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Documents authored by Pandey, Anurag

Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2022.65
Rabbits Approximate, Cows Compute Exactly!

Authors: Balagopal Komarath, Anurag Pandey, and Nitin Saurabh

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 241, 47th International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2022)

Abstract
Valiant, in his seminal paper in 1979, showed an efficient simulation of algebraic formulas by determinants, showing that VF, the class of polynomial families computable by polynomial-sized algebraic formulas, is contained in VDet, the class of polynomial families computable by polynomial-sized determinants. Whether this containment is strict has been a long-standing open problem. We show that algebraic formulas can in fact be efficiently simulated by the determinant of tetradiagonal matrices, transforming the open problem into a problem about determinant of general matrices versus determinant of tetradiagonal matrices with just three non-zero diagonals. This is also optimal in a sense that we cannot hope to get the same result for matrices with only two non-zero diagonals or even tridiagonal matrices, thanks to Allender and Wang (Computational Complexity'16) which showed that the determinant of tridiagonal matrices cannot even compute simple polynomials like x_1 x_2 + x_3 x_4 + ⋯ + x_15 x_16. Our proof involves a structural refinement of the simulation of algebraic formulas by width-3 algebraic branching programs by Ben-Or and Cleve (SIAM Journal of Computing'92). The tetradiagonal matrices we obtain in our proof are also structurally very similar to the tridiagonal matrices of Bringmann, Ikenmeyer and Zuiddam (JACM'18) which showed that, if we allow approximations in the sense of geometric complexity theory, algebraic formulas can be efficiently simulated by the determinant of tridiagonal matrices of a very special form, namely the continuant polynomial. The continuant polynomial family is closely related to the Fibonacci sequence, which was used to model the breeding of rabbits. The determinants of our tetradiagonal matrices, in comparison, is closely related to Narayana’s cows sequences, which was originally used to model the breeding of cows. Our result shows that the need for approximation can be eliminated by using Narayana’s cows polynomials instead of continuant polynomials, or equivalently, shifting one of the outer diagonals of a tridiagonal matrix one place away from the center. Conversely, we observe that the determinant (or, permanent) of band matrices can be computed by polynomial-sized algebraic formulas when the bandwidth is bounded by a constant, showing that the determinant (or, permanent) of bandwidth k matrices for all constants k ≥ 2 yield VF-complete polynomial families. In particular, this implies that the determinant of tetradiagonal matrices in general and Narayana’s cows polynomials in particular yield complete polynomial families for the class VF.
Cite as

Balagopal Komarath, Anurag Pandey, and Nitin Saurabh. Rabbits Approximate, Cows Compute Exactly!. In 47th International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2022). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 241, pp. 65:1-65:14, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2022)

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@InProceedings{komarath_et_al:LIPIcs.MFCS.2022.65,
  author =	{Komarath, Balagopal and Pandey, Anurag and Saurabh, Nitin},
  title =	{{Rabbits Approximate, Cows Compute Exactly!}},
  booktitle =	{47th International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2022)},
  pages =	{65:1--65:14},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-256-3},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2022},
  volume =	{241},
  editor =	{Szeider, Stefan and Ganian, Robert and Silva, Alexandra},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2022.65},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-168637},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2022.65},
  annote =	{Keywords: Algebraic complexity theory, Algebraic complexity classes, Determinant versus permanent, Algebraic formulas, Algebraic branching programs, Band matrices, Tridiagonal matrices, Tetradiagonal matrices, Continuant, Narayana’s cow sequence, Padovan sequence}
}
Document
Track A: Algorithms, Complexity and Games
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2022.83
Monotone Arithmetic Complexity of Graph Homomorphism Polynomials

Authors: Balagopal Komarath, Anurag Pandey, and Chengot Sankaramenon Rahul

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 229, 49th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2022)

Abstract
We study homomorphism polynomials, which are polynomials that enumerate all homomorphisms from a pattern graph H to n-vertex graphs. These polynomials have received a lot of attention recently for their crucial role in several new algorithms for counting and detecting graph patterns, and also for obtaining natural polynomial families which are complete for algebraic complexity classes VBP, VP, and VNP. We discover that, in the monotone setting, the formula complexity, the ABP complexity, and the circuit complexity of such polynomial families are exactly characterized by the treedepth, the pathwidth, and the treewidth of the pattern graph respectively. Furthermore, we establish a single, unified framework, using our characterization, to collect several known results that were obtained independently via different methods. For instance, we attain superpolynomial separations between circuits, ABPs, and formulas in the monotone setting, where the polynomial families separating the classes all correspond to well-studied combinatorial problems. Moreover, our proofs rediscover fine-grained separations between these models for constant-degree polynomials.
Cite as

Balagopal Komarath, Anurag Pandey, and Chengot Sankaramenon Rahul. Monotone Arithmetic Complexity of Graph Homomorphism Polynomials. In 49th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2022). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 229, pp. 83:1-83:20, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2022)

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@InProceedings{komarath_et_al:LIPIcs.ICALP.2022.83,
  author =	{Komarath, Balagopal and Pandey, Anurag and Rahul, Chengot Sankaramenon},
  title =	{{Monotone Arithmetic Complexity of Graph Homomorphism Polynomials}},
  booktitle =	{49th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2022)},
  pages =	{83:1--83:20},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-235-8},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2022},
  volume =	{229},
  editor =	{Boja\'{n}czyk, Miko{\l}aj and Merelli, Emanuela and Woodruff, David P.},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2022.83},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-164245},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2022.83},
  annote =	{Keywords: Homomorphism polynomials, Monotone complexity, Algebraic complexity, Graph algorithms, Fine-grained complexity, Fixed-parameter algorithms and complexity, Treewidth, Pathwidth, Treedepth, Graph homomorphisms, Algebraic circuits, Algebraic branching programs, Algebraic formulas}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.CCC.2021.25
Arithmetic Circuit Complexity of Division and Truncation

Authors: Pranjal Dutta, Gorav Jindal, Anurag Pandey, and Amit Sinhababu

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 200, 36th Computational Complexity Conference (CCC 2021)

Abstract
Given polynomials f,g,h ∈ 𝔽[x₁,…,x_n] such that f = g/h, where both g and h are computable by arithmetic circuits of size s, we show that f can be computed by a circuit of size poly(s,deg(h)). This solves a special case of division elimination for high-degree circuits (Kaltofen'87 & WACT'16). The result is an exponential improvement over Strassen’s classic result (Strassen'73) when deg(h) is poly(s) and deg(f) is exp(s), since the latter gives an upper bound of poly(s, deg(f)). Further, we show that any univariate polynomial family (f_d)_d, defined by the initial segment of the power series expansion of rational function g_d(x)/h_d(x) up to degree d (i.e. f_d = g_d/h_d od x^{d+1}), where circuit size of g is s_d and degree of g_d is at most d, can be computed by a circuit of size poly(s_d,deg(h_d),log d). We also show a hardness result when the degrees of the rational functions are high (i.e. Ω (d)), assuming hardness of the integer factorization problem. Finally, we extend this conditional hardness to simple algebraic functions as well, and show that for every prime p, there is an integral algebraic power series with its minimal polynomial satisfying a degree p polynomial equation, such that its initial segment is hard to compute unless integer factoring is easy, or a multiple of n! is easy to compute. Both, integer factoring and computation of multiple of n!, are believed to be notoriously hard. In contrast, we show examples of transcendental power series whose initial segments are easy to compute.
Cite as

Pranjal Dutta, Gorav Jindal, Anurag Pandey, and Amit Sinhababu. Arithmetic Circuit Complexity of Division and Truncation. In 36th Computational Complexity Conference (CCC 2021). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 200, pp. 25:1-25:36, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2021)

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@InProceedings{dutta_et_al:LIPIcs.CCC.2021.25,
  author =	{Dutta, Pranjal and Jindal, Gorav and Pandey, Anurag and Sinhababu, Amit},
  title =	{{Arithmetic Circuit Complexity of Division and Truncation}},
  booktitle =	{36th Computational Complexity Conference (CCC 2021)},
  pages =	{25:1--25:36},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-193-1},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2021},
  volume =	{200},
  editor =	{Kabanets, Valentine},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.CCC.2021.25},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-142990},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.CCC.2021.25},
  annote =	{Keywords: Arithmetic Circuits, Division, Truncation, Division elimination, Rational function, Algebraic power series, Transcendental power series, Integer factorization}
}
Document
RANDOM
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.APPROX/RANDOM.2020.8
Polynomial Identity Testing for Low Degree Polynomials with Optimal Randomness

Authors: Markus Bläser and Anurag Pandey

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 176, Approximation, Randomization, and Combinatorial Optimization. Algorithms and Techniques (APPROX/RANDOM 2020)

Abstract
We give a randomized polynomial time algorithm for polynomial identity testing for the class of n-variate poynomials of degree bounded by d over a field 𝔽, in the blackbox setting. Our algorithm works for every field 𝔽 with | 𝔽 | ≥ d+1, and uses only d log n + log (1/ ε) + O(d log log n) random bits to achieve a success probability 1 - ε for some ε > 0. In the low degree regime that is d ≪ n, it hits the information theoretic lower bound and differs from it only in the lower order terms. Previous best known algorithms achieve the number of random bits (Guruswami-Xing, CCC'14 and Bshouty, ITCS'14) that are constant factor away from our bound. Like Bshouty, we use Sidon sets for our algorithm. However, we use a new construction of Sidon sets to achieve the improved bound. We also collect two simple constructions of hitting sets with information theoretically optimal size against the class of n-variate, degree d polynomials. Our contribution is that we give new, very simple proofs for both the constructions.
Cite as

Markus Bläser and Anurag Pandey. Polynomial Identity Testing for Low Degree Polynomials with Optimal Randomness. In Approximation, Randomization, and Combinatorial Optimization. Algorithms and Techniques (APPROX/RANDOM 2020). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 176, pp. 8:1-8:13, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2020)

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@InProceedings{blaser_et_al:LIPIcs.APPROX/RANDOM.2020.8,
  author =	{Bl\"{a}ser, Markus and Pandey, Anurag},
  title =	{{Polynomial Identity Testing for Low Degree Polynomials with Optimal Randomness}},
  booktitle =	{Approximation, Randomization, and Combinatorial Optimization. Algorithms and Techniques (APPROX/RANDOM 2020)},
  pages =	{8:1--8:13},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-164-1},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2020},
  volume =	{176},
  editor =	{Byrka, Jaros{\l}aw and Meka, Raghu},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.APPROX/RANDOM.2020.8},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-126112},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.APPROX/RANDOM.2020.8},
  annote =	{Keywords: Algebraic Complexity theory, Polynomial Identity Testing, Hitting Set, Pseudorandomness}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.CCC.2020.21
Algebraic Branching Programs, Border Complexity, and Tangent Spaces

Authors: Markus Bläser, Christian Ikenmeyer, Meena Mahajan, Anurag Pandey, and Nitin Saurabh

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 169, 35th Computational Complexity Conference (CCC 2020)

Abstract
Nisan showed in 1991 that the width of a smallest noncommutative single-(source,sink) algebraic branching program (ABP) to compute a noncommutative polynomial is given by the ranks of specific matrices. This means that the set of noncommutative polynomials with ABP width complexity at most k is Zariski-closed, an important property in geometric complexity theory. It follows that approximations cannot help to reduce the required ABP width. It was mentioned by Forbes that this result would probably break when going from single-(source,sink) ABPs to trace ABPs. We prove that this is correct. Moreover, we study the commutative monotone setting and prove a result similar to Nisan, but concerning the analytic closure. We observe the same behavior here: The set of polynomials with ABP width complexity at most k is closed for single-(source,sink) ABPs and not closed for trace ABPs. The proofs reveal an intriguing connection between tangent spaces and the vector space of flows on the ABP. We close with additional observations on VQP and the closure of VNP which allows us to establish a separation between the two classes.
Cite as

Markus Bläser, Christian Ikenmeyer, Meena Mahajan, Anurag Pandey, and Nitin Saurabh. Algebraic Branching Programs, Border Complexity, and Tangent Spaces. In 35th Computational Complexity Conference (CCC 2020). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 169, pp. 21:1-21:24, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2020)

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@InProceedings{blaser_et_al:LIPIcs.CCC.2020.21,
  author =	{Bl\"{a}ser, Markus and Ikenmeyer, Christian and Mahajan, Meena and Pandey, Anurag and Saurabh, Nitin},
  title =	{{Algebraic Branching Programs, Border Complexity, and Tangent Spaces}},
  booktitle =	{35th Computational Complexity Conference (CCC 2020)},
  pages =	{21:1--21:24},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-156-6},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2020},
  volume =	{169},
  editor =	{Saraf, Shubhangi},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.CCC.2020.21},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-125733},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.CCC.2020.21},
  annote =	{Keywords: Algebraic Branching Programs, Border Complexity, Tangent Spaces, Lower Bounds, Geometric Complexity Theory, Flows, VQP, VNP}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.CCC.2017.33
Greedy Strikes Again: A Deterministic PTAS for Commutative Rank of Matrix Spaces

Authors: Markus Blaeser, Gorav Jindal, and Anurag Pandey

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 79, 32nd Computational Complexity Conference (CCC 2017)

Abstract
We consider the problem of commutative rank computation of a given matrix space. A matrix space is a (linear) subspace of the (linear) space of n x n matrices over a given field. The problem is fundamental, as it generalizes several computational problems from algebra and combinatorics. For instance, checking if the commutative rank of the space is n, subsumes problems such as testing perfect matching in graphs and identity testing of algebraic branching programs. An efficient deterministic computation of the commutative rank is a major open problem, although there is a simple and efficient randomized algorithm for it. Recently, there has been a series of results on computing the non-commutative rank of matrix spaces in deterministic polynomial time. Since the non-commutative rank of any matrix space is at most twice the commutative rank, one immediately gets a deterministic 1/2-approximation algorithm for the computation of the commutative rank. This leads to a natural question of whether this approximation ratio can be improved. In this paper, we answer this question affirmatively. We present a deterministic Polynomial-time approximation scheme (PTAS) for computing the commutative rank of a given matrix space B. More specifically, given a matrix space and a rational number e > 0, we give an algorithm, that runs in time O(n^(4 + 3/e)) and computes a matrix A in the given matrix space B such that the rank of A is at least (1-e) times the commutative rank of B. The algorithm is the natural greedy algorithm. It always takes the first set of k matrices that will increase the rank of the matrix constructed so far until it does not find any improvement, where the size of the set k depends on e.
Cite as

Markus Blaeser, Gorav Jindal, and Anurag Pandey. Greedy Strikes Again: A Deterministic PTAS for Commutative Rank of Matrix Spaces. In 32nd Computational Complexity Conference (CCC 2017). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 79, pp. 33:1-33:16, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2017)

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@InProceedings{blaeser_et_al:LIPIcs.CCC.2017.33,
  author =	{Blaeser, Markus and Jindal, Gorav and Pandey, Anurag},
  title =	{{Greedy Strikes Again: A Deterministic PTAS for Commutative Rank of Matrix Spaces}},
  booktitle =	{32nd Computational Complexity Conference (CCC 2017)},
  pages =	{33:1--33:16},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-040-8},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2017},
  volume =	{79},
  editor =	{O'Donnell, Ryan},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.CCC.2017.33},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-75194},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.CCC.2017.33},
  annote =	{Keywords: Commutative Rank, Matrix Spaces, PTAS, Wong sequences}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2016.74
Algebraic Independence over Positive Characteristic: New Criterion and Applications to Locally Low Algebraic Rank Circuits

Authors: Anurag Pandey, Nitin Saxena, and Amit Sinhababu

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 58, 41st International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2016)

Abstract
The motivation for this work comes from two problems--test algebraic independence of arithmetic circuits over a field of small characteristic, and generalize the structural property of algebraic dependence used by (Kumar, Saraf CCC'16) to arbitrary fields. It is known that in the case of zero, or large characteristic, using a classical criterion based on the Jacobian, we get a randomized poly-time algorithm to test algebraic independence. Over small characteristic, the Jacobian criterion fails and there is no subexponential time algorithm known. This problem could well be conjectured to be in RP, but the current best algorithm puts it in NP^#P (Mittmann, Saxena, Scheiblechner Trans.AMS'14). Currently, even the case of two bivariate circuits over F_2 is open. We come up with a natural generalization of Jacobian criterion, that works over all characteristic. The new criterion is efficient if the underlying inseparable degree is promised to be a constant. This is a modest step towards the open question of fast independence testing, over finite fields, posed in (Dvir, Gabizon, Wigderson FOCS'07). In a set of linearly dependent polynomials, any polynomial can be written as a linear combination of the polynomials forming a basis. The analogous property for algebraic dependence is false, but a property approximately in that spirit is named as ``functional dependence'' in (Kumar, Saraf CCC'16) and proved for zero or large characteristic. We show that functional dependence holds for arbitrary fields, thereby answering the open questions in (Kumar, Saraf CCC'16). Following them we use the functional dependence lemma to prove the first exponential lower bound for locally low algebraic rank circuits for arbitrary fields (a model that strongly generalizes homogeneous depth-4 circuits). We also recover their quasipoly-time hitting-set for such models, for fields of characteristic smaller than the ones known before. Our results show that approximate functional dependence is indeed a more fundamental concept than the Jacobian as it is field independent. We achieve the former by first picking a ``good'' transcendence basis, then translating the circuits by new variables, and finally approximating them by truncating higher degree monomials. We give a tight analysis of the ``degree'' of approximation needed in the criterion. To get the locally low algebraic rank circuit applications we follow the known shifted partial derivative based methods.
Cite as

Anurag Pandey, Nitin Saxena, and Amit Sinhababu. Algebraic Independence over Positive Characteristic: New Criterion and Applications to Locally Low Algebraic Rank Circuits. In 41st International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2016). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 58, pp. 74:1-74:15, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2016)

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@InProceedings{pandey_et_al:LIPIcs.MFCS.2016.74,
  author =	{Pandey, Anurag and Saxena, Nitin and Sinhababu, Amit},
  title =	{{Algebraic Independence over Positive Characteristic: New Criterion and Applications to Locally Low Algebraic Rank Circuits}},
  booktitle =	{41st International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2016)},
  pages =	{74:1--74:15},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-016-3},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2016},
  volume =	{58},
  editor =	{Faliszewski, Piotr and Muscholl, Anca and Niedermeier, Rolf},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2016.74},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-65057},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2016.74},
  annote =	{Keywords: independence, transcendence, finite field, Hasse-Schmidt, Jacobian, differential, inseparable, circuit, identity testing, lower bound, depth-4, shifte}
}
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