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Documents authored by Limaye, Nutan

Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.CCC.2023.28
Towards Optimal Depth-Reductions for Algebraic Formulas

Authors: Hervé Fournier, Nutan Limaye, Guillaume Malod, Srikanth Srinivasan, and Sébastien Tavenas

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 264, 38th Computational Complexity Conference (CCC 2023)

Abstract
Classical results of Brent, Kuck and Maruyama (IEEE Trans. Computers 1973) and Brent (JACM 1974) show that any algebraic formula of size s can be converted to one of depth O(log s) with only a polynomial blow-up in size. In this paper, we consider a fine-grained version of this result depending on the degree of the polynomial computed by the algebraic formula. Given a homogeneous algebraic formula of size s computing a polynomial P of degree d, we show that P can also be computed by an (unbounded fan-in) algebraic formula of depth O(log d) and size poly(s). Our proof shows that this result also holds in the highly restricted setting of monotone, non-commutative algebraic formulas. This improves on previous results in the regime when d is small (i.e., d = s^o(1)). In particular, for the setting of d = O(log s), along with a result of Raz (STOC 2010, JACM 2013), our result implies the same depth reduction even for inhomogeneous formulas. This is particularly interesting in light of recent algebraic formula lower bounds, which work precisely in this "low-degree" and "low-depth" setting. We also show that these results cannot be improved in the monotone setting, even for commutative formulas.
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Hervé Fournier, Nutan Limaye, Guillaume Malod, Srikanth Srinivasan, and Sébastien Tavenas. Towards Optimal Depth-Reductions for Algebraic Formulas. In 38th Computational Complexity Conference (CCC 2023). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 264, pp. 28:1-28:19, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2023)

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@InProceedings{fournier_et_al:LIPIcs.CCC.2023.28,
  author =	{Fournier, Herv\'{e} and Limaye, Nutan and Malod, Guillaume and Srinivasan, Srikanth and Tavenas, S\'{e}bastien},
  title =	{{Towards Optimal Depth-Reductions for Algebraic Formulas}},
  booktitle =	{38th Computational Complexity Conference (CCC 2023)},
  pages =	{28:1--28:19},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-282-2},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2023},
  volume =	{264},
  editor =	{Ta-Shma, Amnon},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.CCC.2023.28},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-182986},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.CCC.2023.28},
  annote =	{Keywords: Algebraic formulas, depth-reduction}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2022.16
On the VNP-Hardness of Some Monomial Symmetric Polynomials

Authors: Radu Curticapean, Nutan Limaye, and Srikanth Srinivasan

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 250, 42nd IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2022)

Abstract
A polynomial P ∈ 𝔽[x_1,…,x_n] is said to be symmetric if it is invariant under any permutation of its input variables. The study of symmetric polynomials is a classical topic in mathematics, specifically in algebraic combinatorics and representation theory. More recently, they have been studied in several works in computer science, especially in algebraic complexity theory. In this paper, we prove the computational hardness of one of the most basic kinds of symmetric polynomials: the monomial symmetric polynomials, which are obtained by summing all distinct permutations of a single monomial. This family of symmetric functions is a natural basis for the space of symmetric polynomials (over any field), and generalizes many well-studied families such as the elementary symmetric polynomials and the power-sum symmetric polynomials. We show that certain families of monomial symmetric polynomials are VNP-complete with respect to oracle reductions. This stands in stark contrast to the case of elementary and power symmetric polynomials, both of which have constant-depth circuits of polynomial size.
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Radu Curticapean, Nutan Limaye, and Srikanth Srinivasan. On the VNP-Hardness of Some Monomial Symmetric Polynomials. In 42nd IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2022). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 250, pp. 16:1-16:14, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2022)

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@InProceedings{curticapean_et_al:LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2022.16,
  author =	{Curticapean, Radu and Limaye, Nutan and Srinivasan, Srikanth},
  title =	{{On the VNP-Hardness of Some Monomial Symmetric Polynomials}},
  booktitle =	{42nd IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2022)},
  pages =	{16:1--16:14},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-261-7},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2022},
  volume =	{250},
  editor =	{Dawar, Anuj and Guruswami, Venkatesan},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2022.16},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-174081},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2022.16},
  annote =	{Keywords: algebraic complexity, symmetric polynomial, permanent, Sidon set}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.CCC.2022.32
On the Partial Derivative Method Applied to Lopsided Set-Multilinear Polynomials

Authors: Nutan Limaye, Srikanth Srinivasan, and Sébastien Tavenas

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 234, 37th Computational Complexity Conference (CCC 2022)

Abstract
We make progress on understanding a lower bound technique that was recently used by the authors to prove the first superpolynomial constant-depth circuit lower bounds against algebraic circuits. More specifically, our previous work applied the well-known partial derivative method in a new setting, that of lopsided set-multilinear polynomials. A set-multilinear polynomial P ∈ 𝔽[X_1,…,X_d] (for disjoint sets of variables X_1,…,X_d) is a linear combination of monomials, each of which contains one variable from X_1,…,X_d. A lopsided space of set-multilinear polynomials is one where the sets X_1,…,X_d are allowed to have different sizes (we use the adjective "lopsided" to stress this feature). By choosing a suitable lopsided space of polynomials, and using a suitable version of the partial-derivative method for proving lower bounds, we were able to prove constant-depth superpolynomial set-multilinear formula lower bounds even for very low-degree polynomials (as long as d is a growing function of the number of variables N). This in turn implied lower bounds against general formulas of constant-depth. A priori, there is nothing stopping these techniques from giving us lower bounds against algebraic formulas of any depth. We investigate the extent to which this lower bound can extend to greater depths. We prove the following results. 1) We observe that our choice of the lopsided space and the kind of partial-derivative method used can be modeled as the choice of a multiset W ⊆ [-1,1] of size d. Our first result completely characterizes, for any product-depth Δ, the best lower bound we can prove for set-multilinear formulas of product-depth Δ in terms of some combinatorial properties of W, that we call the depth-Δ tree bias of W. 2) We show that the maximum depth-3 tree bias, over multisets W of size d, is Θ(d^{1/4}). This shows a stronger formula lower bound of N^{Ω(d^{1/4})} for set-multilinear formulas of product-depth 3, and also puts a non-trivial constraint on the best lower bounds we can hope to prove at this depth in this framework (a priori, we could have hoped to prove a lower bound of N^{Ω(Δ d^{1/Δ})} at product-depth Δ). 3) Finally, we show that for small Δ, our proof technique cannot hope to prove lower bounds of the form N^{Ω(d^{1/poly(Δ)})}. This seems to strongly hint that new ideas will be required to prove lower bounds for formulas of unbounded depth.
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Nutan Limaye, Srikanth Srinivasan, and Sébastien Tavenas. On the Partial Derivative Method Applied to Lopsided Set-Multilinear Polynomials. In 37th Computational Complexity Conference (CCC 2022). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 234, pp. 32:1-32:23, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2022)

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@InProceedings{limaye_et_al:LIPIcs.CCC.2022.32,
  author =	{Limaye, Nutan and Srinivasan, Srikanth and Tavenas, S\'{e}bastien},
  title =	{{On the Partial Derivative Method Applied to Lopsided Set-Multilinear Polynomials}},
  booktitle =	{37th Computational Complexity Conference (CCC 2022)},
  pages =	{32:1--32:23},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-241-9},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2022},
  volume =	{234},
  editor =	{Lovett, Shachar},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.CCC.2022.32},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-165942},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.CCC.2022.32},
  annote =	{Keywords: Partial Derivative Method, Barriers to Lower Bounds}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.CCC.2020.14
Schur Polynomials Do Not Have Small Formulas If the Determinant Doesn't

Authors: Prasad Chaugule, Mrinal Kumar, Nutan Limaye, Chandra Kanta Mohapatra, Adrian She, and Srikanth Srinivasan

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 169, 35th Computational Complexity Conference (CCC 2020)

Abstract
Schur Polynomials are families of symmetric polynomials that have been classically studied in Combinatorics and Algebra alike. They play a central role in the study of Symmetric functions, in Representation theory [Stanley, 1999], in Schubert calculus [Ledoux and Malham, 2010] as well as in Enumerative combinatorics [Gasharov, 1996; Stanley, 1984; Stanley, 1999]. In recent years, they have also shown up in various incarnations in Computer Science, e.g, Quantum computation [Hallgren et al., 2000; Ryan O'Donnell and John Wright, 2015] and Geometric complexity theory [Ikenmeyer and Panova, 2017]. However, unlike some other families of symmetric polynomials like the Elementary Symmetric polynomials, the Power Symmetric polynomials and the Complete Homogeneous Symmetric polynomials, the computational complexity of syntactically computing Schur polynomials has not been studied much. In particular, it is not known whether Schur polynomials can be computed efficiently by algebraic formulas. In this work, we address this question, and show that unless every polynomial with a small algebraic branching program (ABP) has a small algebraic formula, there are Schur polynomials that cannot be computed by algebraic formula of polynomial size. In other words, unless the algebraic complexity class VBP is equal to the complexity class VF, there exist Schur polynomials which do not have polynomial size algebraic formulas. As a consequence of our proof, we also show that computing the determinant of certain generalized Vandermonde matrices is essentially as hard as computing the general symbolic determinant. To the best of our knowledge, these are one of the first hardness results of this kind for families of polynomials which are not multilinear. A key ingredient of our proof is the study of composition of well behaved algebraically independent polynomials with a homogeneous polynomial, and might be of independent interest.
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Prasad Chaugule, Mrinal Kumar, Nutan Limaye, Chandra Kanta Mohapatra, Adrian She, and Srikanth Srinivasan. Schur Polynomials Do Not Have Small Formulas If the Determinant Doesn't. In 35th Computational Complexity Conference (CCC 2020). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 169, pp. 14:1-14:27, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2020)

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@InProceedings{chaugule_et_al:LIPIcs.CCC.2020.14,
  author =	{Chaugule, Prasad and Kumar, Mrinal and Limaye, Nutan and Mohapatra, Chandra Kanta and She, Adrian and Srinivasan, Srikanth},
  title =	{{Schur Polynomials Do Not Have Small Formulas If the Determinant Doesn't}},
  booktitle =	{35th Computational Complexity Conference (CCC 2020)},
  pages =	{14:1--14:27},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-156-6},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2020},
  volume =	{169},
  editor =	{Saraf, Shubhangi},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.CCC.2020.14},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-125660},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.CCC.2020.14},
  annote =	{Keywords: Schur polynomial, Jacobian, Algebraic independence, Generalized Vandermonde determinant, Taylor expansion, Formula complexity, Lower bound}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2019.22
More on AC^0[oplus] and Variants of the Majority Function

Authors: Nutan Limaye, Srikanth Srinivasan, and Utkarsh Tripathi

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 150, 39th IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2019)

Abstract
In this paper we prove two results about AC^0[oplus] circuits. (1) We show that for d(N) = o(sqrt(log N/log log N)) and N <= s(N) <= 2^(dN^(1/4d^2)) there is an explicit family of functions {f_N:{0,1}^N - > {0,1}} such that - f_N has uniform AC^0 formulas of depth d and size at most s; - f_N does not have AC^0[oplus] formulas of depth d and size s^epsilon, where epsilon is a fixed absolute constant. This gives a quantitative improvement on the recent result of Limaye, Srinivasan, Sreenivasaiah, Tripathi, and Venkitesh, (STOC, 2019), which proved a similar Fixed-Depth Size-Hierarchy theorem but for d << log log N and s << exp(N^(1/2^Omega(d))). As in the previous result, we use the Coin Problem to prove our hierarchy theorem. Our main technical result is the construction of uniform size-optimal formulas for solving the coin problem with improved sample complexity (1/delta)^O(d) (down from (1/delta)^(2^O(d)) in the previous result). (2) In our second result, we show that randomness buys depth in the AC^0[oplus] setting. Formally, we show that for any fixed constant d >= 2, there is a family of Boolean functions that has polynomial-sized randomized uniform AC^0 circuits of depth d but no polynomial-sized (deterministic) AC^0[oplus] circuits of depth d. Previously Viola (Computational Complexity, 2014) showed that an increase in depth (by at least 2) is essential to avoid superpolynomial blow-up while derandomizing randomized AC^0 circuits. We show that an increase in depth (by at least 1) is essential even for AC^0[oplus]. As in Viola’s result, the separating examples are promise variants of the Majority function on N inputs that accept inputs of weight at least N/2 + N/(log N)^(d-1) and reject inputs of weight at most N/2 - N/(log N)^(d-1).
Cite as

Nutan Limaye, Srikanth Srinivasan, and Utkarsh Tripathi. More on AC^0[oplus] and Variants of the Majority Function. In 39th IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2019). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 150, pp. 22:1-22:14, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2019)

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@InProceedings{limaye_et_al:LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2019.22,
  author =	{Limaye, Nutan and Srinivasan, Srikanth and Tripathi, Utkarsh},
  title =	{{More on AC^0\lbrackoplus\rbrack and Variants of the Majority Function}},
  booktitle =	{39th IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2019)},
  pages =	{22:1--22:14},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-131-3},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2019},
  volume =	{150},
  editor =	{Chattopadhyay, Arkadev and Gastin, Paul},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2019.22},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-115844},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2019.22},
  annote =	{Keywords: AC^0\lbrackoplus\rbrack, Coin Problem, Promise Majority}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ITCS.2019.8
A #SAT Algorithm for Small Constant-Depth Circuits with PTF Gates

Authors: Swapnam Bajpai, Vaibhav Krishan, Deepanshu Kush, Nutan Limaye, and Srikanth Srinivasan

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 124, 10th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS 2019)

Abstract
We show that there is a zero-error randomized algorithm that, when given a small constant-depth Boolean circuit C made up of gates that compute constant-degree Polynomial Threshold functions or PTFs (i.e., Boolean functions that compute signs of constant-degree polynomials), counts the number of satisfying assignments to C in significantly better than brute-force time. Formally, for any constants d,k, there is an epsilon > 0 such that the zero-error randomized algorithm counts the number of satisfying assignments to a given depth-d circuit C made up of k-PTF gates such that C has size at most n^{1+epsilon}. The algorithm runs in time 2^{n-n^{Omega(epsilon)}}. Before our result, no algorithm for beating brute-force search was known for counting the number of satisfying assignments even for a single degree-k PTF (which is a depth-1 circuit of linear size). The main new tool is the use of a learning algorithm for learning degree-1 PTFs (or Linear Threshold Functions) using comparison queries due to Kane, Lovett, Moran and Zhang (FOCS 2017). We show that their ideas fit nicely into a memoization approach that yields the #SAT algorithms.
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Swapnam Bajpai, Vaibhav Krishan, Deepanshu Kush, Nutan Limaye, and Srikanth Srinivasan. A #SAT Algorithm for Small Constant-Depth Circuits with PTF Gates. In 10th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS 2019). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 124, pp. 8:1-8:20, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2019)

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@InProceedings{bajpai_et_al:LIPIcs.ITCS.2019.8,
  author =	{Bajpai, Swapnam and Krishan, Vaibhav and Kush, Deepanshu and Limaye, Nutan and Srinivasan, Srikanth},
  title =	{{A #SAT Algorithm for Small Constant-Depth Circuits with PTF Gates}},
  booktitle =	{10th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS 2019)},
  pages =	{8:1--8:20},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-095-8},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2019},
  volume =	{124},
  editor =	{Blum, Avrim},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ITCS.2019.8},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-101010},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ITCS.2019.8},
  annote =	{Keywords: SAT, Polynomial Threshold Functions, Constant-depth Boolean Circuits, Linear Decision Trees, Zero-error randomized algorithms}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2018.36
A Quadratic Size-Hierarchy Theorem for Small-Depth Multilinear Formulas

Authors: Suryajith Chillara, Nutan Limaye, and Srikanth Srinivasan

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 107, 45th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2018)

Abstract
We show explicit separations between the expressive powers of multilinear formulas of small-depth and all polynomial sizes. Formally, for any s = s(n) = n^{O(1)} and any delta>0, we construct explicit families of multilinear polynomials P_n in F[x_1,...,x_n] that have multilinear formulas of size s and depth three but no multilinear formulas of size s^{1/2-delta} and depth o(log n/log log n). As far as we know, this is the first such result for an algebraic model of computation. Our proof can be viewed as a derandomization of a lower bound technique of Raz (JACM 2009) using epsilon-biased spaces.
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Suryajith Chillara, Nutan Limaye, and Srikanth Srinivasan. A Quadratic Size-Hierarchy Theorem for Small-Depth Multilinear Formulas. In 45th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2018). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 107, pp. 36:1-36:13, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2018)

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@InProceedings{chillara_et_al:LIPIcs.ICALP.2018.36,
  author =	{Chillara, Suryajith and Limaye, Nutan and Srinivasan, Srikanth},
  title =	{{A Quadratic Size-Hierarchy Theorem for Small-Depth Multilinear Formulas}},
  booktitle =	{45th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2018)},
  pages =	{36:1--36:13},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-076-7},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2018},
  volume =	{107},
  editor =	{Chatzigiannakis, Ioannis and Kaklamanis, Christos and Marx, D\'{a}niel and Sannella, Donald},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2018.36},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-90401},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2018.36},
  annote =	{Keywords: Algebraic circuit complexity, Multilinear formulas, Lower Bounds}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2018.21
Small-depth Multilinear Formula Lower Bounds for Iterated Matrix Multiplication, with Applications

Authors: Suryajith Chillara, Nutan Limaye, and Srikanth Srinivasan

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 96, 35th Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2018)

Abstract
The complexity of Iterated Matrix Multiplication is a central theme in Computational Complexity theory, as the problem is closely related to the problem of separating various complexity classes within P. In this paper, we study the algebraic formula complexity of multiplying d many 2x2 matrices, denoted IMM_d, and show that the well-known divide-and-conquer algorithm cannot be significantly improved at any depth, as long as the formulas are multilinear. Formally, for each depth Delta <= log d, we show that any product-depth Delta multilinear formula for IMM_d must have size exp(Omega(Delta d^{1/Delta})). It also follows from this that any multilinear circuit of product-depth Delta for the same polynomial of the above form must have a size of exp(Omega(d^{1/Delta})). In particular, any polynomial-sized multilinear formula for IMM_d must have depth Omega(log d), and any polynomial-sized multilinear circuit for IMM_d must have depth Omega(log d/log log d). Both these bounds are tight up to constant factors. Our lower bound has the following consequences for multilinear formula complexity. Depth-reduction: A well-known result of Brent (JACM 1974) implies that any formula of size s can be converted to one of size s^{O(1)} and depth O(log s); further, this reduction continues to hold for multilinear formulas. On the other hand, our lower bound implies that any depth-reduction in the multilinear setting cannot reduce the depth to o(log s) without a superpolynomial blow-up in size. Separations from general formulas: Shpilka and Yehudayoff (FnTTCS 2010) asked whether general formulas can be more efficient than multilinear formulas for computing multilinear polynomials. Our result, along with a non-trivial upper bound for IMM_d implied by a result of Gupta, Kamath, Kayal and Saptharishi (SICOMP 2016), shows that for any size s and product-depth Delta = o(log s), general formulas of size s and product-depth Delta cannot be converted to multilinear formulas of size s^{O(1)} and product-depth Delta, when the underlying field has characteristic zero.
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Suryajith Chillara, Nutan Limaye, and Srikanth Srinivasan. Small-depth Multilinear Formula Lower Bounds for Iterated Matrix Multiplication, with Applications. In 35th Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2018). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 96, pp. 21:1-21:15, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2018)

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@InProceedings{chillara_et_al:LIPIcs.STACS.2018.21,
  author =	{Chillara, Suryajith and Limaye, Nutan and Srinivasan, Srikanth},
  title =	{{Small-depth Multilinear Formula Lower Bounds for Iterated Matrix Multiplication, with Applications}},
  booktitle =	{35th Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2018)},
  pages =	{21:1--21:15},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-062-0},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2018},
  volume =	{96},
  editor =	{Niedermeier, Rolf and Vall\'{e}e, Brigitte},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2018.21},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-85235},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2018.21},
  annote =	{Keywords: Algebraic circuit complexity, Multilinear formulas, Lower Bounds}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2017.36
A Unified Method for Placing Problems in Polylogarithmic Depth

Authors: Andreas Krebs, Nutan Limaye, and Michael Ludwig

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 93, 37th IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2017)

Abstract
In this work we consider the term evaluation problem which is, given a term over some algebra and a valid input to the term, computing the value of the term on that input. In contrast to previous methods we allow the algebra to be completely general and consider the problem of obtaining an efficient upper bound for this problem. Many variants of the problems where the algebra is well behaved have been studied. For example, the problem over the Boolean semiring or over the semiring (N,+,*). We extend this line of work. Our efficient term evaluation algorithm then serves as a tool for obtaining polylogarithmic depth upper bounds for various well-studied problems. To demonstrate the utility of our result we show new bounds and reprove known results for a large spectrum of problems. In particular, the applications of the algorithm we consider include (but are not restricted to) arithmetic formula evaluation, word problems for tree and visibly pushdown automata, and various problems related to bounded tree-width and clique-width graphs.
Cite as

Andreas Krebs, Nutan Limaye, and Michael Ludwig. A Unified Method for Placing Problems in Polylogarithmic Depth. In 37th IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2017). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 93, pp. 36:1-36:15, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2018)

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@InProceedings{krebs_et_al:LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2017.36,
  author =	{Krebs, Andreas and Limaye, Nutan and Ludwig, Michael},
  title =	{{A Unified Method for Placing Problems in Polylogarithmic Depth}},
  booktitle =	{37th IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2017)},
  pages =	{36:1--36:15},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-055-2},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2018},
  volume =	{93},
  editor =	{Lokam, Satya and Ramanujam, R.},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2017.36},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-83805},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2017.36},
  annote =	{Keywords: Polylogarithmic depth, Term evaluation, Parallel algorithms}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2017.41
Lower Bounds and PIT for Non-Commutative Arithmetic Circuits with Restricted Parse Trees

Authors: Guillaume Lagarde, Nutan Limaye, and Srikanth Srinivasan

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 83, 42nd International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2017)

Abstract
We investigate the power of Non-commutative Arithmetic Circuits, which compute polynomials over the free non-commutative polynomial ring F<x_1,...,x_N>, where variables do not commute. We consider circuits that are restricted in the ways in which they can compute monomials: this can be seen as restricting the families of parse trees that appear in the circuit. Such restrictions capture essentially all non-commutative circuit models for which lower bounds are known. We prove several results about such circuits. - We show explicit exponential lower bounds for circuits with up to an exponential number of parse trees, strengthening the work of Lagarde, Malod, and Perifel (ECCC 2016), who prove such a result for Unique Parse Tree (UPT) circuits which have a single parse tree. - We show explicit exponential lower bounds for circuits whose parse trees are rotations of a single tree. This simultaneously generalizes recent lower bounds of Limaye, Malod, and Srinivasan (Theory of Computing 2016) and the above lower bounds of Lagarde et al., which are known to be incomparable. - We make progress on a question of Nisan (STOC 1991) regarding separating the power of Algebraic Branching Programs (ABPs) and Formulas in the non-commutative setting by showing a tight lower bound of n^{Omega(log d)} for any UPT formula computing the product of d n*n matrices. When d <= log n, we can also prove superpolynomial lower bounds for formulas with up to 2^{o(d)} many parse trees (for computing the same polynomial). Improving this bound to allow for 2^{O(d)} trees would yield an unconditional separation between ABPs and Formulas. - We give deterministic white-box PIT algorithms for UPT circuits over any field (strengthening a result of Lagarde et al. (2016)) and also for sums of a constant number of UPT circuits with different parse trees.
Cite as

Guillaume Lagarde, Nutan Limaye, and Srikanth Srinivasan. Lower Bounds and PIT for Non-Commutative Arithmetic Circuits with Restricted Parse Trees. In 42nd International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2017). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 83, pp. 41:1-41:14, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2017)

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@InProceedings{lagarde_et_al:LIPIcs.MFCS.2017.41,
  author =	{Lagarde, Guillaume and Limaye, Nutan and Srinivasan, Srikanth},
  title =	{{Lower Bounds and PIT for Non-Commutative Arithmetic Circuits with Restricted Parse Trees}},
  booktitle =	{42nd International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2017)},
  pages =	{41:1--41:14},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-046-0},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2017},
  volume =	{83},
  editor =	{Larsen, Kim G. and Bodlaender, Hans L. and Raskin, Jean-Francois},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2017.41},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-81094},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2017.41},
  annote =	{Keywords: Non-commutative Arithemetic circuits, Partial derivatives, restrictions}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2013.189
DLOGTIME Proof Systems

Authors: Andreas Krebs and Nutan Limaye

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 24, IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2013)

Abstract
We define DLOGTIME proof systems, DLTPS, which generalize NC0 proof systems. It is known that functions such as Exact_k and Majority do not have NC0 proof systems. Here, we give a DLTPS for Exact_k (and therefore for Majority) and also for other natural functions such as Reach and Cliquek. Though many interesting functions have DLTPS, we show that there are languages in NP which do not have DLTPS. We consider the closure properties of DLTPS and prove that they are closed under union and concatenation but are not closed under intersection and complement. Finally, we consider a hierarchy of polylogarithmic time proof systems and show that the hierarchy is strict.
Cite as

Andreas Krebs and Nutan Limaye. DLOGTIME Proof Systems. In IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2013). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 24, pp. 189-200, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2013)

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@InProceedings{krebs_et_al:LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2013.189,
  author =	{Krebs, Andreas and Limaye, Nutan},
  title =	{{DLOGTIME Proof Systems}},
  booktitle =	{IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2013)},
  pages =	{189--200},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-939897-64-4},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2013},
  volume =	{24},
  editor =	{Seth, Anil and Vishnoi, Nisheeth K.},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2013.189},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-43725},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2013.189},
  annote =	{Keywords: Proof systems, DLOGTIME, NC0}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/DagSemProc.09421.6
Planar Graph Isomorphism is in Log-Space

Authors: Samir Datta, Nutan Limaye, Prajakta Nimbhorkar, Thomas Thierauf, and Fabian Wagner

Published in: Dagstuhl Seminar Proceedings, Volume 9421, Algebraic Methods in Computational Complexity (2010)

Abstract
Graph Isomorphism is the prime example of a computational problem with a wide difference between the best known lower and upper bounds on its complexity. There is a significant gap between extant lower and upper bounds for planar graphs as well. We bridge the gap for this natural and important special case by presenting an upper bound that matches the known log-space hardness [JKMT03]. In fact, we show the formally stronger result that planar graph canonization is in log-space. This improves the previously known upper bound of AC1 [MR91]. Our algorithm first constructs the biconnected component tree of a connected planar graph and then refines each biconnected component into a triconnected component tree. The next step is to log-space reduce the biconnected planar graph isomorphism and canonization problems to those for 3-connected planar graphs, which are known to be in log-space by [DLN08]. This is achieved by using the above decomposition, and by making significant modifications to Lindell’s algorithm for tree canonization, along with changes in the space complexity analysis. The reduction from the connected case to the biconnected case requires further new ideas including a non-trivial case analysis and a group theoretic lemma to bound the number of automorphisms of a colored 3-connected planar graph.
Cite as

Samir Datta, Nutan Limaye, Prajakta Nimbhorkar, Thomas Thierauf, and Fabian Wagner. Planar Graph Isomorphism is in Log-Space. In Algebraic Methods in Computational Complexity. Dagstuhl Seminar Proceedings, Volume 9421, pp. 1-32, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2010)

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@InProceedings{datta_et_al:DagSemProc.09421.6,
  author =	{Datta, Samir and Limaye, Nutan and Nimbhorkar, Prajakta and Thierauf, Thomas and Wagner, Fabian},
  title =	{{Planar Graph Isomorphism is in Log-Space}},
  booktitle =	{Algebraic Methods in Computational Complexity},
  pages =	{1--32},
  series =	{Dagstuhl Seminar Proceedings (DagSemProc)},
  ISSN =	{1862-4405},
  year =	{2010},
  volume =	{9421},
  editor =	{Manindra Agrawal and Lance Fortnow and Thomas Thierauf and Christopher Umans},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/DagSemProc.09421.6},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-24169},
  doi =		{10.4230/DagSemProc.09421.6},
  annote =	{Keywords: Planar Graphs, Graph Isomorphism, Logspace}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2008.1749
3-connected Planar Graph Isomorphism is in Log-space

Authors: Samir Datta, Nutan Limaye, and Prajakta Nimbhorkar

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 2, IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (2008)

Abstract
We consider the isomorphism and canonization problem for $3$-connected planar graphs. The problem was known to be \Log-hard and in \ULcoUL\ \cite{TW07}. In this paper, we give a deterministic log-space algorithm for $3$-connected planar graph isomorphism and canonization. This gives an \Log-completeness result, thereby settling its complexity. \par The algorithm uses the notion of universal exploration sequences from \cite{koucky01} and \cite{Rei05}. To our knowledge, this is a completely new approach to graph canonization.
Cite as

Samir Datta, Nutan Limaye, and Prajakta Nimbhorkar. 3-connected Planar Graph Isomorphism is in Log-space. In IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science. Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 2, pp. 155-162, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2008)

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@InProceedings{datta_et_al:LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2008.1749,
  author =	{Datta, Samir and Limaye, Nutan and Nimbhorkar, Prajakta},
  title =	{{3-connected Planar Graph Isomorphism is in Log-space}},
  booktitle =	{IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science},
  pages =	{155--162},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-939897-08-8},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2008},
  volume =	{2},
  editor =	{Hariharan, Ramesh and Mukund, Madhavan and Vinay, V},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2008.1749},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-17491},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2008.1749},
  annote =	{Keywords: Planar graph isomorphism, three connected graphs, logspace, universal exploration sequence}
}
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