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Documents authored by Livshits, Benjamin

Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.AFT.2024.6
Analyzing and Benchmarking ZK-Rollups

Authors: Stefanos Chaliasos, Itamar Reif, Adrià Torralba-Agell, Jens Ernstberger, Assimakis Kattis, and Benjamin Livshits

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 316, 6th Conference on Advances in Financial Technologies (AFT 2024)

Abstract
As blockchain technology continues to transform the realm of digital transactions, scalability has emerged as a critical issue. This challenge has spurred the creation of innovative solutions, particularly Layer 2 scalability techniques like rollups. Among these, ZK-Rollups are notable for employing Zero-Knowledge Proofs to facilitate prompt on-chain transaction verification, thereby improving scalability and efficiency without sacrificing security. Nevertheless, the intrinsic complexity of ZK-Rollups has hindered an exhaustive evaluation of their efficiency, economic impact, and performance. This paper offers a theoretical and empirical examination aimed at comprehending and evaluating ZK-Rollups, with particular attention to ZK-EVMs. We conduct a qualitative analysis to break down the costs linked to ZK-Rollups and scrutinize the design choices of well-known implementations. Confronting the inherent difficulties in benchmarking such intricate systems, we introduce a systematic methodology for their assessment, applying our method to two prominent ZK-Rollups: Polygon zkEVM and zkSync Era. Our research provides initial findings that illuminate trade-offs and areas for enhancement in ZK-Rollup implementations, delivering valuable insights for future research, development, and deployment of these systems.
Cite as

Stefanos Chaliasos, Itamar Reif, Adrià Torralba-Agell, Jens Ernstberger, Assimakis Kattis, and Benjamin Livshits. Analyzing and Benchmarking ZK-Rollups. In 6th Conference on Advances in Financial Technologies (AFT 2024). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 316, pp. 6:1-6:24, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2024)

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@InProceedings{chaliasos_et_al:LIPIcs.AFT.2024.6,
  author =	{Chaliasos, Stefanos and Reif, Itamar and Torralba-Agell, Adri\`{a} and Ernstberger, Jens and Kattis, Assimakis and Livshits, Benjamin},
  title =	{{Analyzing and Benchmarking ZK-Rollups}},
  booktitle =	{6th Conference on Advances in Financial Technologies (AFT 2024)},
  pages =	{6:1--6:24},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-345-4},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2024},
  volume =	{316},
  editor =	{B\"{o}hme, Rainer and Kiffer, Lucianna},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.AFT.2024.6},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-209420},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.AFT.2024.6},
  annote =	{Keywords: Zero-Knowledge Proofs, ZK-Rollups, Benchmarking, Blockchain Scalability}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/OASIcs.Tokenomics.2019.3
A Puff of Steem: Security Analysis of Decentralized Content Curation

Authors: Aggelos Kiayias, Benjamin Livshits, Andrés Monteoliva Mosteiro, and Orfeas Stefanos Thyfronitis Litos

Published in: OASIcs, Volume 71, International Conference on Blockchain Economics, Security and Protocols (Tokenomics 2019)

Abstract
Decentralized content curation is the process through which uploaded posts are ranked and filtered based exclusively on users' feedback. Platforms such as the blockchain-based Steemit employ this type of curation while providing monetary incentives to promote the visibility of high quality posts according to the perception of the participants. Despite the wide adoption of the platform very little is known regarding its performance and resilience characteristics. In this work, we provide a formal model for decentralized content curation that identifies salient complexity and game-theoretic measures of performance and resilience to selfish participants. Armed with our model, we provide a first analysis of Steemit identifying the conditions under which the system can be expected to correctly converge to curation while we demonstrate its susceptibility to selfish participant behaviour. We validate our theoretical results with system simulations in various scenarios.
Cite as

Aggelos Kiayias, Benjamin Livshits, Andrés Monteoliva Mosteiro, and Orfeas Stefanos Thyfronitis Litos. A Puff of Steem: Security Analysis of Decentralized Content Curation. In International Conference on Blockchain Economics, Security and Protocols (Tokenomics 2019). Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs), Volume 71, pp. 3:1-3:21, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2020)

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@InProceedings{kiayias_et_al:OASIcs.Tokenomics.2019.3,
  author =	{Kiayias, Aggelos and Livshits, Benjamin and Monteoliva Mosteiro, Andr\'{e}s and Thyfronitis Litos, Orfeas Stefanos},
  title =	{{A Puff of Steem: Security Analysis of Decentralized Content Curation}},
  booktitle =	{International Conference on Blockchain Economics, Security and Protocols (Tokenomics 2019)},
  pages =	{3:1--3:21},
  series =	{Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-108-5},
  ISSN =	{2190-6807},
  year =	{2020},
  volume =	{71},
  editor =	{Danos, Vincent and Herlihy, Maurice and Potop-Butucaru, Maria and Prat, Julien and Tucci-Piergiovanni, Sara},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/OASIcs.Tokenomics.2019.3},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-119675},
  doi =		{10.4230/OASIcs.Tokenomics.2019.3},
  annote =	{Keywords: blockchain, content curation, decentralized, voting}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ECOOP.2019.8
Static Analysis for Asynchronous JavaScript Programs

Authors: Thodoris Sotiropoulos and Benjamin Livshits

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 134, 33rd European Conference on Object-Oriented Programming (ECOOP 2019)

Abstract
Asynchrony has become an inherent element of JavaScript, as an effort to improve the scalability and performance of modern web applications. To this end, JavaScript provides programmers with a wide range of constructs and features for developing code that performs asynchronous computations, including but not limited to timers, promises, and non-blocking I/O. However, the data flow imposed by asynchrony is implicit, and not always well-understood by the developers who introduce many asynchrony-related bugs to their programs. Worse, there are few tools and techniques available for analyzing and reasoning about such asynchronous applications. In this work, we address this issue by designing and implementing one of the first static analysis schemes capable of dealing with almost all the asynchronous primitives of JavaScript up to the 7th edition of the ECMAScript specification. Specifically, we introduce the callback graph, a representation for capturing data flow between asynchronous code. We exploit the callback graph for designing a more precise analysis that respects the execution order between different asynchronous functions. We parameterize our analysis with one novel context-sensitivity flavor, and we end up with multiple analysis variations for building callback graph. We performed a number of experiments on a set of hand-written and real-world JavaScript programs. Our results show that our analysis can be applied to medium-sized programs achieving 79% precision, on average. The findings further suggest that analysis sensitivity is beneficial for the vast majority of the benchmarks. Specifically, it is able to improve precision by up to 28.5%, while it achieves an 88% precision on average without highly sacrificing performance.
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Thodoris Sotiropoulos and Benjamin Livshits. Static Analysis for Asynchronous JavaScript Programs. In 33rd European Conference on Object-Oriented Programming (ECOOP 2019). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 134, pp. 8:1-8:29, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2019)

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@InProceedings{sotiropoulos_et_al:LIPIcs.ECOOP.2019.8,
  author =	{Sotiropoulos, Thodoris and Livshits, Benjamin},
  title =	{{Static Analysis for Asynchronous JavaScript Programs}},
  booktitle =	{33rd European Conference on Object-Oriented Programming (ECOOP 2019)},
  pages =	{8:1--8:29},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-111-5},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2019},
  volume =	{134},
  editor =	{Donaldson, Alastair F.},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ECOOP.2019.8},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-108007},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ECOOP.2019.8},
  annote =	{Keywords: static analysis, asynchrony, JavaScript}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.SNAPL.2015.156
InterPoll: Crowd-Sourced Internet Polls

Authors: Benjamin Livshits and Todd Mytkowicz

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 32, 1st Summit on Advances in Programming Languages (SNAPL 2015)

Abstract
Crowd-sourcing is increasingly being used to provide answers to online polls and surveys. However, existing systems, while taking care of the mechanics of attracting crowd workers, poll building, and payment, provide little to help the survey-maker or pollster in obtaining statistically significant results devoid of even the obvious selection biases. This paper proposes InterPoll, a platform for programming of crowd-sourced polls. Pollsters express polls as embedded LINQ queries and the runtime correctly reasons about uncertainty in those polls, only polling as many people as required to meet statistical guarantees. To optimize the cost of polls, InterPoll performs query optimization, as well as bias correction and power analysis. The goal of InterPoll is to provide a system that can be reliably used for research into marketing, social and political science questions. This paper highlights some of the existing challenges and how InterPoll is designed to address most of them. In this paper we summarize some of the work we have already done and give an outline for future work.
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Benjamin Livshits and Todd Mytkowicz. InterPoll: Crowd-Sourced Internet Polls. In 1st Summit on Advances in Programming Languages (SNAPL 2015). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 32, pp. 156-176, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2015)

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@InProceedings{livshits_et_al:LIPIcs.SNAPL.2015.156,
  author =	{Livshits, Benjamin and Mytkowicz, Todd},
  title =	{{InterPoll: Crowd-Sourced Internet Polls}},
  booktitle =	{1st Summit on Advances in Programming Languages (SNAPL 2015)},
  pages =	{156--176},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-939897-80-4},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2015},
  volume =	{32},
  editor =	{Ball, Thomas and Bodík, Rastislav and Krishnamurthi, Shriram and Lerner, Benjamin S. and Morriset, Greg},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.SNAPL.2015.156},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-50242},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.SNAPL.2015.156},
  annote =	{Keywords: CrowdSourcing, Polling, LINQ}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/DagRep.2.10.1
Web Application Security (Dagstuhl Seminar 12401)

Authors: Lieven Desmet, Martin Johns, Benjamin Livshits, and Andrei Sabelfeld

Published in: Dagstuhl Reports, Volume 2, Issue 10 (2013)

Abstract
This report documents the program and the outcomes of Dagstuhl Seminar 12401 ``Web Application Security''. The seminar brought 44 web security researchers together, coming from companies and research institutions across Europe and the US. The seminar had a well-filled program, with 3 keynotes, 28 research talks, and 15 5-minute talks. As web application security is a broad research domain, a diverse set of recent research results was presented during the talks, covering the web security vulnerability landscape, information-flow control, JavaScript formalization, JavaScript confinement, and infrastructure and server hardening. In addition to the plenary program, the seminar also featured three parallel break-out sessions on Cross-Site Scripting (XSS), JavaScript and Information-flow control.
Cite as

Lieven Desmet, Martin Johns, Benjamin Livshits, and Andrei Sabelfeld. Web Application Security (Dagstuhl Seminar 12401). In Dagstuhl Reports, Volume 2, Issue 10, pp. 1-37, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2013)

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@Article{desmet_et_al:DagRep.2.10.1,
  author =	{Desmet, Lieven and Johns, Martin and Livshits, Benjamin and Sabelfeld, Andrei},
  title =	{{Web Application Security (Dagstuhl Seminar 12401)}},
  pages =	{1--37},
  journal =	{Dagstuhl Reports},
  ISSN =	{2192-5283},
  year =	{2013},
  volume =	{2},
  number =	{10},
  editor =	{Desmet, Lieven and Johns, Martin and Livshits, Benjamin and Sabelfeld, Andrei},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/DagRep.2.10.1},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-39051},
  doi =		{10.4230/DagRep.2.10.1},
  annote =	{Keywords: Web application security, JavaScript, Secure interaction, Information flow, Secure composition, Application security, Web 2.0}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/DagSemProc.09141.1
09141 Abstracts Collection – Web Application Security

Authors: Dan Boneh, Ulfar Erlingsson, Martin Johns, and Benjamin Livshits

Published in: Dagstuhl Seminar Proceedings, Volume 9141, Web Application Security (2010)

Abstract
From 29th March to 3rd April 2009 the Dagstuhl Seminar 09141 Web Application Security was held in Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz Center for Informatics. During the seminar, several participants presented their current research, and ongoing work and open problems were discussed. Abstracts of the presentations given during the seminar are put together in this paper. Links to full papers (if available) are provided in the corresponding seminar summary document.
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Dan Boneh, Ulfar Erlingsson, Martin Johns, and Benjamin Livshits. 09141 Abstracts Collection – Web Application Security. In Web Application Security. Dagstuhl Seminar Proceedings, Volume 9141, pp. 1-16, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2010)

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@InProceedings{boneh_et_al:DagSemProc.09141.1,
  author =	{Boneh, Dan and Erlingsson, Ulfar and Johns, Martin and Livshits, Benjamin},
  title =	{{09141 Abstracts Collection – Web Application Security}},
  booktitle =	{Web Application Security},
  pages =	{1--16},
  series =	{Dagstuhl Seminar Proceedings (DagSemProc)},
  ISSN =	{1862-4405},
  year =	{2010},
  volume =	{9141},
  editor =	{Dan Boneh and Ulfar Erlingsson and Martin Johns and Benjamin Livshits},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/DagSemProc.09141.1},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-27263},
  doi =		{10.4230/DagSemProc.09141.1},
  annote =	{Keywords: Web applications, Security, Ajax, Web 2.0, Analysis for security, Browser design, Distributed applications}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/DagSemProc.09141.2
09141 Executive Summary – Web Application Security

Authors: Dan Boneh, Ulfar Erlingsson, Martin Johns, and Benjamin Livshits

Published in: Dagstuhl Seminar Proceedings, Volume 9141, Web Application Security (2010)

Abstract
Web applications are ubiquitous nowadays. Consequently, the field of Web application security is of ever rising significance. This Dagstuhl seminar was conducted to assemble researchers active in the domain to gain a first comprehensive overview of this young discipline in security research. From a content perspective, the topic was explored in a great variety of directions, including for instance Web browser-based security measures, language-based techniques, software engineering centric methods, run-time enforcement, static analysis, or formal approaches.
Cite as

Dan Boneh, Ulfar Erlingsson, Martin Johns, and Benjamin Livshits. 09141 Executive Summary – Web Application Security. In Web Application Security. Dagstuhl Seminar Proceedings, Volume 9141, pp. 1-11, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2010)

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@InProceedings{boneh_et_al:DagSemProc.09141.2,
  author =	{Boneh, Dan and Erlingsson, Ulfar and Johns, Martin and Livshits, Benjamin},
  title =	{{09141 Executive Summary – Web Application Security}},
  booktitle =	{Web Application Security},
  pages =	{1--11},
  series =	{Dagstuhl Seminar Proceedings (DagSemProc)},
  ISSN =	{1862-4405},
  year =	{2010},
  volume =	{9141},
  editor =	{Dan Boneh and Ulfar Erlingsson and Martin Johns and Benjamin Livshits},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/DagSemProc.09141.2},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-27258},
  doi =		{10.4230/DagSemProc.09141.2},
  annote =	{Keywords: Web applications, Security, Ajax, Web 2.0, Analysis for security, Browser design, Distributed applications}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/DagSemProc.06302.6
Mining Additions of Method Calls in ArgoUML

Authors: Silvia Breu, Thomas Zimmermann, Christian Lindig, and Benjamin Livshits

Published in: Dagstuhl Seminar Proceedings, Volume 6302, Aspects For Legacy Applications (2007)

Abstract
In this paper we refine the classical co-change to the addition of method calls. We use this concept to find usage patterns and to identify cross-cutting concerns for ArgoUML.
Cite as

Silvia Breu, Thomas Zimmermann, Christian Lindig, and Benjamin Livshits. Mining Additions of Method Calls in ArgoUML. In Aspects For Legacy Applications. Dagstuhl Seminar Proceedings, Volume 6302, p. 1, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2007)

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@InProceedings{breu_et_al:DagSemProc.06302.6,
  author =	{Breu, Silvia and Zimmermann, Thomas and Lindig, Christian and Livshits, Benjamin},
  title =	{{Mining Additions of Method Calls in ArgoUML}},
  booktitle =	{Aspects For Legacy Applications},
  pages =	{1--1},
  series =	{Dagstuhl Seminar Proceedings (DagSemProc)},
  ISSN =	{1862-4405},
  year =	{2007},
  volume =	{6302},
  editor =	{Siobh\'{a}n Clarke and Leon Moonen and Ganesan Ramalingam},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/DagSemProc.06302.6},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-8865},
  doi =		{10.4230/DagSemProc.06302.6},
  annote =	{Keywords: Management, Measurement}
}
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