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Documents authored by Sharma, Vimal Raj

Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2024.43
The Even-Path Problem in Directed Single-Crossing-Minor-Free Graphs

Authors: Archit Chauhan, Samir Datta, Chetan Gupta, and Vimal Raj Sharma

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 306, 49th International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2024)

Abstract
Finding a simple path of even length between two designated vertices in a directed graph is a fundamental NP-complete problem [Andrea S. LaPaugh and Christos H. Papadimitriou, 1984] known as the EP problem. Nedev [Zhivko Prodanov Nedev, 1999] proved in 1999, that for directed planar graphs, the problem can be solved in polynomial time. More than two decades since then, we make the first progress in extending the tractable classes of graphs for this problem. We give a polynomial time algorithm to solve the EP problem for classes of H-minor-free directed graphs, where H is a single-crossing graph. We make two new technical contributions along the way, that might be of independent interest. The first, and perhaps our main, contribution is the construction of small, planar, parity-mimicking networks. These are graphs that mimic parities of all possible paths between a designated set of terminals of the original graph. Finding vertex disjoint paths between given source-destination pairs of vertices is another fundamental problem, known to be NP-complete in directed graphs [Steven Fortune et al., 1980], though known to be tractable in planar directed graphs [Alexander Schrijver, 1994]. We encounter a natural variant of this problem, that of finding disjoint paths between given pairs of vertices, but with constraints on parity of the total length of paths. The other significant contribution of our paper is to give a polynomial time algorithm for the 3-disjoint paths with total parity problem, in directed planar graphs with some restrictions (and also in directed graphs of bounded treewidth).
Cite as

Archit Chauhan, Samir Datta, Chetan Gupta, and Vimal Raj Sharma. The Even-Path Problem in Directed Single-Crossing-Minor-Free Graphs. In 49th International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2024). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 306, pp. 43:1-43:16, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2024)

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@InProceedings{chauhan_et_al:LIPIcs.MFCS.2024.43,
  author =	{Chauhan, Archit and Datta, Samir and Gupta, Chetan and Sharma, Vimal Raj},
  title =	{{The Even-Path Problem in Directed Single-Crossing-Minor-Free Graphs}},
  booktitle =	{49th International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2024)},
  pages =	{43:1--43:16},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-335-5},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2024},
  volume =	{306},
  editor =	{Kr\'{a}lovi\v{c}, Rastislav and Ku\v{c}era, Anton{\'\i}n},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2024.43},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-205992},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2024.43},
  annote =	{Keywords: Graph Algorithms, EvenPath, Polynomial-time Algorithms, Reachability}
}
Document
Track B: Automata, Logic, Semantics, and Theory of Programming
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2022.118
Dynamic Meta-Theorems for Distance and Matching

Authors: Samir Datta, Chetan Gupta, Rahul Jain, Anish Mukherjee, Vimal Raj Sharma, and Raghunath Tewari

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 229, 49th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2022)

Abstract
Reachability, distance, and matching are some of the most fundamental graph problems that have been of particular interest in dynamic complexity theory in recent years [Samir Datta et al., 2018; Samir Datta et al., 2018; Samir Datta et al., 2020]. Reachability can be maintained with first-order update formulas, or equivalently in DynFO in general graphs with n nodes [Samir Datta et al., 2018], even under O(log(n)/log log(n)) changes per step [Samir Datta et al., 2018]. In the context of how large the number of changes can be handled, it has recently been shown [Samir Datta et al., 2020] that under a polylogarithmic number of changes, reachability is in DynFOpar in planar, bounded treewidth, and related graph classes - in fact in any graph where small non-zero circulation weights can be computed in NC. We continue this line of investigation and extend the meta-theorem for reachability to distance and bipartite maximum matching with the same bounds. These are amongst the most general classes of graphs known where we can maintain these problems deterministically without using a majority quantifier and even maintain witnesses. For the bipartite matching result, modifying the approach from [Stephen A. Fenner et al., 2016], we convert the static non-zero circulation weights to dynamic matching-isolating weights. While reachability is in DynFOar under O(log(n)/log log(n)) changes, no such bound is known for either distance or matching in any non-trivial class of graphs under non-constant changes. We show that, in the same classes of graphs as before, bipartite maximum matching is in DynFOar under O(log(n)/log log(n)) changes per step. En route to showing this we prove that the rank of a matrix can be maintained in DynFOar, also under O(log(n)/log log(n)) entry changes, improving upon the previous O(1) bound [Samir Datta et al., 2018]. This implies a similar extension for the non-uniform DynFO bound for maximum matching in general graphs and an alternate algorithm for maintaining reachability under O(log(n)/log log(n)) changes [Samir Datta et al., 2018].
Cite as

Samir Datta, Chetan Gupta, Rahul Jain, Anish Mukherjee, Vimal Raj Sharma, and Raghunath Tewari. Dynamic Meta-Theorems for Distance and Matching. In 49th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2022). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 229, pp. 118:1-118:20, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2022)

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@InProceedings{datta_et_al:LIPIcs.ICALP.2022.118,
  author =	{Datta, Samir and Gupta, Chetan and Jain, Rahul and Mukherjee, Anish and Sharma, Vimal Raj and Tewari, Raghunath},
  title =	{{Dynamic Meta-Theorems for Distance and Matching}},
  booktitle =	{49th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2022)},
  pages =	{118:1--118:20},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-235-8},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2022},
  volume =	{229},
  editor =	{Boja\'{n}czyk, Miko{\l}aj and Merelli, Emanuela and Woodruff, David P.},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2022.118},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-164598},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2022.118},
  annote =	{Keywords: Dynamic Complexity, Distance, Matching, Derandomization, Isolation, Matrix Rank}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2021.16
Reachability and Matching in Single Crossing Minor Free Graphs

Authors: Samir Datta, Chetan Gupta, Rahul Jain, Anish Mukherjee, Vimal Raj Sharma, and Raghunath Tewari

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 213, 41st IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2021)

Abstract
We show that for each single crossing graph H, a polynomially bounded weight function for all H-minor free graphs G can be constructed in logspace such that it gives nonzero weights to all the cycles in G. This class of graphs subsumes almost all classes of graphs for which such a weight function is known to be constructed in logspace. As a consequence, we obtain that for the class of H-minor free graphs where H is a single crossing graph, reachability can be solved in UL, and bipartite maximum matching can be solved in SPL, which are small subclasses of the parallel complexity class NC. In the restrictive case of bipartite graphs, our maximum matching result improves upon the recent result of Eppstein and Vazirani [David Eppstein and Vijay V. Vazirani, 2021], where they show an NC bound for constructing perfect matching in general single crossing minor free graphs.
Cite as

Samir Datta, Chetan Gupta, Rahul Jain, Anish Mukherjee, Vimal Raj Sharma, and Raghunath Tewari. Reachability and Matching in Single Crossing Minor Free Graphs. In 41st IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2021). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 213, pp. 16:1-16:16, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2021)

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@InProceedings{datta_et_al:LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2021.16,
  author =	{Datta, Samir and Gupta, Chetan and Jain, Rahul and Mukherjee, Anish and Sharma, Vimal Raj and Tewari, Raghunath},
  title =	{{Reachability and Matching in Single Crossing Minor Free Graphs}},
  booktitle =	{41st IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2021)},
  pages =	{16:1--16:16},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-215-0},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2021},
  volume =	{213},
  editor =	{Boja\'{n}czyk, Miko{\l}aj and Chekuri, Chandra},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2021.16},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-155277},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2021.16},
  annote =	{Keywords: Reachability, Matching, Logspace, Single-crossing minor free graphs}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2020.43
Efficient Isolation of Perfect Matching in O(log n) Genus Bipartite Graphs

Authors: Chetan Gupta, Vimal Raj Sharma, and Raghunath Tewari

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 170, 45th International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2020)

Abstract
We show that given an embedding of an O(log n) genus bipartite graph, one can construct an edge weight function in logarithmic space, with respect to which the minimum weight perfect matching in the graph is unique, if one exists. As a consequence, we obtain that deciding whether such a graph has a perfect matching or not is in SPL. In 1999, Reinhardt, Allender and Zhou proved that if one can construct a polynomially bounded weight function for a graph in logspace such that it isolates a minimum weight perfect matching in the graph, then the perfect matching problem can be solved in SPL. In this paper, we give a deterministic logspace construction of such a weight function for O(log n) genus bipartite graphs.
Cite as

Chetan Gupta, Vimal Raj Sharma, and Raghunath Tewari. Efficient Isolation of Perfect Matching in O(log n) Genus Bipartite Graphs. In 45th International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2020). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 170, pp. 43:1-43:13, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2020)

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@InProceedings{gupta_et_al:LIPIcs.MFCS.2020.43,
  author =	{Gupta, Chetan and Sharma, Vimal Raj and Tewari, Raghunath},
  title =	{{Efficient Isolation of Perfect Matching in O(log n) Genus Bipartite Graphs}},
  booktitle =	{45th International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2020)},
  pages =	{43:1--43:13},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-159-7},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2020},
  volume =	{170},
  editor =	{Esparza, Javier and Kr\'{a}l', Daniel},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2020.43},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-127099},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2020.43},
  annote =	{Keywords: Logspace computation, High genus, Matching isolation}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2019.16
Unambiguous Catalytic Computation

Authors: Chetan Gupta, Rahul Jain, Vimal Raj Sharma, and Raghunath Tewari

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 150, 39th IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2019)

Abstract
The catalytic Turing machine is a model of computation defined by Buhrman, Cleve, Koucký, Loff, and Speelman (STOC 2014). Compared to the classical space-bounded Turing machine, this model has an extra space which is filled with arbitrary content in addition to the clean space. In such a model we study if this additional filled space can be used to increase the power of computation or not, with the condition that the initial content of this extra filled space must be restored at the end of the computation. In this paper, we define the notion of unambiguous catalytic Turing machine and prove that under a standard derandomization assumption, the class of problems solved by an unambiguous catalytic Turing machine is same as the class of problems solved by a general nondeterministic catalytic Turing machine in the logspace setting.
Cite as

Chetan Gupta, Rahul Jain, Vimal Raj Sharma, and Raghunath Tewari. Unambiguous Catalytic Computation. In 39th IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2019). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 150, pp. 16:1-16:13, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2019)

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@InProceedings{gupta_et_al:LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2019.16,
  author =	{Gupta, Chetan and Jain, Rahul and Sharma, Vimal Raj and Tewari, Raghunath},
  title =	{{Unambiguous Catalytic Computation}},
  booktitle =	{39th IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2019)},
  pages =	{16:1--16:13},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-131-3},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2019},
  volume =	{150},
  editor =	{Chattopadhyay, Arkadev and Gastin, Paul},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2019.16},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-115782},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2019.16},
  annote =	{Keywords: Catalytic computation, Logspace, Reinhardt-Allender}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2019.34
Reachability in O(log n) Genus Graphs is in Unambiguous Logspace

Authors: Chetan Gupta, Vimal Raj Sharma, and Raghunath Tewari

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 126, 36th International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2019)

Abstract
We show that given an embedding of an O(log n) genus graph G and two vertices s and t in G, deciding if there is a path from s to t in G is in unambiguous logarithmic space. Unambiguous computation is a restriction of nondeterministic computation where the nondeterministic machine has at most one accepting computation path on each input. An important fundamental question in computational complexity theory is whether this is an actual restriction or are unambiguous computations as powerful as general nondeterminism. We investigate this problem in the domain of logarithmic space bounded computations, where the corresponding unambiguous and general nondeterministic classes are UL and NL respectively. In 1997 Reinhardt and Allender showed that NL and UL are equal in a non-uniform model. More specifically they showed that if one can efficiently construct an O(log n)-bit min-unique weight function for a graph, then these classes are equal unconditionally as well. In other words, they gave a UL algorithm to solve reachability in graphs with a min-unique weight assignment. Using this approach reachability in various classes of graphs such as planar graphs, constant genus graphs, minor free graphs, etc., have been shown to be in UL by devising min-unique weight functions for those classes. In this paper we improve these results by constructing a min-unique weight function for O(log n) genus graphs. We define signature of a path in a graph as the parity of the number of crossings of that path with respect to each handle of the surface on which the graph is embedded. We construct our weight function in two steps. First we ensure that between any pair of vertices, amongst all paths having the same signature, the minimum weight path is unique. Now since in a genus g graph there are 2^{2g} many possible signatures, we use the hashing scheme of Fredman, Komlós and Szemerédi to isolate a unique minimum weight path among these 2^{2g} many paths isolated in the first step.
Cite as

Chetan Gupta, Vimal Raj Sharma, and Raghunath Tewari. Reachability in O(log n) Genus Graphs is in Unambiguous Logspace. In 36th International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2019). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 126, pp. 34:1-34:13, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2019)

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@InProceedings{gupta_et_al:LIPIcs.STACS.2019.34,
  author =	{Gupta, Chetan and Sharma, Vimal Raj and Tewari, Raghunath},
  title =	{{Reachability in O(log n) Genus Graphs is in Unambiguous Logspace}},
  booktitle =	{36th International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2019)},
  pages =	{34:1--34:13},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-100-9},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2019},
  volume =	{126},
  editor =	{Niedermeier, Rolf and Paul, Christophe},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2019.34},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-102730},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2019.34},
  annote =	{Keywords: logspace unambiguity, high genus, path isolation}
}
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