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DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ECOOP.2024.33

Compiling with Arrays

Authors: David Richter, Timon Böhler, Pascal Weisenburger, and Mira Mezini

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 313, 38th European Conference on Object-Oriented Programming (ECOOP 2024)

Abstract

Linear algebra computations are foundational for neural networks and machine learning, often handled through arrays. While many functional programming languages feature lists and recursion, arrays in linear algebra demand constant-time access and bulk operations. To bridge this gap, some languages represent arrays as (eager) functions instead of lists. In this paper, we connect this idea to a formal logical foundation by interpreting functions as the usual negative types from polarized type theory, and arrays as the corresponding dual positive version of the function type. Positive types are defined to have a single elimination form whose computational interpretation is pattern matching. Just like (positive) product types bind two variables during pattern matching, (positive) array types bind variables with multiplicity during pattern matching. We follow a similar approach for Booleans by introducing conditionally-defined variables. The positive formulation for the array type enables us to combine typed partial evaluation and common subexpression elimination into an elegant algorithm whose result enjoys a property we call maximal fission, which we argue can be beneficial for further optimizations. For this purpose, we present the novel intermediate representation indexed administrative normal form (A_{i}NF), which relies on the formal logical foundation of the positive formulation for the array type to facilitate maximal loop fission and subsequent optimizations. A_{i}NF is normal with regard to commuting conversion for both let-bindings and for-loops, leading to flat and maximally fissioned terms. We mechanize the translation and normalization from a simple surface language to A_{i}NF, establishing that the process terminates, preserves types, and produces maximally fissioned terms.

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David Richter, Timon Böhler, Pascal Weisenburger, and Mira Mezini. Compiling with Arrays. In 38th European Conference on Object-Oriented Programming (ECOOP 2024). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 313, pp. 33:1-33:24, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2024)

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@InProceedings{richter_et_al:LIPIcs.ECOOP.2024.33,
  author =	{Richter, David and B\"{o}hler, Timon and Weisenburger, Pascal and Mezini, Mira},
  title =	{{Compiling with Arrays}},
  booktitle =	{38th European Conference on Object-Oriented Programming (ECOOP 2024)},
  pages =	{33:1--33:24},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-341-6},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2024},
  volume =	{313},
  editor =	{Aldrich, Jonathan and Salvaneschi, Guido},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ECOOP.2024.33},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-208823},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ECOOP.2024.33},
  annote =	{Keywords: array languages, functional programming, domain-specific languages, normalization by evaluation, common subexpression elimination, polarity, positive function type, intrinsic types}
}

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DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.TYPES.2022.10

The Münchhausen Method in Type Theory

Authors: Thorsten Altenkirch, Ambrus Kaposi, Artjoms Šinkarovs, and Tamás Végh

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 269, 28th International Conference on Types for Proofs and Programs (TYPES 2022)

Abstract

In one of his long tales, after falling into a swamp, Baron Münchhausen salvaged himself and the horse by lifting them both up by his hair. Inspired by this, the paper presents a technique to justify very dependent types. Such types reference the term that they classify, e.g. x : F x. While in most type theories this is not allowed, we propose a technique on salvaging the meaning of both the term and the type. The proposed technique does not refer to preterms or typing relations and works in a completely algebraic setting, e.g categories with families. With a series of examples we demonstrate our technique. We use Agda to demonstrate that our examples are implementable within a proof assistant.

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Thorsten Altenkirch, Ambrus Kaposi, Artjoms Šinkarovs, and Tamás Végh. The Münchhausen Method in Type Theory. In 28th International Conference on Types for Proofs and Programs (TYPES 2022). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 269, pp. 10:1-10:20, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2023)

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@InProceedings{altenkirch_et_al:LIPIcs.TYPES.2022.10,
  author =	{Altenkirch, Thorsten and Kaposi, Ambrus and \v{S}inkarovs, Artjoms and V\'{e}gh, Tam\'{a}s},
  title =	{{The M\"{u}nchhausen Method in Type Theory}},
  booktitle =	{28th International Conference on Types for Proofs and Programs (TYPES 2022)},
  pages =	{10:1--10:20},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-285-3},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2023},
  volume =	{269},
  editor =	{Kesner, Delia and P\'{e}drot, Pierre-Marie},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.TYPES.2022.10},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-184534},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.TYPES.2022.10},
  annote =	{Keywords: type theory, proof assistants, very dependent types}
}

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DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.FSCD.2023.24

Combinatory Logic and Lambda Calculus Are Equal, Algebraically

Authors: Thorsten Altenkirch, Ambrus Kaposi, Artjoms Šinkarovs, and Tamás Végh

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 260, 8th International Conference on Formal Structures for Computation and Deduction (FSCD 2023)

Abstract

It is well-known that extensional lambda calculus is equivalent to extensional combinatory logic. In this paper we describe a formalisation of this fact in Cubical Agda. The distinguishing features of our formalisation are the following: (i) Both languages are defined as generalised algebraic theories, the syntaxes are intrinsically typed and quotiented by conversion; we never mention preterms or break the quotients in our construction. (ii) Typing is a parameter, thus the un(i)typed and simply typed variants are special cases of the same proof. (iii) We define syntaxes as quotient inductive-inductive types (QIITs) in Cubical Agda; we prove the equivalence and (via univalence) the equality of these QIITs; we do not rely on any axioms, the conversion functions all compute and can be experimented with.

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Thorsten Altenkirch, Ambrus Kaposi, Artjoms Šinkarovs, and Tamás Végh. Combinatory Logic and Lambda Calculus Are Equal, Algebraically. In 8th International Conference on Formal Structures for Computation and Deduction (FSCD 2023). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 260, pp. 24:1-24:19, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2023)

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@InProceedings{altenkirch_et_al:LIPIcs.FSCD.2023.24,
  author =	{Altenkirch, Thorsten and Kaposi, Ambrus and \v{S}inkarovs, Artjoms and V\'{e}gh, Tam\'{a}s},
  title =	{{Combinatory Logic and Lambda Calculus Are Equal, Algebraically}},
  booktitle =	{8th International Conference on Formal Structures for Computation and Deduction (FSCD 2023)},
  pages =	{24:1--24:19},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-277-8},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2023},
  volume =	{260},
  editor =	{Gaboardi, Marco and van Raamsdonk, Femke},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.FSCD.2023.24},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-180086},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.FSCD.2023.24},
  annote =	{Keywords: Combinatory logic, lambda calculus, quotient inductive types, Cubical Agda}
}

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Compiling with Arrays

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The Münchhausen Method in Type Theory

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Combinatory Logic and Lambda Calculus Are Equal, Algebraically

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