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Optimal Algorithms for Learning Quantum Phase States

Authors Srinivasan Arunachalam, Sergey Bravyi, Arkopal Dutt , Theodore J. Yoder

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  • Theory of computation → Quantum complexity theory
Keywords
  • Tomography
  • binary phase states
  • generalized phase states
  • IQP circuits

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Abstract

We analyze the complexity of learning n-qubit quantum phase states. A degree-d phase state is defined as a superposition of all 2ⁿ basis vectors x with amplitudes proportional to (-1)^{f(x)}, where f is a degree-d Boolean polynomial over n variables. We show that the sample complexity of learning an unknown degree-d phase state is Θ(n^d) if we allow separable measurements and Θ(n^{d-1}) if we allow entangled measurements. Our learning algorithm based on separable measurements has runtime poly(n) (for constant d) and is well-suited for near-term demonstrations as it requires only single-qubit measurements in the Pauli X and Z bases. We show similar bounds on the sample complexity for learning generalized phase states with complex-valued amplitudes. We further consider learning phase states when f has sparsity-s, degree-d in its 𝔽₂ representation (with sample complexity O(2^d sn)), f has Fourier-degree-t (with sample complexity O(2^{2t})), and learning quadratic phase states with ε-global depolarizing noise (with sample complexity O(n^{1+ε})). These learning algorithms give us a procedure to learn the diagonal unitaries of the Clifford hierarchy and IQP circuits.

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Srinivasan Arunachalam, Sergey Bravyi, Arkopal Dutt, and Theodore J. Yoder. Optimal Algorithms for Learning Quantum Phase States. In 18th Conference on the Theory of Quantum Computation, Communication and Cryptography (TQC 2023). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 266, pp. 3:1-3:24, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2023) https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPIcs.TQC.2023.3

Author Details

Srinivasan Arunachalam
  • IBM Quantum, Thomas J Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA
Sergey Bravyi
  • IBM Quantum, Thomas J Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA
Arkopal Dutt
  • IBM Quantum, Thomas J Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA
  • MIT-IBM Watson AI Lab, Cambridge, MA, USA
  • Department of Physics, Co-Design Center for Quantum Advantage, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
Theodore J. Yoder
  • IBM Quantum, Thomas J Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA

Funding

SA, SB, and TY were supported in part by the Army Research Office under Grant Number W911NF-20-1-0014.
  • Dutt, Arkopal: AD was supported in part by the MIT-IBM Watson AI Lab, and in part by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, National Quantum Information Science Research Centers, Co-Design Center for Quantum Advantage under contract DE-SC0012704.

Acknowledgements

AD thanks Isaac L Chuang for suggesting applications of the learning algorithms presented here and for useful comments on the manuscript. SA thanks Giacomo Nannicini and Chinmay Nirkhe for useful discussions.

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