general case, i.e., for nε < k ≤ n/2, is still open. We develop a randomized algorithm that performs expected O(k/n ε^{-2} log 1/Q) comparisons to achieve success probability at least 1-Q. For k = n ε, the number of comparisons is O(ε^{-1} log 1/Q), matching Leucci and Liu’s result [Stefano Leucci and Chih-Hung Liu, 2022], whereas for k = n/2 (i.e., approximating the median), the number of comparisons is O(ε^{-2} log 1/Q). We also prove that even in the absence of comparison faults, any randomized algorithm with success probability at least 1-Q performs expected Ω(min{n, k/n ε^{-2} log 1/Q}) comparisons. As long as n is large enough, i.e., when n = Ω(k/n ε^{-2} log 1/Q), our lower bound demonstrates the optimality of our algorithm, which covers the possible range of attaining a sublinear number of comparisons. Surprisingly, for constant Q, our algorithm performs expected O(k/n ε^{-2}) comparisons, matching the best possible approximation algorithm in the absence of computation faults. In contrast, for the exact selection problem, the expected number of comparisons is Θ(n log k) with faults versus Θ(n) without faults. Our results also indicate a clear distinction between approximating the minimum and approximating the k-th smallest element, which holds even for the high probability guarantee, e.g., if k = n/2, Q = 1/n and ε = n^{-α} for α ∈ (0, 1/2), the asymptotic difference is almost quadratic, i.e., Θ̃(n^α) versus Θ̃(n^{2α}).

Cite as

Shengyu Huang, Chih-Hung Liu, and Daniel Rutschmann. Approximate Selection with Unreliable Comparisons in Optimal Expected Time. In 40th International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2023). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 254, pp. 37:1-37:23, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2023)


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@InProceedings{huang_et_al:LIPIcs.STACS.2023.37,
  author =	{Huang, Shengyu and Liu, Chih-Hung and Rutschmann, Daniel},
  title =	{{Approximate Selection with Unreliable Comparisons in Optimal Expected Time}},
  booktitle =	{40th International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2023)},
  pages =	{37:1--37:23},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-266-2},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2023},
  volume =	{254},
  editor =	{Berenbrink, Petra and Bouyer, Patricia and Dawar, Anuj and Kant\'{e}, Mamadou Moustapha},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2023.37},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-176898},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2023.37},
  annote =	{Keywords: Approximate Selection, Unreliable Comparisons, Independent Faults}
}
Document
Dual-Mode Greedy Algorithms Can Save Energy

Authors: Barbara Geissmann, Stefano Leucci, Chih-Hung Liu, Paolo Penna, and Guido Proietti

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 149, 30th International Symposium on Algorithms and Computation (ISAAC 2019)


Abstract
In real world applications, important resources like energy are saved by deliberately using so-called low-cost operations that are less reliable. Some of these approaches are based on a dual mode technology where it is possible to choose between high-energy operations (always correct) and low-energy operations (prone to errors), and thus enable to trade energy for correctness. In this work we initiate the study of algorithms for solving optimization problems that in their computation are allowed to choose between two types of operations: high-energy comparisons (always correct but expensive) and low-energy comparisons (cheaper but prone to errors). For the errors in low-energy comparisons, we assume the persistent setting, which usually makes it impossible to achieve optimal solutions without high-energy comparisons. We propose to study a natural complexity measure which accounts for the number of operations of either type separately. We provide a new family of algorithms which, for a fairly large class of maximization problems, return a constant approximation using only polylogarithmic many high-energy comparisons and only O(n log n) low-energy comparisons. This result applies to the class of p-extendible system s [Mestre, 2006], which includes several NP-hard problems and matroids as a special case (p=1). These algorithmic solutions relate to some fundamental aspects studied earlier in different contexts: (i) the approximation guarantee when only ordinal information is available to the algorithm; (ii) the fact that even such ordinal information may be erroneous because of low-energy comparisons and (iii) the ability to approximately sort a sequence of elements when comparisons are subject to persistent errors. Finally, our main result is quite general and can be parametrized and adapted to other error models.

Cite as

Barbara Geissmann, Stefano Leucci, Chih-Hung Liu, Paolo Penna, and Guido Proietti. Dual-Mode Greedy Algorithms Can Save Energy. In 30th International Symposium on Algorithms and Computation (ISAAC 2019). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 149, pp. 64:1-64:18, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2019)


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@InProceedings{geissmann_et_al:LIPIcs.ISAAC.2019.64,
  author =	{Geissmann, Barbara and Leucci, Stefano and Liu, Chih-Hung and Penna, Paolo and Proietti, Guido},
  title =	{{Dual-Mode Greedy Algorithms Can Save Energy}},
  booktitle =	{30th International Symposium on Algorithms and Computation (ISAAC 2019)},
  pages =	{64:1--64:18},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-130-6},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2019},
  volume =	{149},
  editor =	{Lu, Pinyan and Zhang, Guochuan},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ISAAC.2019.64},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-115604},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ISAAC.2019.64},
  annote =	{Keywords: matroids, p-extendible systems, greedy algorithm, approximation algorithms, high-low energy}
}
Document
Optimal Sorting with Persistent Comparison Errors

Authors: Barbara Geissmann, Stefano Leucci, Chih-Hung Liu, and Paolo Penna

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 144, 27th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2019)


Abstract
We consider the problem of sorting n elements in the case of persistent comparison errors. In this problem, each comparison between two elements can be wrong with some fixed (small) probability p, and comparisons cannot be repeated (Braverman and Mossel, SODA'08). Sorting perfectly in this model is impossible, and the objective is to minimize the dislocation of each element in the output sequence, that is, the difference between its true rank and its position. Existing lower bounds for this problem show that no algorithm can guarantee, with high probability, maximum dislocation and total dislocation better than Omega(log n) and Omega(n), respectively, regardless of its running time. In this paper, we present the first O(n log n)-time sorting algorithm that guarantees both O(log n) maximum dislocation and O(n) total dislocation with high probability. This settles the time complexity of this problem and shows that comparison errors do not increase its computational difficulty: a sequence with the best possible dislocation can be obtained in O(n log n) time and, even without comparison errors, Omega(n log n) time is necessary to guarantee such dislocation bounds. In order to achieve this optimality result, we solve two sub-problems in the persistent error comparisons model, and the respective methods have their own merits for further application. One is how to locate a position in which to insert an element in an almost-sorted sequence having O(log n) maximum dislocation in such a way that the dislocation of the resulting sequence will still be O(log n). The other is how to simultaneously insert m elements into an almost sorted sequence of m different elements, such that the resulting sequence of 2m elements remains almost sorted.

Cite as

Barbara Geissmann, Stefano Leucci, Chih-Hung Liu, and Paolo Penna. Optimal Sorting with Persistent Comparison Errors. In 27th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2019). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 144, pp. 49:1-49:14, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2019)


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@InProceedings{geissmann_et_al:LIPIcs.ESA.2019.49,
  author =	{Geissmann, Barbara and Leucci, Stefano and Liu, Chih-Hung and Penna, Paolo},
  title =	{{Optimal Sorting with Persistent Comparison Errors}},
  booktitle =	{27th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2019)},
  pages =	{49:1--49:14},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-124-5},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2019},
  volume =	{144},
  editor =	{Bender, Michael A. and Svensson, Ola and Herman, Grzegorz},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2019.49},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-111706},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2019.49},
  annote =	{Keywords: approximate sorting, comparison errors, persistent errors}
}
Document
Resilient Dictionaries for Randomly Unreliable Memory

Authors: Stefano Leucci, Chih-Hung Liu, and Simon Meierhans

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 144, 27th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2019)


Abstract
We study the problem of designing a dictionary data structure that is resilient to memory corruptions. Our error model is a variation of the faulty RAM model in which, except for constant amount of definitely reliable memory, each memory word is randomly unreliable with a probability p < 1/2, and the locations of the unreliable words are unknown to the algorithm. An adversary observes the whole memory and can, at any time, arbitrarily corrupt (i.e., modify) the contents of one or more unreliable words. Our dictionary has capacity n, stores N<n keys in the optimal O(N) amount of space, supports insertions and deletions in O(log n) amortized time, and allows to search for a key in O(log n) worst-case time. With a global probability of at least 1-1/n, all possible search operations are guaranteed to return the correct answer w.r.t. the set of uncorrupted keys. The closest related results are the ones of Finocchi et al. [Irene Finocchi et al., 2009] and Brodal et al. [Brodal et al., 2007] on the faulty RAM model, in which all but O(1) memory is unreliable. There, if an upper bound delta on the number of corruptions is known in advance, all dictionary operations can be implemented in Theta(log n + delta) amortized time, thus trading resiliency for speed as soon as delta = omega(log n). Our construction does not need to know the value of delta in advance and remains fast and effective even when up to a constant fraction of the available memory is corrupted. Our techniques can be immediately extended to implement other data types (e.g., associative containers and priority queues), which can then be used as a building block in the design of other resilient algorithms. For example, we are able to solve the resilient sorting problem in our model using O(n log n) time.

Cite as

Stefano Leucci, Chih-Hung Liu, and Simon Meierhans. Resilient Dictionaries for Randomly Unreliable Memory. In 27th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2019). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 144, pp. 70:1-70:16, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2019)


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@InProceedings{leucci_et_al:LIPIcs.ESA.2019.70,
  author =	{Leucci, Stefano and Liu, Chih-Hung and Meierhans, Simon},
  title =	{{Resilient Dictionaries for Randomly Unreliable Memory}},
  booktitle =	{27th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2019)},
  pages =	{70:1--70:16},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-124-5},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2019},
  volume =	{144},
  editor =	{Bender, Michael A. and Svensson, Ola and Herman, Grzegorz},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2019.70},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-111911},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2019.70},
  annote =	{Keywords: resilient dictionary, unreliable memory, faulty RAM}
}
Document
A Nearly Optimal Algorithm for the Geodesic Voronoi Diagram of Points in a Simple Polygon

Authors: Chih-Hung Liu

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 99, 34th International Symposium on Computational Geometry (SoCG 2018)


Abstract
The geodesic Voronoi diagram of m point sites inside a simple polygon of n vertices is a subdivision of the polygon into m cells, one to each site, such that all points in a cell share the same nearest site under the geodesic distance. The best known lower bound for the construction time is Omega(n+m log m), and a matching upper bound is a long-standing open question. The state-of-the-art construction algorithms achieve O((n+m)log (n+m)) and O(n+m log m log^2n) time, which are optimal for m=Omega(n) and m=O(n/(log^3n)), respectively. In this paper, we give a construction algorithm with O(n+m(log m+log^2 n)) time, and it is nearly optimal in the sense that if a single Voronoi vertex can be computed in O(log n) time, then the construction time will become the optimal O(n+m log m). In other words, we reduce the problem of constructing the diagram in the optimal time to the problem of computing a single Voronoi vertex in O(log n) time.

Cite as

Chih-Hung Liu. A Nearly Optimal Algorithm for the Geodesic Voronoi Diagram of Points in a Simple Polygon. In 34th International Symposium on Computational Geometry (SoCG 2018). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 99, pp. 58:1-58:14, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2018)


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@InProceedings{liu:LIPIcs.SoCG.2018.58,
  author =	{Liu, Chih-Hung},
  title =	{{A Nearly Optimal Algorithm for the Geodesic Voronoi Diagram of Points in a Simple Polygon}},
  booktitle =	{34th International Symposium on Computational Geometry (SoCG 2018)},
  pages =	{58:1--58:14},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-066-8},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2018},
  volume =	{99},
  editor =	{Speckmann, Bettina and T\'{o}th, Csaba D.},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.SoCG.2018.58},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-87717},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.SoCG.2018.58},
  annote =	{Keywords: Simple polygons, Voronoi diagrams, Geodesic distance}
}
Document
Optimal Dislocation with Persistent Errors in Subquadratic Time

Authors: Barbara Geissmann, Stefano Leucci, Chih-Hung Liu, and Paolo Penna

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 96, 35th Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2018)


Abstract
We study the problem of sorting N elements in presence of persistent errors in comparisons: In this classical model, each comparison between two elements is wrong independently with some probability p, but repeating the same comparison gives always the same result. The best known algorithms for this problem have running time O(N^2) and achieve an optimal maximum dislocation of O(log N) for constant error probability. Note that no algorithm can achieve dislocation o(log N), regardless of its running time. In this work we present the first subquadratic time algorithm with optimal maximum dislocation: Our algorithm runs in tilde{O}(N^{3/2}) time and guarantees O(log N) maximum dislocation with high probability. Though the first version of our algorithm is randomized, it can be derandomized by extracting the necessary random bits from the results of the comparisons (errors).

Cite as

Barbara Geissmann, Stefano Leucci, Chih-Hung Liu, and Paolo Penna. Optimal Dislocation with Persistent Errors in Subquadratic Time. In 35th Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2018). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 96, pp. 36:1-36:13, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2018)


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@InProceedings{geissmann_et_al:LIPIcs.STACS.2018.36,
  author =	{Geissmann, Barbara and Leucci, Stefano and Liu, Chih-Hung and Penna, Paolo},
  title =	{{Optimal Dislocation with Persistent Errors in Subquadratic Time}},
  booktitle =	{35th Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2018)},
  pages =	{36:1--36:13},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-062-0},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2018},
  volume =	{96},
  editor =	{Niedermeier, Rolf and Vall\'{e}e, Brigitte},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2018.36},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-85266},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2018.36},
  annote =	{Keywords: sorting, recurrent comparison errors, maximum dislocation}
}
Document
Sorting with Recurrent Comparison Errors

Authors: Barbara Geissmann, Stefano Leucci, Chih-Hung Liu, and Paolo Penna

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 92, 28th International Symposium on Algorithms and Computation (ISAAC 2017)


Abstract
We present a sorting algorithm for the case of recurrent random comparison errors. The algorithm essentially achieves simultaneously good properties of previous algorithms for sorting n distinct elements in this model. In particular, it runs in O(n^2) time, the maximum dislocation of the elements in the output is O(log n), while the total dislocation is O(n). These guarantees are the best possible since we prove that even randomized algorithms cannot achieve o(log n) maximum dislocation with high probability, or o(n) total dislocation in expectation, regardless of their running time.

Cite as

Barbara Geissmann, Stefano Leucci, Chih-Hung Liu, and Paolo Penna. Sorting with Recurrent Comparison Errors. In 28th International Symposium on Algorithms and Computation (ISAAC 2017). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 92, pp. 38:1-38:12, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2017)


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@InProceedings{geissmann_et_al:LIPIcs.ISAAC.2017.38,
  author =	{Geissmann, Barbara and Leucci, Stefano and Liu, Chih-Hung and Penna, Paolo},
  title =	{{Sorting with Recurrent Comparison Errors}},
  booktitle =	{28th International Symposium on Algorithms and Computation (ISAAC 2017)},
  pages =	{38:1--38:12},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-054-5},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2017},
  volume =	{92},
  editor =	{Okamoto, Yoshio and Tokuyama, Takeshi},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ISAAC.2017.38},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-82652},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ISAAC.2017.38},
  annote =	{Keywords: sorting, recurrent comparison error, maximum and total dislocation}
}
Document
An Efficient Randomized Algorithm for Higher-Order Abstract Voronoi Diagrams

Authors: Cecilia Bohler, Rolf Klein, and Chih-Hung Liu

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 51, 32nd International Symposium on Computational Geometry (SoCG 2016)


Abstract
Given a set of n sites in the plane, the order-k Voronoi diagram is a planar subdivision such that all points in a region share the same k nearest sites. The order-k Voronoi diagram arises for the k-nearest-neighbor problem, and there has been a lot of work for point sites in the Euclidean metric. In this paper, we study order-k Voronoi diagrams defined by an abstract bisecting curve system that satisfies several practical axioms, and thus our study covers many concrete order-k Voronoi diagrams. We propose a randomized incremental construction algorithm that runs in O(k(n-k) log^2 n +n log^3 n) steps, where O(k(n-k)) is the number of faces in the worst case. Due to those axioms, this result applies to disjoint line segments in the L_p norm, convex polygons of constant size, points in the Karlsruhe metric, and so on. In fact, this kind of run time with a polylog factor to the number of faces was only achieved for point sites in the L_1 or Euclidean metric before.

Cite as

Cecilia Bohler, Rolf Klein, and Chih-Hung Liu. An Efficient Randomized Algorithm for Higher-Order Abstract Voronoi Diagrams. In 32nd International Symposium on Computational Geometry (SoCG 2016). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 51, pp. 21:1-21:15, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2016)


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@InProceedings{bohler_et_al:LIPIcs.SoCG.2016.21,
  author =	{Bohler, Cecilia and Klein, Rolf and Liu, Chih-Hung},
  title =	{{An Efficient Randomized Algorithm for Higher-Order Abstract Voronoi Diagrams}},
  booktitle =	{32nd International Symposium on Computational Geometry (SoCG 2016)},
  pages =	{21:1--21:15},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-009-5},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2016},
  volume =	{51},
  editor =	{Fekete, S\'{a}ndor and Lubiw, Anna},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.SoCG.2016.21},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-59135},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.SoCG.2016.21},
  annote =	{Keywords: Order-k Voronoi Diagrams, Abstract Voronoi Diagrams, Randomized Geometric Algorithms}
}
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