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DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.AofA.2026.4

Scaling Limits of Multitype Bienaymé Trees

Authors: Louigi Addario-Berry, Philipp Beltran, Benedikt Stufler, and Paul Thévenin

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 381, 37th International Conference on Probabilistic, Combinatorial and Asymptotic Methods for the Analysis of Algorithms (AofA 2026)

Abstract

We first consider irreducible critical multitype Bienaymé trees and extend the results to the case, when they possess a critical irreducible component with attached subcritical components. We study these trees under two distinct conditioning frameworks: first, conditioning on the value of a linear combination of the numbers of vertices of given types; and second, conditioning on the precise number of vertices belonging to a selected subset of types. We prove that, under a finite exponential moment condition, the scaling limit as the tree size tends to infinity is given by the Brownian Continuum Random Tree. Additionally, we establish strong non-asymptotic tail bounds for the height of such trees. Our main tools include a flattening operation applied to multitype trees and sharp estimates regarding the structure of monotype trees with a given sequence of degrees.

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Louigi Addario-Berry, Philipp Beltran, Benedikt Stufler, and Paul Thévenin. Scaling Limits of Multitype Bienaymé Trees. In 37th International Conference on Probabilistic, Combinatorial and Asymptotic Methods for the Analysis of Algorithms (AofA 2026). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 381, pp. 4:1-4:16, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2026)

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@InProceedings{addarioberry_et_al:LIPIcs.AofA.2026.4,
  author =	{Addario-Berry, Louigi and Beltran, Philipp and Stufler, Benedikt and Th\'{e}venin, Paul},
  title =	{{Scaling Limits of Multitype Bienaym\'{e} Trees}},
  booktitle =	{37th International Conference on Probabilistic, Combinatorial and Asymptotic Methods for the Analysis of Algorithms (AofA 2026)},
  pages =	{4:1--4:16},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-435-2},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2026},
  volume =	{381},
  editor =	{Panagiotou, Konstantinos},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.AofA.2026.4},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-262750},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.AofA.2026.4},
  annote =	{Keywords: branching processes, multitype trees, scaling limit}
}

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DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.AofA.2024.25

Patricia’s Bad Distributions

Authors: Louigi Addario-Berry, Pat Morin, and Ralph Neininger

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 302, 35th International Conference on Probabilistic, Combinatorial and Asymptotic Methods for the Analysis of Algorithms (AofA 2024)

Abstract

The height of a random PATRICIA tree built from independent, identically distributed infinite binary strings with arbitrary diffuse probability distribution μ on {0,1}^ℕ is studied. We show that the expected height grows asymptotically sublinearly in the number of leaves for any such μ, but can be made to exceed any specific sublinear growth rate by choosing μ appropriately.

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Louigi Addario-Berry, Pat Morin, and Ralph Neininger. Patricia’s Bad Distributions. In 35th International Conference on Probabilistic, Combinatorial and Asymptotic Methods for the Analysis of Algorithms (AofA 2024). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 302, pp. 25:1-25:8, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2024)

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@InProceedings{addarioberry_et_al:LIPIcs.AofA.2024.25,
  author =	{Addario-Berry, Louigi and Morin, Pat and Neininger, Ralph},
  title =	{{Patricia’s Bad Distributions}},
  booktitle =	{35th International Conference on Probabilistic, Combinatorial and Asymptotic Methods for the Analysis of Algorithms (AofA 2024)},
  pages =	{25:1--25:8},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-329-4},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2024},
  volume =	{302},
  editor =	{Mailler, C\'{e}cile and Wild, Sebastian},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.AofA.2024.25},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-204600},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.AofA.2024.25},
  annote =	{Keywords: PATRICIA tree, random tree, height of tree, analysis of algorithms}
}

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Keynote Speakers

DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.AofA.2018.2

Assumptionless Bounds for Random Trees (Keynote Speakers)

Authors: Louigi Addario-Berry

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 110, 29th International Conference on Probabilistic, Combinatorial and Asymptotic Methods for the Analysis of Algorithms (AofA 2018)

Abstract

Let T be any Galton-Watson tree. Write vol(T) for the volume of T (the number of nodes), ht(T) for the height of T (the greatest distance of any node from the root) and wid(T) for the width of T (the greatest number of nodes at any level). We study the relation between vol(T), ht(T) and wid(T). In the case when the offspring distribution p = (p_i, i >= 0) has mean one and finite variance, both ht(T) and wid(T) are typically of order vol(T)^{1/2}, and have sub-Gaussian upper tails on this scale. Heuristically, as the tail of the offspring distribution becomes heavier, the tree T becomes "shorter and bushier". I will describe a collection of work which can be viewed as justifying this heuristic in various ways In particular, I will explain how classical bounds on Lévy's concentration function for random walks may be used to show that for any offspring distribution, the random variable ht(T)/wid(T) has sub-exponential tails. I will also describe a more combinatorial approach to coupling random trees with different degree sequences which allows the heights of randomly sampled vertices to be compared.

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Louigi Addario-Berry. Assumptionless Bounds for Random Trees (Keynote Speakers). In 29th International Conference on Probabilistic, Combinatorial and Asymptotic Methods for the Analysis of Algorithms (AofA 2018). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 110, p. 2:1, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2018)

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@InProceedings{addarioberry:LIPIcs.AofA.2018.2,
  author =	{Addario-Berry, Louigi},
  title =	{{Assumptionless Bounds for Random Trees}},
  booktitle =	{29th International Conference on Probabilistic, Combinatorial and Asymptotic Methods for the Analysis of Algorithms (AofA 2018)},
  pages =	{2:1--2:1},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-078-1},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2018},
  volume =	{110},
  editor =	{Fill, James Allen and Ward, Mark Daniel},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.AofA.2018.2},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-88951},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.AofA.2018.2},
  annote =	{Keywords: Random trees, simply generated trees}
}

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Documents authored by Addario-Berry, Louigi

Scaling Limits of Multitype Bienaymé Trees

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Patricia’s Bad Distributions

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Assumptionless Bounds for Random Trees (Keynote Speakers)

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