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Documents authored by Zucca, Elena

Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ECOOP.2023.3
Multi-Graded Featherweight Java

Authors: Riccardo Bianchini, Francesco Dagnino, Paola Giannini, and Elena Zucca

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 263, 37th European Conference on Object-Oriented Programming (ECOOP 2023)

Abstract
Resource-aware type systems statically approximate not only the expected result type of a program, but also the way external resources are used, e.g., how many times the value of a variable is needed. We extend the type system of Featherweight Java to be resource-aware, parametrically on an arbitrary grade algebra modeling a specific usage of resources. We prove that this type system is sound with respect to a resource-aware version of reduction, that is, a well-typed program has a reduction sequence which does not get stuck due to resource consumption. Moreover, we show that the available grades can be heterogeneous, that is, obtained by combining grades of different kinds, via a minimal collection of homomorphisms from one kind to another. Finally, we show how grade algebras and homomorphisms can be specified as Java classes, so that grade annotations in types can be written in the language itself.
Cite as

Riccardo Bianchini, Francesco Dagnino, Paola Giannini, and Elena Zucca. Multi-Graded Featherweight Java. In 37th European Conference on Object-Oriented Programming (ECOOP 2023). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 263, pp. 3:1-3:27, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2023)

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@InProceedings{bianchini_et_al:LIPIcs.ECOOP.2023.3,
  author =	{Bianchini, Riccardo and Dagnino, Francesco and Giannini, Paola and Zucca, Elena},
  title =	{{Multi-Graded Featherweight Java}},
  booktitle =	{37th European Conference on Object-Oriented Programming (ECOOP 2023)},
  pages =	{3:1--3:27},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-281-5},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2023},
  volume =	{263},
  editor =	{Ali, Karim and Salvaneschi, Guido},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ECOOP.2023.3},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-181960},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ECOOP.2023.3},
  annote =	{Keywords: Graded modal types, Java}
}
Document
Pearl
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ECOOP.2021.21
λ-Based Object-Oriented Programming (Pearl)

Authors: Marco Servetto and Elena Zucca

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 194, 35th European Conference on Object-Oriented Programming (ECOOP 2021)

Abstract
We show that a minimal subset of Java 8 excluding classes supports a simple and natural programming style, which we call λ-based object-oriented programming. That is, on one hand the programmer can use tuples in place of objects (class instances), and tuples can be desugared to lambdas following their classical encoding in the λ-calculus. On the other hand, lambdas can be equipped with additional behaviour, thanks to the fact that they may implement interfaces with default methods, hence inheritance and dynamic dispatch are still supported. We formally describe the encoding by a translation from FJλ, an FJ variant including lambdas and interfaces with default methods, to FJλ-, a subset of FJλ with no classes (hence no constructors and fields). We provide several examples illustrating this novel programming style.
Cite as

Marco Servetto and Elena Zucca. λ-Based Object-Oriented Programming (Pearl). In 35th European Conference on Object-Oriented Programming (ECOOP 2021). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 194, pp. 21:1-21:16, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2021)

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@InProceedings{servetto_et_al:LIPIcs.ECOOP.2021.21,
  author =	{Servetto, Marco and Zucca, Elena},
  title =	{{\lambda-Based Object-Oriented Programming}},
  booktitle =	{35th European Conference on Object-Oriented Programming (ECOOP 2021)},
  pages =	{21:1--21:16},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-190-0},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2021},
  volume =	{194},
  editor =	{M{\o}ller, Anders and Sridharan, Manu},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ECOOP.2021.21},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-140649},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ECOOP.2021.21},
  annote =	{Keywords: Programming paradigms, Java, lambda-calculus}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ITP.2021.13
Flexible Coinduction in Agda

Authors: Luca Ciccone, Francesco Dagnino, and Elena Zucca

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 193, 12th International Conference on Interactive Theorem Proving (ITP 2021)

Abstract
We provide an Agda library for inference systems, also supporting their recent generalization allowing flexible coinduction, that is, interpretations which are neither inductive, nor purely coinductive. A specific inference system can be obtained as an instance by writing a set of meta-rules, in an Agda format which closely resembles the usual one. In this way, the user gets for free the related properties, notably the inductive and coinductive intepretation and the corresponding proof principles. Moreover, a significant modularity is achieved. Indeed, rather than being defined from scratch and with a built-in interpretation, an inference system can also be obtained by composition operators, such as union and restriction to a smaller universe, and its semantics can be modularly chosen as well. In particular, flexible coinduction is obtained by composing in a certain way the interpretations of two inference systems. We illustrate the use of the library by several examples. The most significant one is a big-step semantics for the λ-calculus, where flexible coinduction allows to obtain a special result (∞) for all and only the diverging computations, and the proof of equivalence with small-step semantics is carried out by relying on the proof principles offered by the library.
Cite as

Luca Ciccone, Francesco Dagnino, and Elena Zucca. Flexible Coinduction in Agda. In 12th International Conference on Interactive Theorem Proving (ITP 2021). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 193, pp. 13:1-13:19, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2021)

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@InProceedings{ciccone_et_al:LIPIcs.ITP.2021.13,
  author =	{Ciccone, Luca and Dagnino, Francesco and Zucca, Elena},
  title =	{{Flexible Coinduction in Agda}},
  booktitle =	{12th International Conference on Interactive Theorem Proving (ITP 2021)},
  pages =	{13:1--13:19},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-188-7},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2021},
  volume =	{193},
  editor =	{Cohen, Liron and Kaliszyk, Cezary},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ITP.2021.13},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-139083},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ITP.2021.13},
  annote =	{Keywords: inference systems, induction, coinduction}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ECOOP.2020.1
Sound Regular Corecursion in coFJ

Authors: Davide Ancona, Pietro Barbieri, Francesco Dagnino, and Elena Zucca

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 166, 34th European Conference on Object-Oriented Programming (ECOOP 2020)

Abstract
The aim of the paper is to provide solid foundations for a programming paradigm natively supporting the creation and manipulation of cyclic data structures. To this end, we describe coFJ, a Java-like calculus where objects can be infinite and methods are equipped with a codefinition (an alternative body). We provide an abstract semantics of the calculus based on the framework of inference systems with corules. In coFJ with this semantics, FJ recursive methods on finite objects can be extended to infinite objects as well, and behave as desired by the programmer, by specifying a codefinition. We also describe an operational semantics which can be directly implemented in a programming language, and prove the soundness of such semantics with respect to the abstract one.
Cite as

Davide Ancona, Pietro Barbieri, Francesco Dagnino, and Elena Zucca. Sound Regular Corecursion in coFJ. In 34th European Conference on Object-Oriented Programming (ECOOP 2020). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 166, pp. 1:1-1:28, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2020)

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@InProceedings{ancona_et_al:LIPIcs.ECOOP.2020.1,
  author =	{Ancona, Davide and Barbieri, Pietro and Dagnino, Francesco and Zucca, Elena},
  title =	{{Sound Regular Corecursion in coFJ}},
  booktitle =	{34th European Conference on Object-Oriented Programming (ECOOP 2020)},
  pages =	{1:1--1:28},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-154-2},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2020},
  volume =	{166},
  editor =	{Hirschfeld, Robert and Pape, Tobias},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ECOOP.2020.1},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-131582},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ECOOP.2020.1},
  annote =	{Keywords: Operational semantics, coinduction, programming paradigms, regular terms}
}
Document
SCICO Journal-first
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ECOOP.2020.32
A Big Step from Finite to Infinite Computations (SCICO Journal-first)

Authors: Davide Ancona, Francesco Dagnino, Jurriaan Rot, and Elena Zucca

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 166, 34th European Conference on Object-Oriented Programming (ECOOP 2020)

Abstract
The known is finite, the unknown infinite - Thomas Henry Huxley The behaviour of programs can be described by the final results of computations, and/or their interactions with the context, also seen as observations. For instance, a function call can terminate and return a value, as well as have output effects during its execution. Here, we deal with semantic definitions covering both results and observations. Often, such definitions are provided for finite computations only. Notably, in big-step style, infinite computations are simply not modelled, hence diverging and stuck terms are not distinguished. This becomes even more unsatisfactory if we have observations, since a non-terminating program may have significant infinite behaviour. Recently, examples of big-step semantics modeling divergence have been provided [Davide Ancona et al., 2017; Davide Ancona et al., 2018] by means of generalized inference systems [Davide Ancona et al., 2017; Francesco Dagnino, 2019], which allow corules to control coinduction. Indeed, modeling infinite behaviour by a purely coinductive interpretation of big-step rules would lead to spurious results [Xavier Leroy and Hervé Grall, 2009] and undetermined observation, whereas, by adding appropriate corules, we can correctly get divergence (∞) as the only result, and a uniquely determined observation. This approach has been adopted in [Davide Ancona et al., 2017; Davide Ancona et al., 2018] to design big-step definitions including infinite behaviour for lambda-calculus and a simple imperative Java-like language. However, in such works the designer of the semantics is in charge of finding the appropriate corules, and this is a non-trivial task. In this paper, we show a general construction that extends a given big-step semantics, modeling finite computations, to include infinite behaviour as well, notably by generating appropriate corules. The construction consists of two steps: 1) Starting from a monoid O modeling finite observations (e.g., finite traces), we construct an ω-monoid ⟨O, O_∞⟩ also modeling infinite observations (e.g., infinite traces). The latter structure is a variation of the notion of ω-semigroup [Dominique Perrin and Jean-Eric Pin, 2004], including a mixed product composing a finite with a possibly infinite observation, and an infinite product mapping an infinite sequence of finite observations into a single one (possibly infinite). 2) Starting from an inference system defining a big-step judgment c⇒⟨r, o⟩, with c denoting a configuration, r ∈ R a result, and o ∈ O a finite observation, we construct an inference system with corules defining an extended big-step judgment c⇒c ⇒ ⟨r_∞, o_∞⟩ with r_∞ ∈ R_∞ = R+{∞}, and o_∞ ∈ O_∞ a "possibly infinite" observation. The construction generates additional rules for propagating divergence, and corules for introducing divergence in a controlled way. The exact corules added in the construction depend on the type of observations that one starts with. To show the effectiveness of our approach, we provide several instances of the framework, with different kinds of (finite) observations. Finally, we prove a correctness result for the construction. To this end, we assume the original big-step semantics to be equivalent to (finite sequences of steps in) a reference small-step semantics, and we show that, by applying the construction, we obtain an extended big-step semantics which is still equivalent to the small-step semantics, where we consider possibly infinite sequences of steps.} As hypotheses, rather than {just} equivalence in the finite case {(which would be not enough)}, we assume a set of equivalence conditions between individual big-step rules and the small-step relation. This proof of equivalence holds for deterministic semantics; issues arising in the non-deterministic case and a possible solution are sketched in the conclusion of the full paper.
Cite as

Davide Ancona, Francesco Dagnino, Jurriaan Rot, and Elena Zucca. A Big Step from Finite to Infinite Computations (SCICO Journal-first). In 34th European Conference on Object-Oriented Programming (ECOOP 2020). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 166, pp. 32:1-32:2, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2020)

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@InProceedings{ancona_et_al:LIPIcs.ECOOP.2020.32,
  author =	{Ancona, Davide and Dagnino, Francesco and Rot, Jurriaan and Zucca, Elena},
  title =	{{A Big Step from Finite to Infinite Computations}},
  booktitle =	{34th European Conference on Object-Oriented Programming (ECOOP 2020)},
  pages =	{32:1--32:2},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-154-2},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2020},
  volume =	{166},
  editor =	{Hirschfeld, Robert and Pape, Tobias},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ECOOP.2020.32},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-131895},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ECOOP.2020.32},
  annote =	{Keywords: Operational semantics, coinduction, infinite behaviour}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.TYPES.2018.4
Semantic Subtyping for Non-Strict Languages

Authors: Tommaso Petrucciani, Giuseppe Castagna, Davide Ancona, and Elena Zucca

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 130, 24th International Conference on Types for Proofs and Programs (TYPES 2018)

Abstract
Semantic subtyping is an approach to define subtyping relations for type systems featuring union and intersection type connectives. It has been studied only for strict languages, and it is unsound for non-strict semantics. In this work, we study how to adapt this approach to non-strict languages: in particular, we define a type system using semantic subtyping for a functional language with a call-by-need semantics. We do so by introducing an explicit representation for divergence in the types, so that the type system distinguishes expressions that are results from those which are computations that might diverge.
Cite as

Tommaso Petrucciani, Giuseppe Castagna, Davide Ancona, and Elena Zucca. Semantic Subtyping for Non-Strict Languages. In 24th International Conference on Types for Proofs and Programs (TYPES 2018). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 130, pp. 4:1-4:24, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2019)

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@InProceedings{petrucciani_et_al:LIPIcs.TYPES.2018.4,
  author =	{Petrucciani, Tommaso and Castagna, Giuseppe and Ancona, Davide and Zucca, Elena},
  title =	{{Semantic Subtyping for Non-Strict Languages}},
  booktitle =	{24th International Conference on Types for Proofs and Programs (TYPES 2018)},
  pages =	{4:1--4:24},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-106-1},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2019},
  volume =	{130},
  editor =	{Dybjer, Peter and Esp{\'\i}rito Santo, Jos\'{e} and Pinto, Lu{\'\i}s},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.TYPES.2018.4},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-114083},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.TYPES.2018.4},
  annote =	{Keywords: Semantic subtyping, non-strict semantics, call-by-need, union types, intersection types}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ECOOP.2018.21
Modeling Infinite Behaviour by Corules

Authors: Davide Ancona, Francesco Dagnino, and Elena Zucca

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 109, 32nd European Conference on Object-Oriented Programming (ECOOP 2018)

Abstract
Generalized inference systems have been recently introduced, and used, among other applications, to define semantic judgments which uniformly model terminating computations and divergence. We show that the approach can be successfully extended to more sophisticated notions of infinite behaviour, that is, to express that a diverging computation produces some possibly infinite result. This also provides a motivation to smoothly extend the theory of generalized inference systems to include, besides coaxioms, also corules, a more general notion for which significant examples were missing until now. We first illustrate the approach on a lambda-calculus with output effects, for which we also provide an alternative semantics based on standard notions, and a complete proof of the equivalence of the two semantics. Then, we consider a more involved example, that is, an imperative Java-like language with I/O primitives.
Cite as

Davide Ancona, Francesco Dagnino, and Elena Zucca. Modeling Infinite Behaviour by Corules. In 32nd European Conference on Object-Oriented Programming (ECOOP 2018). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 109, pp. 21:1-21:31, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2018)

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@InProceedings{ancona_et_al:LIPIcs.ECOOP.2018.21,
  author =	{Ancona, Davide and Dagnino, Francesco and Zucca, Elena},
  title =	{{Modeling Infinite Behaviour by Corules}},
  booktitle =	{32nd European Conference on Object-Oriented Programming (ECOOP 2018)},
  pages =	{21:1--21:31},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-079-8},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2018},
  volume =	{109},
  editor =	{Millstein, Todd},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ECOOP.2018.21},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-92267},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ECOOP.2018.21},
  annote =	{Keywords: Operational semantics, coinduction, trace semantics}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.TYPES.2015.4
Constrained Polymorphic Types for a Calculus with Name Variables

Authors: Davide Ancona, Paola Giannini, and Elena Zucca

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 69, 21st International Conference on Types for Proofs and Programs (TYPES 2015) (2018)

Abstract
We extend the simply-typed lambda-calculus with a mechanism for dynamic rebinding of code based on parametric nominal interfaces. That is, we introduce values which represent single fragments, or families of named fragments, of open code, where free variables are associated with names which do not obey \alpha-equivalence. In this way, code fragments can be passed as function arguments and manipulated, through their nominal interface, by operators such as rebinding, overriding and renaming. Moreover, by using name variables, it is possible to write terms which are parametric in their nominal interface and/or in the way it is adapted, greatly enhancing expressivity. However, in order to prevent conflicts when instantiating name variables, the name-polymorphic types of such terms need to be equipped with simple {inequality} constraints. We show soundness of the type system.
Cite as

Davide Ancona, Paola Giannini, and Elena Zucca. Constrained Polymorphic Types for a Calculus with Name Variables. In 21st International Conference on Types for Proofs and Programs (TYPES 2015). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 69, pp. 4:1-4:29, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2018)

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@InProceedings{ancona_et_al:LIPIcs.TYPES.2015.4,
  author =	{Ancona, Davide and Giannini, Paola and Zucca, Elena},
  title =	{{Constrained Polymorphic Types for a Calculus with Name Variables}},
  booktitle =	{21st International Conference on Types for Proofs and Programs (TYPES 2015)},
  pages =	{4:1--4:29},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-030-9},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2018},
  volume =	{69},
  editor =	{Uustalu, Tarmo},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.TYPES.2015.4},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-84744},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.TYPES.2015.4},
  annote =	{Keywords: open code, incremental rebinding, name polymorphism, metaprogramming}
}
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