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DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ECOOP.2026.27

Remote Concolic Multiverse Debugging

Authors: Maarten Steevens, Tom Lauwaerts, and Christophe Scholliers

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 372, 40th European Conference on Object-Oriented Programming (ECOOP 2026)

Abstract

Debugging nondeterministic programs is inherently difficult, particularly in microcontroller environments where execution paths can diverge unpredictably due to external sensor inputs. Traditional debugging techniques often fail to capture or reproduce this nondeterministic behavior effectively. Multiverse debugging has emerged as a compelling technique to debug nondeterministic programs, allowing developers to systematically explore all possible execution paths. Unfortunately, current multiverse debuggers are snapshot-based and most operate over a model of the program, which limits their use for debugging resource-constrained microcontrollers. Additionally, current multiverse debuggers, even ones specifically designed for microcontrollers suffer from state explosion making the state space overwhelming during debugging. To address these challenges, we introduce a trace-based multiverse debugger with a novel state-space reduction technique based on concolic execution. Our approach interleaves concolic analysis with live debugging to identify input values that define unique program paths. This hybrid technique efficiently prunes redundant paths from the state space while ensuring full code coverage. Unlike MIO, a recently published multiverse debugger for microcontrollers that focuses on IO consistency, our approach directly targets state explosion by leveraging concolic execution and uses a trace-based approach, significantly reducing the memory and communication overhead. We implemented a prototype using the WARDuino WebAssembly virtual machine on an STM32 microcontroller, demonstrating the feasibility and efficiency of our approach in real-world scenarios. Our results highlight substantial reductions in the state space compared to traditional multiverse debugging. This makes multiverse debugging more accessible and efficient for developers working with complex, nondeterministic programs running on microcontrollers.

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Maarten Steevens, Tom Lauwaerts, and Christophe Scholliers. Remote Concolic Multiverse Debugging. In 40th European Conference on Object-Oriented Programming (ECOOP 2026). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 372, pp. 27:1-27:29, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2026)

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@InProceedings{steevens_et_al:LIPIcs.ECOOP.2026.27,
  author =	{Steevens, Maarten and Lauwaerts, Tom and Scholliers, Christophe},
  title =	{{Remote Concolic Multiverse Debugging}},
  booktitle =	{40th European Conference on Object-Oriented Programming (ECOOP 2026)},
  pages =	{27:1--27:29},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-423-9},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2026},
  volume =	{372},
  editor =	{Krebbers, Robbert and Silva, Alexandra},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ECOOP.2026.27},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-261238},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ECOOP.2026.27},
  annote =	{Keywords: Multiverse Debugging, Embedded devices, WebAssembly}
}

Document

Artifact

DOI: 10.4230/DARTS.12.1.11

Remote Concolic Multiverse Debugging (Artifact)

Authors: Maarten Steevens, Tom Lauwaerts, and Christophe Scholliers

Published in: DARTS, Volume 12, Issue 1, Special Issue of the 40th European Conference on Object-Oriented Programming (ECOOP 2026)

Abstract

This artifact accompanies our work "Remote Concolic Multiverse Debugging". In this work we present a novel multiverse debugger capable of effectively pruning redundant paths from the state space to reduce the effect of state explosion. This is accomplished by leveraging the power of concolic execution which is able to reduce the number of paths while ensuring full code coverage. Additionally, this work uses a trace-based approach which significantly reduces the overhead of multiverse debugging. This approach differs from previous works such as MIO, which uses a snapshot-based approach and focuses on IO consistency instead of the state explosion problem. The artifact consists of three components which are bundled in the form of a VM image. This image consists of our prototype Remote Concolic Multiverse Debugger, an evaluation of our state-space reduction system and a performance comparison between trace and snapshot-based approaches.

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Maarten Steevens, Tom Lauwaerts, and Christophe Scholliers. Remote Concolic Multiverse Debugging (Artifact). In Special Issue of the 40th European Conference on Object-Oriented Programming (ECOOP 2026). Dagstuhl Artifacts Series (DARTS), Volume 12, Issue 1, pp. 11:1-11:8, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2026)

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@Article{steevens_et_al:DARTS.12.1.11,
  author =	{Steevens, Maarten and Lauwaerts, Tom and Scholliers, Christophe},
  title =	{{Remote Concolic Multiverse Debugging (Artifact)}},
  pages =	{11:1--11:8},
  journal =	{Dagstuhl Artifacts Series},
  ISSN =	{2509-8195},
  year =	{2026},
  volume =	{12},
  number =	{1},
  editor =	{Steevens, Maarten and Lauwaerts, Tom and Scholliers, Christophe},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/DARTS.12.1.11},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-261486},
  doi =		{10.4230/DARTS.12.1.11},
  annote =	{Keywords: Multiverse Debugging, Embedded devices, WebAssembly}
}

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Documents authored by Steevens, Maarten

Remote Concolic Multiverse Debugging

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Remote Concolic Multiverse Debugging (Artifact)

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