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Documents authored by Lindley, Sam

Document
DOI: 10.4230/DagRep.11.8.52
Behavioural Types: Bridging Theory and Practice (Dagstuhl Seminar 21372)

Authors: Mariangiola Dezani, Roland Kuhn, Sam Lindley, and Alceste Scalas

Published in: Dagstuhl Reports, Volume 11, Issue 8 (2022)

Abstract
Behavioural types specify the way in which software components interact with one another. Unlike data types (which describe the structure of data), behavioural types describe communication protocols, and their verification ensures that programs do not violate such protocols. The behavioural types research community has developed a flourishing literature on communication-centric programming, exploring many directions. One of the most studied behavioural type systems are session types, introduced by Honda et al. in the ‘90s, and awarded with prizes for their influence in the past 20 and 10 years (by the ESOP and POPL conferences, respectively). Other varieties of behavioural types include typestate systems, choreographies, and behavioural contracts; research on verification techniques covers the spectrum from fully static verification at compile-time to fully dynamic verification at run-time. In the last decade, research on behavioural types has shifted emphasis towards practical applications, using both novel and existing programming languages (e.g., Java, Python, Go, C, Haskell, OCaml, Erlang, Scala, Rust). An earlier Dagstuhl Seminar, 17051 "Theory and Applications of Behavioural Types" (January 29-February 3, 2017), played an important role in coordinating this effort. Yet, despite the vibrant community and the stream of new results, the use of behavioural types for mainstream software development and verification remains limited. This limitation is largely down to the rapid pace at which mainstream industrial practice for the design and development of concurrent and distributed systems evolves, often resulting in substantial divergence from academic research. In the absence of established tools to express communication protocols, widely used implementations concentrate solely on scalability and reliability. The flip side is that these systems are either overly loose, supporting any conceivable communication structure (via brokers), or overly restricted, supporting only simple request-response protocols (like HTTP or RPC). In this seminar, experts from academia and industry explored together how best to bridge the gap between theory and mainstream practice. They tackled challenges that are fundamental in practical systems development, but are rarely or only partially addressed in the behavioural types literature - in particular, failure handling, asynchronous communication, and dynamic reconfiguration. Moreover they explored how the tools of behavioural types and programming languages theory (such as linearity, gradual types, and dependent types) can help to address these challenges.
Cite as

Mariangiola Dezani, Roland Kuhn, Sam Lindley, and Alceste Scalas. Behavioural Types: Bridging Theory and Practice (Dagstuhl Seminar 21372). In Dagstuhl Reports, Volume 11, Issue 8, pp. 52-75, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2022)

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@Article{dezani_et_al:DagRep.11.8.52,
  author =	{Dezani, Mariangiola and Kuhn, Roland and Lindley, Sam and Scalas, Alceste},
  title =	{{Behavioural Types: Bridging Theory and Practice (Dagstuhl Seminar 21372)}},
  pages =	{52--75},
  journal =	{Dagstuhl Reports},
  ISSN =	{2192-5283},
  year =	{2022},
  volume =	{11},
  number =	{8},
  editor =	{Dezani, Mariangiola and Kuhn, Roland and Lindley, Sam and Scalas, Alceste},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/DagRep.11.8.52},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-157699},
  doi =		{10.4230/DagRep.11.8.52},
  annote =	{Keywords: behavioural types, concurrency, programming languages, session types}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/DagRep.11.6.54
Scalable Handling of Effects (Dagstuhl Seminar 21292)

Authors: Danel Ahman, Amal Ahmed, Sam Lindley, and Andreas Rossberg

Published in: Dagstuhl Reports, Volume 11, Issue 6 (2021)

Abstract
Built on solid mathematical foundations, effect handlers offer a uniform and elegant approach to programming with user-defined computational effects. They subsume many widely used programming concepts and abstractions, such as actors, async/await, backtracking, coroutines, generators/iterators, and probabilistic programming. As such, they allow language implementers to target a single implementation of effect handlers, freeing language implementers from having to maintain separate ad hoc implementations of each of the features listed above. Due to their wide applicability, effect handlers are enjoying growing interest in academia and industry. For instance, several effect handler oriented research languages are under active development (such as Eff, Frank, and Koka), as are effect handler libraries for mainstream languages (such as C and Java), effect handlers are seeing increasing use in probabilistic programming tools (such as Uber’s Pyro), and proposals are in the pipeline to include them natively in low-level languages (such as WebAssembly). Effect handlers are also a key part of Multicore OCaml, which incorporates an efficient implementation of them for uniformly expressing user-definable concurrency models in the language. However, enabling effect handlers to scale requires tackling some hard problems, both in theory and in practice. Inspired by experience of developing, programming with, and reasoning about effect handlers in practice, we identify five key problem areas to be addressed at this Dagstuhl Seminar in order to enable effect handlers to scale: Safety, Modularity, Interoperability, Legibility, and Efficiency. In particular, we seek answers to the following questions: - How can we enforce safe interaction between effect handler programs and external resources? - How can we enable modular use of effect handlers for programming in the large? - How can we support interoperable effect handler programs written in different languages? - How can we write legible effect handler programs in a style accessible to mainstream programmers? - How can we generate efficient code from effect handler programs?
Cite as

Danel Ahman, Amal Ahmed, Sam Lindley, and Andreas Rossberg. Scalable Handling of Effects (Dagstuhl Seminar 21292). In Dagstuhl Reports, Volume 11, Issue 6, pp. 54-81, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2021)

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@Article{ahman_et_al:DagRep.11.6.54,
  author =	{Ahman, Danel and Ahmed, Amal and Lindley, Sam and Rossberg, Andreas},
  title =	{{Scalable Handling of Effects (Dagstuhl Seminar 21292)}},
  pages =	{54--81},
  journal =	{Dagstuhl Reports},
  ISSN =	{2192-5283},
  year =	{2021},
  volume =	{11},
  number =	{6},
  editor =	{Ahman, Danel and Ahmed, Amal and Lindley, Sam and Rossberg, Andreas},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/DagRep.11.6.54},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-155800},
  doi =		{10.4230/DagRep.11.6.54},
  annote =	{Keywords: continuations, Effect handlers, Wasm}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.CONCUR.2021.36
Separating Sessions Smoothly

Authors: Simon Fowler, Wen Kokke, Ornela Dardha, Sam Lindley, and J. Garrett Morris

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 203, 32nd International Conference on Concurrency Theory (CONCUR 2021)

Abstract
This paper introduces Hypersequent GV (HGV), a modular and extensible core calculus for functional programming with session types that enjoys deadlock freedom, confluence, and strong normalisation. HGV exploits hyper-environments, which are collections of type environments, to ensure that structural congruence is type preserving. As a consequence we obtain a tight operational correspondence between HGV and HCP, a hypersequent-based process-calculus interpretation of classical linear logic. Our translations from HGV to HCP and vice-versa both preserve and reflect reduction. HGV scales smoothly to support Girard’s Mix rule, a crucial ingredient for channel forwarding and exceptions.
Cite as

Simon Fowler, Wen Kokke, Ornela Dardha, Sam Lindley, and J. Garrett Morris. Separating Sessions Smoothly. In 32nd International Conference on Concurrency Theory (CONCUR 2021). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 203, pp. 36:1-36:18, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2021)

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@InProceedings{fowler_et_al:LIPIcs.CONCUR.2021.36,
  author =	{Fowler, Simon and Kokke, Wen and Dardha, Ornela and Lindley, Sam and Morris, J. Garrett},
  title =	{{Separating Sessions Smoothly}},
  booktitle =	{32nd International Conference on Concurrency Theory (CONCUR 2021)},
  pages =	{36:1--36:18},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-203-7},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2021},
  volume =	{203},
  editor =	{Haddad, Serge and Varacca, Daniele},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.CONCUR.2021.36},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-144138},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.CONCUR.2021.36},
  annote =	{Keywords: session types, hypersequents, linear lambda calculus}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.FSCD.2017.18
Continuation Passing Style for Effect Handlers

Authors: Daniel Hillerström, Sam Lindley, Robert Atkey, and K. C. Sivaramakrishnan

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 84, 2nd International Conference on Formal Structures for Computation and Deduction (FSCD 2017)

Abstract
We present Continuation Passing Style (CPS) translations for Plotkin and Pretnar's effect handlers with Hillerström and Lindley's row-typed fine-grain call-by-value calculus of effect handlers as the source language. CPS translations of handlers are interesting theoretically, to explain the semantics of handlers, and also offer a practical implementation technique that does not require special support in the target language's runtime. We begin with a first-order CPS translation into untyped lambda calculus which manages a stack of continuations and handlers as a curried sequence of arguments. We then refine the initial CPS translation first by uncurrying it to yield a properly tail-recursive translation and second by making it higher-order in order to contract administrative redexes at translation time. We prove that the higher-order CPS translation simulates effect handler reduction. We have implemented the higher-order CPS translation as a JavaScript backend for the Links programming language.
Cite as

Daniel Hillerström, Sam Lindley, Robert Atkey, and K. C. Sivaramakrishnan. Continuation Passing Style for Effect Handlers. In 2nd International Conference on Formal Structures for Computation and Deduction (FSCD 2017). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 84, pp. 18:1-18:19, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2017)

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@InProceedings{hillerstrom_et_al:LIPIcs.FSCD.2017.18,
  author =	{Hillerstr\"{o}m, Daniel and Lindley, Sam and Atkey, Robert and Sivaramakrishnan, K. C.},
  title =	{{Continuation Passing Style for Effect Handlers}},
  booktitle =	{2nd International Conference on Formal Structures for Computation and Deduction (FSCD 2017)},
  pages =	{18:1--18:19},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-047-7},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2017},
  volume =	{84},
  editor =	{Miller, Dale},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.FSCD.2017.18},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-77394},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.FSCD.2017.18},
  annote =	{Keywords: effect handlers, delimited control, continuation passing style}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ECOOP.2017.11
Mixing Metaphors: Actors as Channels and Channels as Actors

Authors: Simon Fowler, Sam Lindley, and Philip Wadler

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 74, 31st European Conference on Object-Oriented Programming (ECOOP 2017)

Abstract
Channel- and actor-based programming languages are both used in practice, but the two are often confused. Languages such as Go provide anonymous processes which communicate using buffers or rendezvous points---known as channels---while languages such as Erlang provide addressable processes---known as actors---each with a single incoming message queue. The lack of a common representation makes it difficult to reason about translations that exist in the folklore. We define a calculus lambda-ch for typed asynchronous channels, and a calculus lambda-act for typed actors. We define translations from lambda-act into lambda-ch and lambda-ch into lambda-act and prove that both are type- and semantics-preserving. We show that our approach accounts for synchronisation and selective receive in actor systems and discuss future extensions to support guarded choice and behavioural types.
Cite as

Simon Fowler, Sam Lindley, and Philip Wadler. Mixing Metaphors: Actors as Channels and Channels as Actors. In 31st European Conference on Object-Oriented Programming (ECOOP 2017). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 74, pp. 11:1-11:28, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2017)

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@InProceedings{fowler_et_al:LIPIcs.ECOOP.2017.11,
  author =	{Fowler, Simon and Lindley, Sam and Wadler, Philip},
  title =	{{Mixing Metaphors: Actors as Channels and Channels as Actors}},
  booktitle =	{31st European Conference on Object-Oriented Programming (ECOOP 2017)},
  pages =	{11:1--11:28},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-035-4},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2017},
  volume =	{74},
  editor =	{M\"{u}ller, Peter},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ECOOP.2017.11},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-72536},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ECOOP.2017.11},
  annote =	{Keywords: Actors, Channels, Communication centric Programming Languages}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.CONCUR.2016.33
Coherence Generalises Duality: A Logical Explanation of Multiparty Session Types

Authors: Marco Carbone, Sam Lindley, Fabrizio Montesi, Carsten Schürmann, and Philip Wadler

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 59, 27th International Conference on Concurrency Theory (CONCUR 2016)

Abstract
Wadler introduced Classical Processes (CP), a calculus based on a propositions-as-types correspondence between propositions of classical linear logic and session types. Carbone et al. introduced Multiparty Classical Processes, a calculus that generalises CP to multiparty session types, by replacing the duality of classical linear logic (relating two types) with a more general notion of coherence (relating an arbitrary number of types). This paper introduces variants of CP and MCP, plus a new intermediate calculus of Globally-governed Classical Processes (GCP). We show a tight relation between these three calculi, giving semantics-preserving translations from GCP to CP and from MCP to GCP. The translation from GCP to CP interprets a coherence proof as an arbiter process that mediates communications in a session, while MCP adds annotations that permit processes to communicate directly without centralised control.
Cite as

Marco Carbone, Sam Lindley, Fabrizio Montesi, Carsten Schürmann, and Philip Wadler. Coherence Generalises Duality: A Logical Explanation of Multiparty Session Types. In 27th International Conference on Concurrency Theory (CONCUR 2016). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 59, pp. 33:1-33:15, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2016)

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@InProceedings{carbone_et_al:LIPIcs.CONCUR.2016.33,
  author =	{Carbone, Marco and Lindley, Sam and Montesi, Fabrizio and Sch\"{u}rmann, Carsten and Wadler, Philip},
  title =	{{Coherence Generalises Duality: A Logical Explanation of Multiparty Session Types}},
  booktitle =	{27th International Conference on Concurrency Theory (CONCUR 2016)},
  pages =	{33:1--33:15},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-017-0},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2016},
  volume =	{59},
  editor =	{Desharnais, Jos\'{e}e and Jagadeesan, Radha},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.CONCUR.2016.33},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-61811},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.CONCUR.2016.33},
  annote =	{Keywords: Multiparty Session Types, Linear Logic, Propositions as Types}
}
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