DROPS

Volume

OASIcs, Volume 80

2nd Workshop on Fog Computing and the IoT (Fog-IoT 2020)

Fog-IoT 2020, April 21, 2020, Sydney, Australia

Editors: Anton Cervin and Yang Yang

Document

DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ECRTS.2025.7

Period Assignment for Real-Time Cascade Control Tasks Under Stability and Schedulability Constraints

Authors: Ismail Hawila, Liliana Cucu-Grosjean, and Slim Ben Amor

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 335, 37th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2025)

Abstract

Existing results for cyber-physical systems have been proposed to merge the requirements associated to the stability of the physical components and the schedulability of the cyber components. Nevertheless, none of the existing results has studied these requirements for multiple real-time cascade control tasks where their periods choice are dependent and affect stability. In this paper, we propose a methodology to evaluate the periods of the real-time cascade control tasks that ensures stability of the physical components, then we present a co-design problem for the period choice that guarantees good performance of the physical components and schedulability of the cyber components under fixed-priority scheduling. We then evaluate this methodology on a real use-case of a drone system. Results show the importance of studying these requirements together as their relation has an impact on stable periods range.

Cite as

Ismail Hawila, Liliana Cucu-Grosjean, and Slim Ben Amor. Period Assignment for Real-Time Cascade Control Tasks Under Stability and Schedulability Constraints. In 37th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2025). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 335, pp. 7:1-7:21, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2025)

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@InProceedings{hawila_et_al:LIPIcs.ECRTS.2025.7,
  author =	{Hawila, Ismail and Cucu-Grosjean, Liliana and Ben Amor, Slim},
  title =	{{Period Assignment for Real-Time Cascade Control Tasks Under Stability and Schedulability Constraints}},
  booktitle =	{37th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2025)},
  pages =	{7:1--7:21},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-377-5},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2025},
  volume =	{335},
  editor =	{Mancuso, Renato},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ECRTS.2025.7},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-235858},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ECRTS.2025.7},
  annote =	{Keywords: Real-time Systems, Cascade Control, Physical Stability, Control Performance}
}

Document

DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ECRTS.2021.15

Stability and Performance Analysis of Control Systems Subject to Bursts of Deadline Misses

Authors: Nils Vreman, Anton Cervin, and Martina Maggio

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 196, 33rd Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2021)

Abstract

Control systems are by design robust to various disturbances, ranging from noise to unmodelled dynamics. Recent work on the weakly hard model - applied to controllers - has shown that control tasks can also be inherently robust to deadline misses. However, existing exact analyses are limited to the stability of the closed-loop system. In this paper we show that stability is important but cannot be the only factor to determine whether the behaviour of a system is acceptable also under deadline misses. We focus on systems that experience bursts of deadline misses and on their recovery to normal operation. We apply the resulting comprehensive analysis (that includes both stability and performance) to a Furuta pendulum, comparing simulated data and data obtained with the real plant. We further evaluate our analysis using a benchmark set composed of 133 systems, which is considered representative of industrial control plants. Our results show the handling of the control signal is an extremely important factor in the performance degradation that the controller experiences - a clear indication that only a stability test does not give enough indication about the robustness to deadline misses.

Cite as

Nils Vreman, Anton Cervin, and Martina Maggio. Stability and Performance Analysis of Control Systems Subject to Bursts of Deadline Misses. In 33rd Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2021). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 196, pp. 15:1-15:23, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2021)

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@InProceedings{vreman_et_al:LIPIcs.ECRTS.2021.15,
  author =	{Vreman, Nils and Cervin, Anton and Maggio, Martina},
  title =	{{Stability and Performance Analysis of Control Systems Subject to Bursts of Deadline Misses}},
  booktitle =	{33rd Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2021)},
  pages =	{15:1--15:23},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-192-4},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2021},
  volume =	{196},
  editor =	{Brandenburg, Bj\"{o}rn B.},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ECRTS.2021.15},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-139460},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ECRTS.2021.15},
  annote =	{Keywords: Fault-Tolerant Control Systems, Weakly Hard Task Model}
}

Document

Complete Volume

DOI: 10.4230/OASIcs.Fog-IoT.2020

OASIcs, Volume 80, Fog-IoT 2020, Complete Volume

Authors: Anton Cervin and Yang Yang

Published in: OASIcs, Volume 80, 2nd Workshop on Fog Computing and the IoT (Fog-IoT 2020)

Abstract

OASIcs, Volume 80, Fog-IoT 2020, Complete Volume

Cite as

2nd Workshop on Fog Computing and the IoT (Fog-IoT 2020). Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs), Volume 80, pp. 1-110, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2020)

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@Proceedings{cervin_et_al:OASIcs.Fog-IoT.2020,
  title =	{{OASIcs, Volume 80, Fog-IoT 2020, Complete Volume}},
  booktitle =	{2nd Workshop on Fog Computing and the IoT (Fog-IoT 2020)},
  pages =	{1--110},
  series =	{Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-144-3},
  ISSN =	{2190-6807},
  year =	{2020},
  volume =	{80},
  editor =	{Cervin, Anton and Yang, Yang},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/OASIcs.Fog-IoT.2020},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-119933},
  doi =		{10.4230/OASIcs.Fog-IoT.2020},
  annote =	{Keywords: OASIcs, Volume 80, Fog-IoT 2020, Complete Volume}
}

Document

Front Matter

DOI: 10.4230/OASIcs.Fog-IoT.2020.0

Front Matter, Table of Contents, Preface, Conference Organization

Authors: Anton Cervin and Yang Yang

Published in: OASIcs, Volume 80, 2nd Workshop on Fog Computing and the IoT (Fog-IoT 2020)

Abstract

Front Matter, Table of Contents, Preface, Conference Organization

Cite as

2nd Workshop on Fog Computing and the IoT (Fog-IoT 2020). Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs), Volume 80, pp. 0:i-0:viii, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2020)

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@InProceedings{cervin_et_al:OASIcs.Fog-IoT.2020.0,
  author =	{Cervin, Anton and Yang, Yang},
  title =	{{Front Matter, Table of Contents, Preface, Conference Organization}},
  booktitle =	{2nd Workshop on Fog Computing and the IoT (Fog-IoT 2020)},
  pages =	{0:i--0:viii},
  series =	{Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-144-3},
  ISSN =	{2190-6807},
  year =	{2020},
  volume =	{80},
  editor =	{Cervin, Anton and Yang, Yang},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/OASIcs.Fog-IoT.2020.0},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-119944},
  doi =		{10.4230/OASIcs.Fog-IoT.2020.0},
  annote =	{Keywords: Front Matter, Table of Contents, Preface, Conference Organization}
}

Document

Invited Talk

DOI: 10.4230/OASIcs.Fog-IoT.2020.1

Fog and Edge Computing: Challenges and Emerging Trends (Invited Talk)

Authors: Rodrigo N. Calheiros

Published in: OASIcs, Volume 80, 2nd Workshop on Fog Computing and the IoT (Fog-IoT 2020)

Abstract

Just as the trend of data and computing consolidation via cloud computing starts to fade out, new paradigms that can better handle the unique demand of Internet of Things (IoT) and Big Data emerged in the form of edge and fog computing. Although the literature provides different accounts for the differences between these emerging paradigms, they both rely on computing and storage devices that are closer to IoT devices and users than regular cloud data centers. With the advantage of smaller latencies, they introduce issues such as higher complexity for application development and deployment. In this talk, I will present the context in which these paradigms developed, challenges inhibiting their adoption, and emerging approaches to address some of these issues.

Cite as

Rodrigo N. Calheiros. Fog and Edge Computing: Challenges and Emerging Trends (Invited Talk). In 2nd Workshop on Fog Computing and the IoT (Fog-IoT 2020). Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs), Volume 80, p. 1:1, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2020)

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@InProceedings{calheiros:OASIcs.Fog-IoT.2020.1,
  author =	{Calheiros, Rodrigo N.},
  title =	{{Fog and Edge Computing: Challenges and Emerging Trends}},
  booktitle =	{2nd Workshop on Fog Computing and the IoT (Fog-IoT 2020)},
  pages =	{1:1--1:1},
  series =	{Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-144-3},
  ISSN =	{2190-6807},
  year =	{2020},
  volume =	{80},
  editor =	{Cervin, Anton and Yang, Yang},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/OASIcs.Fog-IoT.2020.1},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-119954},
  doi =		{10.4230/OASIcs.Fog-IoT.2020.1},
  annote =	{Keywords: Cloud computing, Fog computing, Edge computing, Internet of Things}
}

Document

Invited Talk

DOI: 10.4230/OASIcs.Fog-IoT.2020.2

From Vehicular Networks to IoT for Smart Roads: How a Communication Engineer Can Help Solve Transportation Problems (Invited Talk)

Authors: Guoqiang Mao

Published in: OASIcs, Volume 80, 2nd Workshop on Fog Computing and the IoT (Fog-IoT 2020)

Abstract

Intelligent transportation system (ITS) is an important development that applies advanced sensing, communication, big data analysis and control technologies to ground transportation in order to improve safety, mobility and efficiency. This talk will begin with a brief introduction to our work in vehicular networks, which started more than ten years ago. As we delve deeper into vehicular networks and interact more frequently with transportation stakeholders, we realize that ITS is a truly cross-disciplinary area, in order for vehicular networks to achieve its desired impact, we need to think beyond the traditional communication domain, and start to ponder the deeper-level questions of what fundamental changes can be brought by advanced sensing and communication techniques to transportation and how the applications of advanced sensing and communication techniques can help solve crucial transportation problems. To this end, we will introduce our more recent work of developing advanced IoT technology to transform our roads into smart roads, which in the shorter term, make our roads safer and more efficient while providing the fine-grained real-time traffic information for traffic management; in the longer term, provide the much-needed road infrastructure support for the future booming CAV revolution.

Cite as

Guoqiang Mao. From Vehicular Networks to IoT for Smart Roads: How a Communication Engineer Can Help Solve Transportation Problems (Invited Talk). In 2nd Workshop on Fog Computing and the IoT (Fog-IoT 2020). Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs), Volume 80, p. 2:1, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2020)

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@InProceedings{mao:OASIcs.Fog-IoT.2020.2,
  author =	{Mao, Guoqiang},
  title =	{{From Vehicular Networks to IoT for Smart Roads: How a Communication Engineer Can Help Solve Transportation Problems}},
  booktitle =	{2nd Workshop on Fog Computing and the IoT (Fog-IoT 2020)},
  pages =	{2:1--2:1},
  series =	{Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-144-3},
  ISSN =	{2190-6807},
  year =	{2020},
  volume =	{80},
  editor =	{Cervin, Anton and Yang, Yang},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/OASIcs.Fog-IoT.2020.2},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-119969},
  doi =		{10.4230/OASIcs.Fog-IoT.2020.2},
  annote =	{Keywords: Intelligent transportation systems, Vehicular networks, Internet of Things}
}

Document

DOI: 10.4230/OASIcs.Fog-IoT.2020.3

Quality-Of-Control-Aware Scheduling of Communication in TSN-Based Fog Computing Platforms Using Constraint Programming

Authors: Mohammadreza Barzegaran, Bahram Zarrin, and Paul Pop

Published in: OASIcs, Volume 80, 2nd Workshop on Fog Computing and the IoT (Fog-IoT 2020)

Abstract

In this paper we are interested in real-time control applications that are implemented using Fog Computing Platforms consisting of interconnected heterogeneous Fog Nodes (FNs). Similar to previous research and ongoing standardization efforts, we assume that the communication between FNs is achieved via IEEE 802.1 Time Sensitive Networking (TSN). We model the control applications as a set of real-time streams, and we assume that the messages are transmitted using time-sensitive traffic that is scheduled using the Gate Control Lists (GCLs) in TSN. Given a network topology and a set of control applications, we are interested to synthesize the GCLs for messages such that the quality-of-control of applications is maximized and the deadlines of real-time messages are satisfied. We have proposed a Constraint Programming-based solution to this problem, and evaluated it on several test cases.

Cite as

Mohammadreza Barzegaran, Bahram Zarrin, and Paul Pop. Quality-Of-Control-Aware Scheduling of Communication in TSN-Based Fog Computing Platforms Using Constraint Programming. In 2nd Workshop on Fog Computing and the IoT (Fog-IoT 2020). Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs), Volume 80, pp. 3:1-3:9, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2020)

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@InProceedings{barzegaran_et_al:OASIcs.Fog-IoT.2020.3,
  author =	{Barzegaran, Mohammadreza and Zarrin, Bahram and Pop, Paul},
  title =	{{Quality-Of-Control-Aware Scheduling of Communication in TSN-Based Fog Computing Platforms Using Constraint Programming}},
  booktitle =	{2nd Workshop on Fog Computing and the IoT (Fog-IoT 2020)},
  pages =	{3:1--3:9},
  series =	{Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-144-3},
  ISSN =	{2190-6807},
  year =	{2020},
  volume =	{80},
  editor =	{Cervin, Anton and Yang, Yang},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/OASIcs.Fog-IoT.2020.3},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-119975},
  doi =		{10.4230/OASIcs.Fog-IoT.2020.3},
  annote =	{Keywords: TSN, Fog Computing, Constraint Programming, Quality of Control}
}

Document

DOI: 10.4230/OASIcs.Fog-IoT.2020.4

Processing LiDAR Data from a Virtual Logistics Space

Authors: Jaakko Harjuhahto, Anton Debner, and Vesa Hirvisalo

Published in: OASIcs, Volume 80, 2nd Workshop on Fog Computing and the IoT (Fog-IoT 2020)

Abstract

We study computing solutions that can be used close to the network edge in I2oT systems (Industrial Internet of Things). As a specific use case, we consider a factory warehouse with AGVs (Automated Guided Vehicles). The computing services for such systems should be dependable, yield high performance, and have low latency. For understanding such systems, we have constructed a hybrid system that consists of a simulator yielding virtual LiDAR sensor data streams in real-time and a sensor data processor on a real cluster that acts as a fog computing node close to the warehouse. The processing merges the observations done from the individual sensor streams without using the vehicle-to-vehicle communication links for the complicated computing. We present our experimental results, which show the feasibility of the computing solution.

Cite as

Jaakko Harjuhahto, Anton Debner, and Vesa Hirvisalo. Processing LiDAR Data from a Virtual Logistics Space. In 2nd Workshop on Fog Computing and the IoT (Fog-IoT 2020). Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs), Volume 80, pp. 4:1-4:12, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2020)

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@InProceedings{harjuhahto_et_al:OASIcs.Fog-IoT.2020.4,
  author =	{Harjuhahto, Jaakko and Debner, Anton and Hirvisalo, Vesa},
  title =	{{Processing LiDAR Data from a Virtual Logistics Space}},
  booktitle =	{2nd Workshop on Fog Computing and the IoT (Fog-IoT 2020)},
  pages =	{4:1--4:12},
  series =	{Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-144-3},
  ISSN =	{2190-6807},
  year =	{2020},
  volume =	{80},
  editor =	{Cervin, Anton and Yang, Yang},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/OASIcs.Fog-IoT.2020.4},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-119985},
  doi =		{10.4230/OASIcs.Fog-IoT.2020.4},
  annote =	{Keywords: simulation, hybrid systems, new control applications, fog computing}
}

Document

DOI: 10.4230/OASIcs.Fog-IoT.2020.5

Addressing the Node Discovery Problem in Fog Computing

Authors: Vasileios Karagiannis, Nitin Desai, Stefan Schulte, and Sasikumar Punnekkat

Published in: OASIcs, Volume 80, 2nd Workshop on Fog Computing and the IoT (Fog-IoT 2020)

Abstract

In recent years, the Internet of Things (IoT) has gained a lot of attention due to connecting various sensor devices with the cloud, in order to enable smart applications such as: smart traffic management, smart houses, and smart grids, among others. Due to the growing popularity of the IoT, the number of Internet-connected devices has increased significantly. As a result, these devices generate a huge amount of network traffic which may lead to bottlenecks, and eventually increase the communication latency with the cloud. To cope with such issues, a new computing paradigm has emerged, namely: fog computing. Fog computing enables computing that spans from the cloud to the edge of the network in order to distribute the computations of the IoT data, and to reduce the communication latency. However, fog computing is still in its infancy, and there are still related open problems. In this paper, we focus on the node discovery problem, i.e., how to add new compute nodes to a fog computing system. Moreover, we discuss how addressing this problem can have a positive impact on various aspects of fog computing, such as fault tolerance, resource heterogeneity, proximity awareness, and scalability. Finally, based on the experimental results that we produce by simulating various distributed compute nodes, we show how addressing the node discovery problem can improve the fault tolerance of a fog computing system.

Cite as

Vasileios Karagiannis, Nitin Desai, Stefan Schulte, and Sasikumar Punnekkat. Addressing the Node Discovery Problem in Fog Computing. In 2nd Workshop on Fog Computing and the IoT (Fog-IoT 2020). Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs), Volume 80, pp. 5:1-5:10, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2020)

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@InProceedings{karagiannis_et_al:OASIcs.Fog-IoT.2020.5,
  author =	{Karagiannis, Vasileios and Desai, Nitin and Schulte, Stefan and Punnekkat, Sasikumar},
  title =	{{Addressing the Node Discovery Problem in Fog Computing}},
  booktitle =	{2nd Workshop on Fog Computing and the IoT (Fog-IoT 2020)},
  pages =	{5:1--5:10},
  series =	{Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-144-3},
  ISSN =	{2190-6807},
  year =	{2020},
  volume =	{80},
  editor =	{Cervin, Anton and Yang, Yang},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/OASIcs.Fog-IoT.2020.5},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-119991},
  doi =		{10.4230/OASIcs.Fog-IoT.2020.5},
  annote =	{Keywords: Fog computing, Edge computing, Internet of Things, Node discovery, Fault tolerance}
}

Document

DOI: 10.4230/OASIcs.Fog-IoT.2020.6

Routing Using Safe Reinforcement Learning

Authors: Gautham Nayak Seetanadi and Karl-Erik Årzén

Published in: OASIcs, Volume 80, 2nd Workshop on Fog Computing and the IoT (Fog-IoT 2020)

Abstract

The ever increasing number of connected devices has lead to a metoric rise in the amount data to be processed. This has caused computation to be moved to the edge of the cloud increasing the importance of efficiency in the whole of cloud. The use of this fog computing for time-critical control applications is on the rise and requires robust guarantees on transmission times of the packets in the network while reducing total transmission times of the various packets. We consider networks in which the transmission times that may vary due to mobility of devices, congestion and similar artifacts. We assume knowledge of the worst case tranmssion times over each link and evaluate the typical tranmssion times through exploration. We present the use of reinforcement learning to find optimal paths through the network while never violating preset deadlines. We show that with appropriate domain knowledge, using popular reinforcement learning techniques is a promising prospect even in time-critical applications.

Cite as

Gautham Nayak Seetanadi and Karl-Erik Årzén. Routing Using Safe Reinforcement Learning. In 2nd Workshop on Fog Computing and the IoT (Fog-IoT 2020). Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs), Volume 80, pp. 6:1-6:8, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2020)

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@InProceedings{nayakseetanadi_et_al:OASIcs.Fog-IoT.2020.6,
  author =	{Nayak Seetanadi, Gautham and \r{A}rz\'{e}n, Karl-Erik},
  title =	{{Routing Using Safe Reinforcement Learning}},
  booktitle =	{2nd Workshop on Fog Computing and the IoT (Fog-IoT 2020)},
  pages =	{6:1--6:8},
  series =	{Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-144-3},
  ISSN =	{2190-6807},
  year =	{2020},
  volume =	{80},
  editor =	{Cervin, Anton and Yang, Yang},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/OASIcs.Fog-IoT.2020.6},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-120007},
  doi =		{10.4230/OASIcs.Fog-IoT.2020.6},
  annote =	{Keywords: Real time routing, safe exploration, safe reinforcement learning, time-critical systems, dynamic routing}
}

Document

DOI: 10.4230/OASIcs.Fog-IoT.2020.7

Real-Time Containers: A Survey

Authors: Václav Struhár, Moris Behnam, Mohammad Ashjaei, and Alessandro V. Papadopoulos

Published in: OASIcs, Volume 80, 2nd Workshop on Fog Computing and the IoT (Fog-IoT 2020)

Abstract

Container-based virtualization has gained a significant importance in a deployment of software applications in cloud-based environments. The technology fully relies on operating system features and does not require a virtualization layer (hypervisor) that introduces a performance degradation. Container-based virtualization allows to co-locate multiple isolated containers on a single computation node as well as to decompose an application into multiple containers distributed among several hosts (e.g., in fog computing layer). Such a technology seems very promising in other domains as well, e.g., in industrial automation, automotive, and aviation industry where mixed criticality containerized applications from various vendors can be co-located on shared resources. However, such industrial domains often require real-time behavior (i.e, a capability to meet predefined deadlines). These capabilities are not fully supported by the container-based virtualization yet. In this work, we provide a systematic literature survey study that summarizes the effort of the research community on bringing real-time properties in container-based virtualization. We categorize existing work into main research areas and identify possible immature points of the technology.

Cite as

Václav Struhár, Moris Behnam, Mohammad Ashjaei, and Alessandro V. Papadopoulos. Real-Time Containers: A Survey. In 2nd Workshop on Fog Computing and the IoT (Fog-IoT 2020). Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs), Volume 80, pp. 7:1-7:9, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2020)

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@InProceedings{struhar_et_al:OASIcs.Fog-IoT.2020.7,
  author =	{Struh\'{a}r, V\'{a}clav and Behnam, Moris and Ashjaei, Mohammad and Papadopoulos, Alessandro V.},
  title =	{{Real-Time Containers: A Survey}},
  booktitle =	{2nd Workshop on Fog Computing and the IoT (Fog-IoT 2020)},
  pages =	{7:1--7:9},
  series =	{Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-144-3},
  ISSN =	{2190-6807},
  year =	{2020},
  volume =	{80},
  editor =	{Cervin, Anton and Yang, Yang},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/OASIcs.Fog-IoT.2020.7},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-120011},
  doi =		{10.4230/OASIcs.Fog-IoT.2020.7},
  annote =	{Keywords: Real-Time, Containers, Docker, LXC, PREEMPT\underlineRT, Xenomai, RTAI}
}

Document

DOI: 10.4230/OASIcs.Fog-IoT.2020.8

Evaluation of Burst Failure Robustness of Control Systems in the Fog

Authors: Nils Vreman and Claudio Mandrioli

Published in: OASIcs, Volume 80, 2nd Workshop on Fog Computing and the IoT (Fog-IoT 2020)

Abstract

This paper investigates the robustness of control systems when a controller is run in a Fog environment. Control systems in the Fog are introduced and a discussion regarding relevant faults is presented. A preliminary investigation of the robustness properties of a MinSeg case study is presented and commented. The discussion is then used to outline future lines of research.

Cite as

Nils Vreman and Claudio Mandrioli. Evaluation of Burst Failure Robustness of Control Systems in the Fog. In 2nd Workshop on Fog Computing and the IoT (Fog-IoT 2020). Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs), Volume 80, pp. 8:1-8:8, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2020)

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@InProceedings{vreman_et_al:OASIcs.Fog-IoT.2020.8,
  author =	{Vreman, Nils and Mandrioli, Claudio},
  title =	{{Evaluation of Burst Failure Robustness of Control Systems in the Fog}},
  booktitle =	{2nd Workshop on Fog Computing and the IoT (Fog-IoT 2020)},
  pages =	{8:1--8:8},
  series =	{Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-144-3},
  ISSN =	{2190-6807},
  year =	{2020},
  volume =	{80},
  editor =	{Cervin, Anton and Yang, Yang},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/OASIcs.Fog-IoT.2020.8},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-120025},
  doi =		{10.4230/OASIcs.Fog-IoT.2020.8},
  annote =	{Keywords: Networked Control Systems, Stability Analysis, Control over Internet, Fault Tolerance}
}

Document

DOI: 10.4230/OASIcs.Fog-IoT.2020.9

Next-Generation SDN and Fog Computing: A New Paradigm for SDN-Based Edge Computing

Authors: Eder Ollora Zaballa, David Franco, Marina Aguado, and Michael Stübert Berger

Published in: OASIcs, Volume 80, 2nd Workshop on Fog Computing and the IoT (Fog-IoT 2020)

Abstract

In the last few years, we have been able to see how terms like Mobile Edge Computing, Cloudlets, and Fog computing have arisen as concepts that reach a level of popularity to express computing towards network Edge. Shifting some processing tasks from the Cloud to the Edge brings challenges to the table that might have been non-considered before in next-generation Software-Defined Networking (SDN). Efficient routing mechanisms, Edge Computing, and SDN applications are challenging to deploy as controllers are expected to have different distributions. In particular, with the advances of SDN and the P4 language, there are new opportunities and challenges that next-generation SDN has for Fog computing. The development of new pipelines along with the progress regarding control-to-data plane programming protocols can also promote data and control plane function offloading. We propose a new mechanism of deploying SDN control planes both locally and remotely to attend different challenges. We encourage researchers to develop new ways to functionally deploying Fog and Cloud control planes that let cross-layer planes interact by deploying specific control and data plane applications. With our proposal, the control and data plane distribution can provide a lower response time for locally deployed applications (local control plane). Besides, it can still be beneficial for a centralized and remotely placed control plane, for applications such as path computation within the same network and between separated networks (remote control plane).

Cite as

Eder Ollora Zaballa, David Franco, Marina Aguado, and Michael Stübert Berger. Next-Generation SDN and Fog Computing: A New Paradigm for SDN-Based Edge Computing. In 2nd Workshop on Fog Computing and the IoT (Fog-IoT 2020). Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs), Volume 80, pp. 9:1-9:8, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2020)

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@InProceedings{ollorazaballa_et_al:OASIcs.Fog-IoT.2020.9,
  author =	{Ollora Zaballa, Eder and Franco, David and Aguado, Marina and Berger, Michael St\"{u}bert},
  title =	{{Next-Generation SDN and Fog Computing: A New Paradigm for SDN-Based Edge Computing}},
  booktitle =	{2nd Workshop on Fog Computing and the IoT (Fog-IoT 2020)},
  pages =	{9:1--9:8},
  series =	{Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-144-3},
  ISSN =	{2190-6807},
  year =	{2020},
  volume =	{80},
  editor =	{Cervin, Anton and Yang, Yang},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/OASIcs.Fog-IoT.2020.9},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-120033},
  doi =		{10.4230/OASIcs.Fog-IoT.2020.9},
  annote =	{Keywords: SDN, P4, P4Runtime, control planes, Fog, Edge}
}

Document

DOI: 10.4230/OASIcs.Fog-IoT.2020.10

Fog Network Task Scheduling for IoT Applications

Authors: Chongchong Zhang, Fei Shen, Jiong Jin, and Yang Yang

Published in: OASIcs, Volume 80, 2nd Workshop on Fog Computing and the IoT (Fog-IoT 2020)

Abstract

In the Internet of Things (IoT) networks, the data traffic would be very bursty and unpredictable. It is therefore very difficult to analyze and guarantee the delay performance for delay-sensitive IoT applications in fog networks, such as emergency monitoring, intelligent manufacturing, and autonomous driving. To address this challenging problem, a Bursty Elastic Task Scheduling (BETS) algorithm is developed to best accommodate bursty task arrivals and various requirements in IoT networks, thus optimizing service experience for delay-sensitive applications with only limited communication resources in time-varying and competing environments. To better describe the stability and consistence of Quality of Service (QoS) in realistic scenarios, a new performance metric "Bursty Service Experience Index (BSEI)" is defined and quantified as delay jitter normalized by the average delay. Finally, the numeral results shows that the performance of BETS is fully evaluated, which can achieve 5-10 times lower BSEI than traditional task scheduling algorithms, e.g. Proportional Fair (PF) and the Max Carrier-to-Interference ratio (MCI), under bursty traffic conditions. These results demonstrate that BETS can effectively smooth down the bursty characteristics in IoT networks, and provide much predictable and acceptable QoS for delay-sensitive applications.

Cite as

Chongchong Zhang, Fei Shen, Jiong Jin, and Yang Yang. Fog Network Task Scheduling for IoT Applications. In 2nd Workshop on Fog Computing and the IoT (Fog-IoT 2020). Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs), Volume 80, pp. 10:1-10:9, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2020)

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@InProceedings{zhang_et_al:OASIcs.Fog-IoT.2020.10,
  author =	{Zhang, Chongchong and Shen, Fei and Jin, Jiong and Yang, Yang},
  title =	{{Fog Network Task Scheduling for IoT Applications}},
  booktitle =	{2nd Workshop on Fog Computing and the IoT (Fog-IoT 2020)},
  pages =	{10:1--10:9},
  series =	{Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-144-3},
  ISSN =	{2190-6807},
  year =	{2020},
  volume =	{80},
  editor =	{Cervin, Anton and Yang, Yang},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/OASIcs.Fog-IoT.2020.10},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-120049},
  doi =		{10.4230/OASIcs.Fog-IoT.2020.10},
  annote =	{Keywords: Task Scheduling, Internet of Things, fog network, delay sensitive}
}

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