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Documents authored by Maggio, Martina

Document
Invited Talk
DOI: 10.4230/OASIcs.NG-RES.2023.1
Control Systems in the Presence of Computational Problems (Invited Talk)

Authors: Martina Maggio

Published in: OASIcs, Volume 108, Fourth Workshop on Next Generation Real-Time Embedded Systems (NG-RES 2023)

Abstract
Feedback control is a central enabling technology in a wide range of applications. Control systems are at the core of energy distribution infrastructure, regulate the behaviour of engines in vehicles, and are embedded in household appliances like washing machines. Control is centred around the feedback mechanism. Sensors provide information about the current state of the physical environment. This is used to compute suitable control actions to fulfil performance requirements, that are then implemented by actuators. For example, adaptive cruise control systems use measurements from a range of sensors to determine how to adjust the throttle to automatically regulate the vehicle’s speed, while maintaining a safe distance from vehicles ahead. Control actions are often calculated using hardware and software. Hence, the computation of the new control signals is subject to accidental faults, systematic issues, and software bugs. In practice, these computational problems are often ignored. But when can this be done safely? This talk will introduce a framework for analyzing the behaviour of control software subject to computational problems. The focus will be on the development of tools that can certify when control software is able to fulfil the system requirements, despite the presence of computational problems.
Cite as

Martina Maggio. Control Systems in the Presence of Computational Problems (Invited Talk). In Fourth Workshop on Next Generation Real-Time Embedded Systems (NG-RES 2023). Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs), Volume 108, p. 1:1, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2023)

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@InProceedings{maggio:OASIcs.NG-RES.2023.1,
  author =	{Maggio, Martina},
  title =	{{Control Systems in the Presence of Computational Problems}},
  booktitle =	{Fourth Workshop on Next Generation Real-Time Embedded Systems (NG-RES 2023)},
  pages =	{1:1--1:1},
  series =	{Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-268-6},
  ISSN =	{2190-6807},
  year =	{2023},
  volume =	{108},
  editor =	{Terraneo, Federico and Cattaneo, Daniele},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/OASIcs.NG-RES.2023.1},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-177320},
  doi =		{10.4230/OASIcs.NG-RES.2023.1},
  annote =	{Keywords: control systems, fault tolerance}
}
Document
Complete Volume
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ECRTS.2022
LIPIcs, Volume 231, ECRTS 2022, Complete Volume

Authors: Martina Maggio

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 231, 34th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2022)

Abstract
LIPIcs, Volume 231, ECRTS 2022, Complete Volume
Cite as

34th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2022). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 231, pp. 1-470, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2022)

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@Proceedings{maggio:LIPIcs.ECRTS.2022,
  title =	{{LIPIcs, Volume 231, ECRTS 2022, Complete Volume}},
  booktitle =	{34th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2022)},
  pages =	{1--470},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-239-6},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2022},
  volume =	{231},
  editor =	{Maggio, Martina},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ECRTS.2022},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-163161},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ECRTS.2022},
  annote =	{Keywords: LIPIcs, Volume 231, ECRTS 2022, Complete Volume}
}
Document
Front Matter
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ECRTS.2022.0
Front Matter, Table of Contents, Preface, Conference Organization

Authors: Martina Maggio

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 231, 34th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2022)

Abstract
Front Matter, Table of Contents, Preface, Conference Organization
Cite as

34th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2022). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 231, pp. 0:i-0:x, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2022)

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@InProceedings{maggio:LIPIcs.ECRTS.2022.0,
  author =	{Maggio, Martina},
  title =	{{Front Matter, Table of Contents, Preface, Conference Organization}},
  booktitle =	{34th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2022)},
  pages =	{0:i--0:x},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-239-6},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2022},
  volume =	{231},
  editor =	{Maggio, Martina},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ECRTS.2022.0},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-163176},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ECRTS.2022.0},
  annote =	{Keywords: Front Matter, Table of Contents, Preface, Conference Organization}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LITES.7.1.1
Randomization as Mitigation of Directed Timing Inference Based Attacks on Time-Triggered Real-Time Systems with Task Replication

Authors: Kristin Krüger, Nils Vreman, Richard Pates, Martina Maggio, Marcus Völp, and Gerhard Fohler

Published in: LITES, Volume 7, Issue 1 (2021): Special Issue on Embedded System Security. Leibniz Transactions on Embedded Systems, Volume 7, Issue 1

Abstract
Time-triggered real-time systems achieve deterministic behavior using schedules that are constructed offline, based on scheduling constraints. Their deterministic behavior makes time-triggered systems suitable for usage in safety-critical environments, like avionics. However, this determinism also allows attackers to fine-tune attacks that can be carried out after studying the behavior of the system through side channels, targeting safety-critical victim tasks. Replication -- i.e., the execution of task variants across different cores -- is inherently able to tolerate both accidental and malicious faults (i.e. attacks) as long as these faults are independent of one another. Yet, targeted attacks on the timing behavior of tasks which utilize information gained about the system behavior violate the fault independence assumption fault tolerance is based on. This violation may give attackers the opportunity to compromise all replicas simultaneously, in particular if they can mount the attack from already compromised components. In this paper, we analyze vulnerabilities of time-triggered systems, focusing on safety-certified multicore real-time systems. We introduce two runtime mitigation strategies to withstand directed timing inference based attacks: (i) schedule randomization at slot level, and (ii) randomization within a set of offline constructed schedules. We evaluate these mitigation strategies with synthetic experiments and a real case study to show their effectiveness and practicality.
Cite as

Kristin Krüger, Nils Vreman, Richard Pates, Martina Maggio, Marcus Völp, and Gerhard Fohler. Randomization as Mitigation of Directed Timing Inference Based Attacks on Time-Triggered Real-Time Systems with Task Replication. In LITES, Volume 7, Issue 1 (2021): Special Issue on Embedded System Security. Leibniz Transactions on Embedded Systems, Volume 7, Issue 1, pp. 01:1-01:29, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2021)

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@Article{kruger_et_al:LITES.7.1.1,
  author =	{Kr\"{u}ger, Kristin and Vreman, Nils and Pates, Richard and Maggio, Martina and V\"{o}lp, Marcus and Fohler, Gerhard},
  title =	{{Randomization as Mitigation of Directed Timing Inference Based Attacks on Time-Triggered Real-Time Systems with Task Replication}},
  journal =	{Leibniz Transactions on Embedded Systems},
  pages =	{01:1--01:29},
  ISSN =	{2199-2002},
  year =	{2021},
  volume =	{7},
  number =	{1},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LITES.7.1.1},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-192847},
  doi =		{10.4230/LITES.7.1.1},
  annote =	{Keywords: real-time systems, time-triggered systems, security}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ECRTS.2021.15
Stability and Performance Analysis of Control Systems Subject to Bursts of Deadline Misses

Authors: Nils Vreman, Anton Cervin, and Martina Maggio

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 196, 33rd Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2021)

Abstract
Control systems are by design robust to various disturbances, ranging from noise to unmodelled dynamics. Recent work on the weakly hard model - applied to controllers - has shown that control tasks can also be inherently robust to deadline misses. However, existing exact analyses are limited to the stability of the closed-loop system. In this paper we show that stability is important but cannot be the only factor to determine whether the behaviour of a system is acceptable also under deadline misses. We focus on systems that experience bursts of deadline misses and on their recovery to normal operation. We apply the resulting comprehensive analysis (that includes both stability and performance) to a Furuta pendulum, comparing simulated data and data obtained with the real plant. We further evaluate our analysis using a benchmark set composed of 133 systems, which is considered representative of industrial control plants. Our results show the handling of the control signal is an extremely important factor in the performance degradation that the controller experiences - a clear indication that only a stability test does not give enough indication about the robustness to deadline misses.
Cite as

Nils Vreman, Anton Cervin, and Martina Maggio. Stability and Performance Analysis of Control Systems Subject to Bursts of Deadline Misses. In 33rd Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2021). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 196, pp. 15:1-15:23, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2021)

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@InProceedings{vreman_et_al:LIPIcs.ECRTS.2021.15,
  author =	{Vreman, Nils and Cervin, Anton and Maggio, Martina},
  title =	{{Stability and Performance Analysis of Control Systems Subject to Bursts of Deadline Misses}},
  booktitle =	{33rd Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2021)},
  pages =	{15:1--15:23},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-192-4},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2021},
  volume =	{196},
  editor =	{Brandenburg, Bj\"{o}rn B.},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ECRTS.2021.15},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-139460},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ECRTS.2021.15},
  annote =	{Keywords: Fault-Tolerant Control Systems, Weakly Hard Task Model}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ECRTS.2020.21
Control-System Stability Under Consecutive Deadline Misses Constraints

Authors: Martina Maggio, Arne Hamann, Eckart Mayer-John, and Dirk Ziegenbein

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 165, 32nd Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2020)

Abstract
This paper deals with the real-time implementation of feedback controllers. In particular, it provides an analysis of the stability property of closed-loop systems that include a controller that can sporadically miss deadlines. In this context, the weakly hard m-K computational model has been widely adopted and researchers used it to design and verify controllers that are robust to deadline misses. Rather than using the m-K model, we focus on another weakly-hard model, the number of consecutive deadline misses, showing a neat mathematical connection between real-time systems and control theory. We formalise this connection using the joint spectral radius and we discuss how to prove stability guarantees on the combination of a controller (that is unaware of deadline misses) and its system-level implementation. We apply the proposed verification procedure to a synthetic example and to an industrial case study.
Cite as

Martina Maggio, Arne Hamann, Eckart Mayer-John, and Dirk Ziegenbein. Control-System Stability Under Consecutive Deadline Misses Constraints. In 32nd Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2020). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 165, pp. 21:1-21:24, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2020)

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@InProceedings{maggio_et_al:LIPIcs.ECRTS.2020.21,
  author =	{Maggio, Martina and Hamann, Arne and Mayer-John, Eckart and Ziegenbein, Dirk},
  title =	{{Control-System Stability Under Consecutive Deadline Misses Constraints}},
  booktitle =	{32nd Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2020)},
  pages =	{21:1--21:24},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-152-8},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2020},
  volume =	{165},
  editor =	{V\"{o}lp, Marcus},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ECRTS.2020.21},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-123845},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ECRTS.2020.21},
  annote =	{Keywords: Real-Time Control, Deadline Misses, Weakly Hard Models}
}
Document
Artifact
DOI: 10.4230/DARTS.5.1.3
DMAC: Deadline-Miss-Aware Control (Artifact)

Authors: Paolo Pazzaglia, Claudio Mandrioli, Martina Maggio, and Anton Cervin

Published in: DARTS, Volume 5, Issue 1, Special Issue of the 31st Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2019)

Abstract
The real-time implementation of periodic controllers requires solving a co-design problem, in which the choice of the controller sampling period is a crucial element. Classic design techniques limit the period exploration to safe values, that guarantee the correct execution of the controller alongside the remaining real-time load, i.e., ensuring that the controller worst-case response time does not exceed its deadline. This paper presents the artifact linked to DMAC: the first formally-grounded controller design strategy that explores shorter periods, thus explicitly taking into account the possibility of missing deadlines. The experimental results obtained with this artifact show that the DMAC design proposal - i.e., exploring the space where deadlines can be missed and handled with different strategies - greatly outperforms classical control design techniques.
Cite as

Paolo Pazzaglia, Claudio Mandrioli, Martina Maggio, and Anton Cervin. DMAC: Deadline-Miss-Aware Control (Artifact). In Special Issue of the 31st Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2019). Dagstuhl Artifacts Series (DARTS), Volume 5, Issue 1, pp. 3:1-3:3, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2019)

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@Article{pazzaglia_et_al:DARTS.5.1.3,
  author =	{Pazzaglia, Paolo and Mandrioli, Claudio and Maggio, Martina and Cervin, Anton},
  title =	{{DMAC: Deadline-Miss-Aware Control}},
  pages =	{3:1--3:3},
  journal =	{Dagstuhl Artifacts Series},
  ISSN =	{2509-8195},
  year =	{2019},
  volume =	{5},
  number =	{1},
  editor =	{Pazzaglia, Paolo and Mandrioli, Claudio and Maggio, Martina and Cervin, Anton},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/DARTS.5.1.3},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-107315},
  doi =		{10.4230/DARTS.5.1.3},
  annote =	{Keywords: Weakly-Hard Real-Time Systems, Deadline Miss Handling, Control Design}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ECRTS.2019.1
DMAC: Deadline-Miss-Aware Control

Authors: Paolo Pazzaglia, Claudio Mandrioli, Martina Maggio, and Anton Cervin

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 133, 31st Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2019)

Abstract
The real-time implementation of periodic controllers requires solving a co-design problem, in which the choice of the controller sampling period is a crucial element. Classic design techniques limit the period exploration to safe values, that guarantee the correct execution of the controller alongside the remaining real-time load, i.e., ensuring that the controller worst-case response time does not exceed its deadline. This paper presents DMAC: the first formally-grounded controller design strategy that explores shorter periods, thus explicitly taking into account the possibility of missing deadlines. The design leverages information about the probability that specific sub-sequences of deadline misses are experienced. The result is a fixed controller that on average works as the ideal clairvoyant time-varying controller that knows future deadline hits and misses. We obtain a safe estimate of the hit and miss events using the scenario theory, that allows us to provide probabilistic guarantees. The paper analyzes controllers implemented using the Logical Execution Time paradigm and three different strategies to handle deadline miss events: killing the job, letting the job continue but skipping the next activation, and letting the job continue using a limited queue of jobs. Experimental results show that our design proposal - i.e., exploring the space where deadlines can be missed and handled with different strategies - greatly outperforms classical control design techniques.
Cite as

Paolo Pazzaglia, Claudio Mandrioli, Martina Maggio, and Anton Cervin. DMAC: Deadline-Miss-Aware Control. In 31st Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2019). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 133, pp. 1:1-1:24, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2019)

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@InProceedings{pazzaglia_et_al:LIPIcs.ECRTS.2019.1,
  author =	{Pazzaglia, Paolo and Mandrioli, Claudio and Maggio, Martina and Cervin, Anton},
  title =	{{DMAC: Deadline-Miss-Aware Control}},
  booktitle =	{31st Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2019)},
  pages =	{1:1--1:24},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-110-8},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2019},
  volume =	{133},
  editor =	{Quinton, Sophie},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ECRTS.2019.1},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-107387},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ECRTS.2019.1},
  annote =	{Keywords: Weakly-Hard Real-Time Systems, Deadline Miss Handling, Control Design}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ECRTS.2018.17
Camera Networks Dimensioning and Scheduling with Quasi Worst-Case Transmission Time

Authors: Viktor Edpalm, Alexandre Martins, Karl-Erik Årzén, and Martina Maggio

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 106, 30th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2018)

Abstract
This paper describes a method to compute frame size estimates to be used in quasi Worst-Case Transmission Times (qWCTT) for cameras that transmit frames over IP-based communication networks. The precise determination of qWCTT allows us to model the network access scheduling problem as a multiframe problem and to re-use theoretical results for network scheduling. The paper presents a set of experiments, conducted in an industrial testbed, that validate the qWCTT estimation. We believe that a more precise estimation will lead to savings for network infrastructure and to better network utilization.
Cite as

Viktor Edpalm, Alexandre Martins, Karl-Erik Årzén, and Martina Maggio. Camera Networks Dimensioning and Scheduling with Quasi Worst-Case Transmission Time. In 30th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2018). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 106, pp. 17:1-17:22, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2018)

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@InProceedings{edpalm_et_al:LIPIcs.ECRTS.2018.17,
  author =	{Edpalm, Viktor and Martins, Alexandre and \r{A}rz\'{e}n, Karl-Erik and Maggio, Martina},
  title =	{{Camera Networks Dimensioning and Scheduling with Quasi Worst-Case Transmission Time}},
  booktitle =	{30th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2018)},
  pages =	{17:1--17:22},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-075-0},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2018},
  volume =	{106},
  editor =	{Altmeyer, Sebastian},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ECRTS.2018.17},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-89869},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ECRTS.2018.17},
  annote =	{Keywords: worst-case transmission time, H.264, bandwidth estimation, video compression, network access scheduling, multiframe model, camera network}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/DARTS.4.2.0
Front Matter - ECRTS 2018 Artifacts, Table of Contents, Preface, Artifact Evaluation Committee

Authors: Sebastian Altmayer and Martina Maggio

Published in: DARTS, Volume 4, Issue 2, Special Issue of the 30th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2018)

Abstract
Front Matter - ECRTS 2018 Artifacts, Table of Contents, Preface, Artifact Evaluation Committee
Cite as

Special Issue of the 30th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2018). Dagstuhl Artifacts Series (DARTS), Volume 4, Issue 2, pp. 0:i-0:ix, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2018)

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@Article{altmayer_et_al:DARTS.4.2.0,
  author =	{Altmayer, Sebastian and Maggio, Martina},
  title =	{{Front Matter - ECRTS 2018 Artifacts, Table of Contents, Preface, Artifact Evaluation Committee}},
  pages =	{0:i--0:ix},
  journal =	{Dagstuhl Artifacts Series},
  ISSN =	{2509-8195},
  year =	{2018},
  volume =	{4},
  number =	{2},
  editor =	{Altmayer, Sebastian and Maggio, Martina},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/DARTS.4.2.0},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-89684},
  doi =		{10.4230/DARTS.4.2.0},
  annote =	{Keywords: Front Matter - ECRTS 2018 Artifacts, Table of Contents, Preface, Artifact Evaluation Committee}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/DARTS.3.1.2
Self-Adaptive Video Encoder: Comparison of Multiple Adaptation Strategies Made Simple (Artifact)

Authors: Martina Maggio, Alessandro Vittorio Papadopoulos, Antonio Filieri, and Henry Hoffmann

Published in: DARTS, Volume 3, Issue 1, Special Issue of the 12th International Symposium on Software Engineering for Adaptive and Self-Managing Systems (SEAMS 2017)

Abstract
This paper presents an adaptive video encoder that can be used to compare the behavior of different adaptation strategies using multiple actuators to steer the encoder towards a global goal, composed of multiple conflicting objectives. A video camera produces frames that the encoder manipulates with the objective of matching some space requirement to fit a given communication channel. A second objective is to maintain a given similarity index between the manipulated frames and the original ones. To achieve the goal, the software can change three parameters: the quality of the encoding, the noise reduction filter radius and the sharpening filter radius. In most cases the objectives - small encoded size and high quality - conflict, since a larger frame would have a higher similarity index to its original counterpart. This makes the problem difficult from the control perspective and makes the case study appealing to compare different adaptation strategies.
Cite as

Martina Maggio, Alessandro Vittorio Papadopoulos, Antonio Filieri, and Henry Hoffmann. Self-Adaptive Video Encoder: Comparison of Multiple Adaptation Strategies Made Simple (Artifact). In Special Issue of the 12th International Symposium on Software Engineering for Adaptive and Self-Managing Systems (SEAMS 2017). Dagstuhl Artifacts Series (DARTS), Volume 3, Issue 1, pp. 2:1-2:3, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2017)

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@Article{maggio_et_al:DARTS.3.1.2,
  author =	{Maggio, Martina and Papadopoulos, Alessandro Vittorio and Filieri, Antonio and Hoffmann, Henry},
  title =	{{Self-Adaptive Video Encoder: Comparison of Multiple Adaptation Strategies Made Simple (Artifact)}},
  pages =	{2:1--2:3},
  journal =	{Dagstuhl Artifacts Series},
  ISSN =	{2509-8195},
  year =	{2017},
  volume =	{3},
  number =	{1},
  editor =	{Maggio, Martina and Papadopoulos, Alessandro Vittorio and Filieri, Antonio and Hoffmann, Henry},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/DARTS.3.1.2},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-71408},
  doi =		{10.4230/DARTS.3.1.2},
  annote =	{Keywords: self-adaptive software, video encoding, comparison, control theory}
}
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