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Documents authored by Wu, Xiaodi

Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ECOOP.2024.24
Qafny: A Quantum-Program Verifier

Authors: Liyi Li, Mingwei Zhu, Rance Cleaveland, Alexander Nicolellis, Yi Lee, Le Chang, and Xiaodi Wu

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 313, 38th European Conference on Object-Oriented Programming (ECOOP 2024)

Abstract
Because of the probabilistic/nondeterministic behavior of quantum programs, it is highly advisable to verify them formally to ensure that they correctly implement their specifications. Formal verification, however, also traditionally requires significant effort. To address this challenge, we present Qafny, an automated proof system based on the program verifier Dafny and designed for verifying quantum programs. At its core, Qafny uses a type-guided quantum proof system that translates quantum operations to classical array operations modeled within a classical separation logic framework. We prove the soundness and completeness of our proof system and implement a prototype compiler that transforms Qafny programs and specifications into Dafny for automated verification purposes. We then illustrate the utility of Qafny’s automated capabilities in efficiently verifying important quantum algorithms, including quantum-walk algorithms, Grover’s algorithm, and Shor’s algorithm.
Cite as

Liyi Li, Mingwei Zhu, Rance Cleaveland, Alexander Nicolellis, Yi Lee, Le Chang, and Xiaodi Wu. Qafny: A Quantum-Program Verifier. In 38th European Conference on Object-Oriented Programming (ECOOP 2024). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 313, pp. 24:1-24:31, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2024)

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@InProceedings{li_et_al:LIPIcs.ECOOP.2024.24,
  author =	{Li, Liyi and Zhu, Mingwei and Cleaveland, Rance and Nicolellis, Alexander and Lee, Yi and Chang, Le and Wu, Xiaodi},
  title =	{{Qafny: A Quantum-Program Verifier}},
  booktitle =	{38th European Conference on Object-Oriented Programming (ECOOP 2024)},
  pages =	{24:1--24:31},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-341-6},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2024},
  volume =	{313},
  editor =	{Aldrich, Jonathan and Salvaneschi, Guido},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ECOOP.2024.24},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-208735},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ECOOP.2024.24},
  annote =	{Keywords: Quantum Computing, Automated Verification, Separation Logic}
}
Document
Artifact
DOI: 10.4230/DARTS.10.2.12
Qafny: A Quantum-Program Verifier (Artifact)

Authors: Liyi Li, Mingwei Zhu, Rance Cleaveland, Alexander Nicolellis, Yi Lee, Le Chang, and Xiaodi Wu

Published in: DARTS, Volume 10, Issue 2, Special Issue of the 38th European Conference on Object-Oriented Programming (ECOOP 2024)

Abstract
This artifact contains the Coq theory files for the Qafny proof system, including the formalism of the Qafny syntax, semantics, type system, and proof system, with the theorem proofs of type soundness, proof system soundness and completeness. It also contains a the compiled Dafny example programs generated from our Qafny-to-Dafny prototype compiler. These example programs serve as the validations of our Qafny-to-Dafny prototype compiler mechanism. The main work is introduced in the Qafny paper, which develops a separation logic style verification framework for quantum programs.
Cite as

Liyi Li, Mingwei Zhu, Rance Cleaveland, Alexander Nicolellis, Yi Lee, Le Chang, and Xiaodi Wu. Qafny: A Quantum-Program Verifier (Artifact). In Special Issue of the 38th European Conference on Object-Oriented Programming (ECOOP 2024). Dagstuhl Artifacts Series (DARTS), Volume 10, Issue 2, pp. 12:1-12:2, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2024)

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@Article{li_et_al:DARTS.10.2.12,
  author =	{Li, Liyi and Zhu, Mingwei and Cleaveland, Rance and Nicolellis, Alexander and Lee, Yi and Chang, Le and Wu, Xiaodi},
  title =	{{Qafny: A Quantum-Program Verifier (Artifact)}},
  pages =	{12:1--12:2},
  journal =	{Dagstuhl Artifacts Series},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-342-3},
  ISSN =	{2509-8195},
  year =	{2024},
  volume =	{10},
  number =	{2},
  editor =	{Li, Liyi and Zhu, Mingwei and Cleaveland, Rance and Nicolellis, Alexander and Lee, Yi and Chang, Le and Wu, Xiaodi},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/DARTS.10.2.12},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-209104},
  doi =		{10.4230/DARTS.10.2.12},
  annote =	{Keywords: Quantum Computing, Automated Verification, Separation Logic}
}
Document
Track A: Algorithms, Complexity and Games
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2019.27
Quantum SDP Solvers: Large Speed-Ups, Optimality, and Applications to Quantum Learning

Authors: Fernando G. S. L. Brandão, Amir Kalev, Tongyang Li, Cedric Yen-Yu Lin, Krysta M. Svore, and Xiaodi Wu

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 132, 46th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2019)

Abstract
We give two new quantum algorithms for solving semidefinite programs (SDPs) providing quantum speed-ups. We consider SDP instances with m constraint matrices, each of dimension n, rank at most r, and sparsity s. The first algorithm assumes an input model where one is given access to an oracle to the entries of the matrices at unit cost. We show that it has run time O~(s^2 (sqrt{m} epsilon^{-10} + sqrt{n} epsilon^{-12})), with epsilon the error of the solution. This gives an optimal dependence in terms of m, n and quadratic improvement over previous quantum algorithms (when m ~~ n). The second algorithm assumes a fully quantum input model in which the input matrices are given as quantum states. We show that its run time is O~(sqrt{m}+poly(r))*poly(log m,log n,B,epsilon^{-1}), with B an upper bound on the trace-norm of all input matrices. In particular the complexity depends only polylogarithmically in n and polynomially in r. We apply the second SDP solver to learn a good description of a quantum state with respect to a set of measurements: Given m measurements and a supply of copies of an unknown state rho with rank at most r, we show we can find in time sqrt{m}*poly(log m,log n,r,epsilon^{-1}) a description of the state as a quantum circuit preparing a density matrix which has the same expectation values as rho on the m measurements, up to error epsilon. The density matrix obtained is an approximation to the maximum entropy state consistent with the measurement data considered in Jaynes' principle from statistical mechanics. As in previous work, we obtain our algorithm by "quantizing" classical SDP solvers based on the matrix multiplicative weight update method. One of our main technical contributions is a quantum Gibbs state sampler for low-rank Hamiltonians, given quantum states encoding these Hamiltonians, with a poly-logarithmic dependence on its dimension, which is based on ideas developed in quantum principal component analysis. We also develop a "fast" quantum OR lemma with a quadratic improvement in gate complexity over the construction of Harrow et al. [Harrow et al., 2017]. We believe both techniques might be of independent interest.
Cite as

Fernando G. S. L. Brandão, Amir Kalev, Tongyang Li, Cedric Yen-Yu Lin, Krysta M. Svore, and Xiaodi Wu. Quantum SDP Solvers: Large Speed-Ups, Optimality, and Applications to Quantum Learning. In 46th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2019). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 132, pp. 27:1-27:14, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2019)

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@InProceedings{brandao_et_al:LIPIcs.ICALP.2019.27,
  author =	{Brand\~{a}o, Fernando G. S. L. and Kalev, Amir and Li, Tongyang and Lin, Cedric Yen-Yu and Svore, Krysta M. and Wu, Xiaodi},
  title =	{{Quantum SDP Solvers: Large Speed-Ups, Optimality, and Applications to Quantum Learning}},
  booktitle =	{46th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2019)},
  pages =	{27:1--27:14},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-109-2},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2019},
  volume =	{132},
  editor =	{Baier, Christel and Chatzigiannakis, Ioannis and Flocchini, Paola and Leonardi, Stefano},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2019.27},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-106036},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2019.27},
  annote =	{Keywords: quantum algorithms, semidefinite program, convex optimization}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.CCC.2016.22
Tight SoS-Degree Bounds for Approximate Nash Equilibria

Authors: Aram Harrow, Anand V. Natarajan, and Xiaodi Wu

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 50, 31st Conference on Computational Complexity (CCC 2016)

Abstract
Nash equilibria always exist, but are widely conjectured to require time to find that is exponential in the number of strategies, even for two-player games. By contrast, a simple quasi-polynomial time algorithm, due to Lipton, Markakis and Mehta (LMM), can find approximate Nash equilibria, in which no player can improve their utility by more than epsilon by changing their strategy. The LMM algorithm can also be used to find an approximate Nash equilibrium with near-maximal total welfare. Matching hardness results for this optimization problem re found assuming the hardness of the planted-clique problem (by Hazan and Krauthgamer) and assuming the Exponential Time Hypothesis (by Braverman, Ko and Weinstein). In this paper we consider the application of the sum-squares (SoS) algorithm from convex optimization to the problem of optimizing over Nash equilibria. We show the first unconditional lower bounds on the number of levels of SoS needed to achieve a constant factor approximation to this problem. While it may seem that Nash equilibria do not naturally lend themselves to convex optimization, we also describe a simple LP (linear programming) hierarchy that can find an approximate Nash equilibrium in time comparable to that of the LMM algorithm, although neither algorithm is obviously a generalization of the other. This LP can be viewed as arising from the SoS algorithm at log(n) levels - matching our lower bounds. The lower bounds involve a modification of the Braverman-Ko-Weinstein embedding of CSPs into strategic games and techniques from sum-of-squares proof systems. The upper bound (i.e. analysis of the LP) uses information-theory techniques that have been recently applied to other linear- and semidefinite-programming hierarchies.
Cite as

Aram Harrow, Anand V. Natarajan, and Xiaodi Wu. Tight SoS-Degree Bounds for Approximate Nash Equilibria. In 31st Conference on Computational Complexity (CCC 2016). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 50, pp. 22:1-22:25, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2016)

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@InProceedings{harrow_et_al:LIPIcs.CCC.2016.22,
  author =	{Harrow, Aram and Natarajan, Anand V. and Wu, Xiaodi},
  title =	{{Tight SoS-Degree Bounds for Approximate Nash Equilibria}},
  booktitle =	{31st Conference on Computational Complexity (CCC 2016)},
  pages =	{22:1--22:25},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-008-8},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2016},
  volume =	{50},
  editor =	{Raz, Ran},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.CCC.2016.22},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-58565},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.CCC.2016.22},
  annote =	{Keywords: Approximate Nash Equilibrium, Sum of Squares, LP, SDP}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.CCC.2015.512
Parallel Repetition for Entangled k-player Games via Fast Quantum Search

Authors: Kai-Min Chung, Xiaodi Wu, and Henry Yuen

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 33, 30th Conference on Computational Complexity (CCC 2015)

Abstract
We present two parallel repetition theorems for the entangled value of multi-player, one-round free games (games where the inputs come from a product distribution). Our first theorem shows that for a k-player free game G with entangled value val^*(G) = 1 - epsilon, the n-fold repetition of G has entangled value val^*(G^(\otimes n)) at most (1 - epsilon^(3/2))^(Omega(n/sk^4)), where s is the answer length of any player. In contrast, the best known parallel repetition theorem for the classical value of two-player free games is val(G^(\otimes n)) <= (1 - epsilon^2)^(Omega(n/s)), due to Barak, et al. (RANDOM 2009). This suggests the possibility of a separation between the behavior of entangled and classical free games under parallel repetition. Our second theorem handles the broader class of free games G where the players can output (possibly entangled) quantum states. For such games, the repeated entangled value is upper bounded by (1 - epsilon^2)^(Omega(n/sk^2)). We also show that the dependence of the exponent on k is necessary: we exhibit a k-player free game G and n >= 1 such that val^*(G^(\otimes n)) >= val^*(G)^(n/k). Our analysis exploits the novel connection between communication protocols and quantum parallel repetition, first explored by Chailloux and Scarpa (ICALP 2014). We demonstrate that better communication protocols yield better parallel repetition theorems: in particular, our first theorem crucially uses a quantum search protocol by Aaronson and Ambainis, which gives a quadratic Grover speed-up for distributed search problems. Finally, our results apply to a broader class of games than were previously considered before; in particular, we obtain the first parallel repetition theorem for entangled games involving more than two players, and for games involving quantum outputs.
Cite as

Kai-Min Chung, Xiaodi Wu, and Henry Yuen. Parallel Repetition for Entangled k-player Games via Fast Quantum Search. In 30th Conference on Computational Complexity (CCC 2015). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 33, pp. 512-536, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2015)

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@InProceedings{chung_et_al:LIPIcs.CCC.2015.512,
  author =	{Chung, Kai-Min and Wu, Xiaodi and Yuen, Henry},
  title =	{{Parallel Repetition for Entangled k-player Games via Fast Quantum Search}},
  booktitle =	{30th Conference on Computational Complexity (CCC 2015)},
  pages =	{512--536},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-939897-81-1},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2015},
  volume =	{33},
  editor =	{Zuckerman, David},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.CCC.2015.512},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-50727},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.CCC.2015.512},
  annote =	{Keywords: Parallel repetition, quantum entanglement, communication complexity}
}
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