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On Knowledge Compilation for Two-Variable First-Order Logic

Authors: Qiaolan Meng, Juhua Pu, Hongting Niu, Yuyi Wang, Yuanhong Wang, and Ondřej Kuželka

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 377, 29th International Conference on Theory and Applications of Satisfiability Testing (SAT 2026)


Abstract
Knowledge compilation transforms logical theories into circuit representations that support efficient reasoning. We study this problem for propositional groundings of FO², the two-variable fragment of first-order logic over finite domains. Given an FO² sentence and a domain of size n, its grounding yields a propositional theory over ground atoms. We ask whether such theories admit compact representations in DNNF-based and related knowledge compilation languages, and whether these can be constructed efficiently, both with respect to the domain size n for a fixed sentence. We show first that compact compilation is impossible in general: there exists an FO² sentence whose grounding over a domain of size n requires DNNF size 2^Ω(n). On the positive side, we develop a two-stage compiler that exploits the symmetries inherent in the propositional groundings of FO² sentences. It branches on unary and binary types rather than individual ground atoms, in a similar spirit to lifted inferences for probabilistic relational models. Moreover, it optimizes the compilation process by efficiently identifying and caching residual subproblems that are equivalent with respect to future extensions. Experiments show the practical efficiency of our approach, which often produces smaller circuits and compiles faster than straightforward grounding-based baselines.

Cite as

Qiaolan Meng, Juhua Pu, Hongting Niu, Yuyi Wang, Yuanhong Wang, and Ondřej Kuželka. On Knowledge Compilation for Two-Variable First-Order Logic. In 29th International Conference on Theory and Applications of Satisfiability Testing (SAT 2026). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 377, pp. 26:1-26:19, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2026)


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@InProceedings{meng_et_al:LIPIcs.SAT.2026.26,
  author =	{Meng, Qiaolan and Pu, Juhua and Niu, Hongting and Wang, Yuyi and Wang, Yuanhong and Ku\v{z}elka, Ond\v{r}ej},
  title =	{{On Knowledge Compilation for Two-Variable First-Order Logic}},
  booktitle =	{29th International Conference on Theory and Applications of Satisfiability Testing (SAT 2026)},
  pages =	{26:1--26:19},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-431-4},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2026},
  volume =	{377},
  editor =	{Ignatiev, Alexey and Szeider, Stefan},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.SAT.2026.26},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-263322},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.SAT.2026.26},
  annote =	{Keywords: Knowledge Compilation, First-order Logic, SAT}
}
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