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DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ITCS.2023.49
A Subpolynomial-Time Algorithm for the Free Energy of One-Dimensional Quantum Systems in the Thermodynamic Limit

Authors: Hamza Fawzi, Omar Fawzi, and Samuel O. Scalet

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 251, 14th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS 2023)

Abstract
We introduce a classical algorithm to approximate the free energy of local, translation-invariant, one-dimensional quantum systems in the thermodynamic limit of infinite chain size. While the ground state problem (i.e., the free energy at temperature T = 0) for these systems is expected to be computationally hard even for quantum computers, our algorithm runs for any fixed temperature T > 0 in subpolynomial time, i.e., in time O((1/ε)^c) for any constant c > 0 where ε is the additive approximation error. Previously, the best known algorithm had a runtime that is polynomial in 1/ε where the degree of the polynomial is exponential in the inverse temperature 1/T. Our algorithm is also particularly simple as it reduces to the computation of the spectral radius of a linear map. This linear map has an interpretation as a noncommutative transfer matrix and has been studied previously to prove results on the analyticity of the free energy and the decay of correlations. We also show that the corresponding eigenvector of this map gives an approximation of the marginal of the Gibbs state and thereby allows for the computation of various thermodynamic properties of the quantum system.
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Hamza Fawzi, Omar Fawzi, and Samuel O. Scalet. A Subpolynomial-Time Algorithm for the Free Energy of One-Dimensional Quantum Systems in the Thermodynamic Limit. In 14th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS 2023). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 251, pp. 49:1-49:6, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2023)

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@InProceedings{fawzi_et_al:LIPIcs.ITCS.2023.49,
  author =	{Fawzi, Hamza and Fawzi, Omar and Scalet, Samuel O.},
  title =	{{A Subpolynomial-Time Algorithm for the Free Energy of One-Dimensional Quantum Systems in the Thermodynamic Limit}},
  booktitle =	{14th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS 2023)},
  pages =	{49:1--49:6},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-263-1},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2023},
  volume =	{251},
  editor =	{Tauman Kalai, Yael},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ITCS.2023.49},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-175520},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ITCS.2023.49},
  annote =	{Keywords: One-dimensional quantum systems, Free energy}
}
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