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DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.FSCD.2024.11

Optimizing a Non-Deterministic Abstract Machine with Environments

Authors: Małgorzata Biernacka, Dariusz Biernacki, Sergueï Lenglet, and Alan Schmitt

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 299, 9th International Conference on Formal Structures for Computation and Deduction (FSCD 2024)

Abstract

Non-deterministic abstract machine (NDAM) is a recent implementation model for programming languages where one must choose among several redexes at each reduction step, like process calculi. These machines can be derived from a zipper semantics, a mix between structural operational semantics and context-based reduction semantics. Such a machine has been generated also for the λ-calculus without a fixed reduction strategy, i.e., with the full non-deterministic β-reduction. In that machine, substitution is an external operation that replaces all the occurrences of a variable at once. Implementing substitution with environments is more low-level and more efficient as variables are replaced only when needed. In this paper, we define a NDAM with environments for the λ-calculus without a fixed reduction strategy. We also introduce other optimizations, including a form of refocusing, and we show that we can restrict our optimized NDAM to recover some of the usual λ-calculus machines, e.g., the Krivine Abstract Machine. Most of the improvements we propose in this work could be applied to other NDAMs as well.

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Małgorzata Biernacka, Dariusz Biernacki, Sergueï Lenglet, and Alan Schmitt. Optimizing a Non-Deterministic Abstract Machine with Environments. In 9th International Conference on Formal Structures for Computation and Deduction (FSCD 2024). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 299, pp. 11:1-11:22, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2024)

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@InProceedings{biernacka_et_al:LIPIcs.FSCD.2024.11,
  author =	{Biernacka, Ma{\l}gorzata and Biernacki, Dariusz and Lenglet, Sergue\"{i} and Schmitt, Alan},
  title =	{{Optimizing a Non-Deterministic Abstract Machine with Environments}},
  booktitle =	{9th International Conference on Formal Structures for Computation and Deduction (FSCD 2024)},
  pages =	{11:1--11:22},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-323-2},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2024},
  volume =	{299},
  editor =	{Rehof, Jakob},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.FSCD.2024.11},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-203409},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.FSCD.2024.11},
  annote =	{Keywords: Abstract machine, Explicit substitutions, Refocusing}
}

Document

DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.FSCD.2024.24

IMELL Cut Elimination with Linear Overhead

Authors: Beniamino Accattoli and Claudio Sacerdoti Coen

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 299, 9th International Conference on Formal Structures for Computation and Deduction (FSCD 2024)

Abstract

Recently, Accattoli introduced the Exponential Substitution Calculus (ESC) given by untyped proof terms for Intuitionistic Multiplicative Exponential Linear Logic (IMELL), endowed with rewriting rules at-a-distance for cut elimination. He also introduced a new cut elimination strategy, dubbed the good strategy, and showed that its number of steps is a time cost model with polynomial overhead for ESC/IMELL, and the first such one. Here, we refine Accattoli’s result by introducing an abstract machine for ESC and proving that it implements the good strategy and computes cut-free terms/proofs within a linear overhead.

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Beniamino Accattoli and Claudio Sacerdoti Coen. IMELL Cut Elimination with Linear Overhead. In 9th International Conference on Formal Structures for Computation and Deduction (FSCD 2024). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 299, pp. 24:1-24:24, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2024)

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@InProceedings{accattoli_et_al:LIPIcs.FSCD.2024.24,
  author =	{Accattoli, Beniamino and Sacerdoti Coen, Claudio},
  title =	{{IMELL Cut Elimination with Linear Overhead}},
  booktitle =	{9th International Conference on Formal Structures for Computation and Deduction (FSCD 2024)},
  pages =	{24:1--24:24},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-323-2},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2024},
  volume =	{299},
  editor =	{Rehof, Jakob},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.FSCD.2024.24},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-203539},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.FSCD.2024.24},
  annote =	{Keywords: Lambda calculus, linear logic, abstract machines}
}

Document

Track B: Automata, Logic, Semantics, and Theory of Programming

DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2024.151

Identifying Tractable Quantified Temporal Constraints Within Ord-Horn

Authors: Jakub Rydval, Žaneta Semanišinová, and Michał Wrona

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 297, 51st International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2024)

Abstract

The constraint satisfaction problem, parameterized by a relational structure, provides a general framework for expressing computational decision problems. Already the restriction to the class of all finite structures forms an interesting microcosm on its own, but to express decision problems in temporal reasoning one has to take a step beyond the finite-domain realm. An important class of templates used in this context are temporal structures, i.e., structures over ℚ whose relations are first-order definable using the usual countable dense linear order without endpoints. In the standard setting, which allows only existential quantification over input variables, the complexity of finite and temporal constraints has been fully classified. In the quantified setting, i.e., when one also allows universal quantifiers, there is only a handful of partial classification results and many concrete cases of unknown complexity. This paper presents a significant progress towards understanding the complexity of the quantified constraint satisfaction problem for temporal structures. We provide a complexity dichotomy for quantified constraints over the Ord-Horn fragment, which played an important role in understanding the complexity of constraints both over temporal structures and in Allen’s interval algebra. We show that all problems under consideration are in P or coNP-hard. In particular, we determine the complexity of the quantified constraint satisfaction problem for (ℚ;x = y⇒ x ≥ z), hereby settling a question open for more than ten years.

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Jakub Rydval, Žaneta Semanišinová, and Michał Wrona. Identifying Tractable Quantified Temporal Constraints Within Ord-Horn. In 51st International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2024). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 297, pp. 151:1-151:20, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2024)

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@InProceedings{rydval_et_al:LIPIcs.ICALP.2024.151,
  author =	{Rydval, Jakub and Semani\v{s}inov\'{a}, \v{Z}aneta and Wrona, Micha{\l}},
  title =	{{Identifying Tractable Quantified Temporal Constraints Within Ord-Horn}},
  booktitle =	{51st International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2024)},
  pages =	{151:1--151:20},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-322-5},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2024},
  volume =	{297},
  editor =	{Bringmann, Karl and Grohe, Martin and Puppis, Gabriele and Svensson, Ola},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2024.151},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-202944},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2024.151},
  annote =	{Keywords: constraint satisfaction problems, quantifiers, dichotomy, temporal reasoning, Ord-Horn}
}

Document

DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ITP.2022.7

The Zoo of Lambda-Calculus Reduction Strategies, And Coq

Authors: Małgorzata Biernacka, Witold Charatonik, and Tomasz Drab

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 237, 13th International Conference on Interactive Theorem Proving (ITP 2022)

Abstract

We present a generic framework for the specification and reasoning about reduction strategies in the lambda calculus, representable as sets of term decompositions. It is provided as a Coq formalization that features a novel format of phased strategies. It facilitates concise description and algebraic reasoning about properties of reduction strategies. The formalization accommodates many well-known strategies, both weak and strong, such as call by name, call by value, head reduction, normal order, full β-reduction, etc. We illustrate the use of the framework as a tool to inspect and categorize the "zoo" of existing strategies, as well as to discover and study new ones with particular properties.

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Małgorzata Biernacka, Witold Charatonik, and Tomasz Drab. The Zoo of Lambda-Calculus Reduction Strategies, And Coq. In 13th International Conference on Interactive Theorem Proving (ITP 2022). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 237, pp. 7:1-7:19, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2022)

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@InProceedings{biernacka_et_al:LIPIcs.ITP.2022.7,
  author =	{Biernacka, Ma{\l}gorzata and Charatonik, Witold and Drab, Tomasz},
  title =	{{The Zoo of Lambda-Calculus Reduction Strategies, And Coq}},
  booktitle =	{13th International Conference on Interactive Theorem Proving (ITP 2022)},
  pages =	{7:1--7:19},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-252-5},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2022},
  volume =	{237},
  editor =	{Andronick, June and de Moura, Leonardo},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ITP.2022.7},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-167165},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ITP.2022.7},
  annote =	{Keywords: Lambda calculus, Reduction strategies, Coq}
}

Document

DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.FSCD.2019.8

Deriving an Abstract Machine for Strong Call by Need

Authors: Małgorzata Biernacka and Witold Charatonik

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 131, 4th International Conference on Formal Structures for Computation and Deduction (FSCD 2019)

Abstract

Strong call by need is a reduction strategy for computing strong normal forms in the lambda calculus, where terms are fully normalized inside the bodies of lambda abstractions and open terms are allowed. As typical for a call-by-need strategy, the arguments of a function call are evaluated at most once, only when they are needed. This strategy has been introduced recently by Balabonski et al., who proved it complete with respect to full beta-reduction and conservative over weak call by need. We show a novel reduction semantics and the first abstract machine for the strong call-by-need strategy. The reduction semantics incorporates syntactic distinction between strict and non-strict let constructs and is geared towards an efficient implementation. It has been defined within the framework of generalized refocusing, i.e., a generic method that allows to go from a reduction semantics instrumented with context kinds to the corresponding abstract machine; the machine is thus correct by construction. The format of the semantics that we use makes it explicit that strong call by need is an example of a hybrid strategy with an infinite number of substrategies.

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Małgorzata Biernacka and Witold Charatonik. Deriving an Abstract Machine for Strong Call by Need. In 4th International Conference on Formal Structures for Computation and Deduction (FSCD 2019). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 131, pp. 8:1-8:20, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2019)

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@InProceedings{biernacka_et_al:LIPIcs.FSCD.2019.8,
  author =	{Biernacka, Ma{\l}gorzata and Charatonik, Witold},
  title =	{{Deriving an Abstract Machine for Strong Call by Need}},
  booktitle =	{4th International Conference on Formal Structures for Computation and Deduction (FSCD 2019)},
  pages =	{8:1--8:20},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-107-8},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2019},
  volume =	{131},
  editor =	{Geuvers, Herman},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.FSCD.2019.8},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-105159},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.FSCD.2019.8},
  annote =	{Keywords: abstract machines, reduction semantics}
}

Document

DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2017.12

Modulo Counting on Words and Trees

Authors: Bartosz Bednarczyk and Witold Charatonik

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 93, 37th IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2017)

Abstract

We consider the satisfiability problem for the two-variable fragment of the first-order logic extended with modulo counting quantifiers and interpreted over finite words or trees. We prove a small-model property of this logic, which gives a technique for deciding the satisfiability problem. In the case of words this gives a new proof of EXPSPACE upper bound, and in the case of trees it gives a 2EXPTIME algorithm. This algorithm is optimal: we prove a matching lower bound by a generic reduction from alternating Turing machines working in exponential space; the reduction involves a development of a new version of tiling games.

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Bartosz Bednarczyk and Witold Charatonik. Modulo Counting on Words and Trees. In 37th IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2017). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 93, pp. 12:1-12:16, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2018)

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@InProceedings{bednarczyk_et_al:LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2017.12,
  author =	{Bednarczyk, Bartosz and Charatonik, Witold},
  title =	{{Modulo Counting on Words and Trees}},
  booktitle =	{37th IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2017)},
  pages =	{12:1--12:16},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-055-2},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2018},
  volume =	{93},
  editor =	{Lokam, Satya and Ramanujam, R.},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2017.12},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-84083},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2017.12},
  annote =	{Keywords: satisfiability, trees, words, two-variable logic, modulo quantifiers}
}

Document

DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.FSCD.2017.10

Generalized Refocusing: From Hybrid Strategies to Abstract Machines

Authors: Malgorzata Biernacka, Witold Charatonik, and Klara Zielinska

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 84, 2nd International Conference on Formal Structures for Computation and Deduction (FSCD 2017)

Abstract

We present a generalization of the refocusing procedure that provides a generic method for deriving an abstract machine from a specification of a reduction semantics satisfying simple initial conditions. The proposed generalization is applicable to a class of reduction semantics encoding hybrid strategies as well as uniform strategies handled by the original refocusing method. The resulting machine is proved to correctly trace (i.e., bisimulate in smaller steps) the input reduction semantics. The procedure and the correctness proofs have been formalized in the Coq proof assistant.

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Malgorzata Biernacka, Witold Charatonik, and Klara Zielinska. Generalized Refocusing: From Hybrid Strategies to Abstract Machines. In 2nd International Conference on Formal Structures for Computation and Deduction (FSCD 2017). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 84, pp. 10:1-10:17, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2017)

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@InProceedings{biernacka_et_al:LIPIcs.FSCD.2017.10,
  author =	{Biernacka, Malgorzata and Charatonik, Witold and Zielinska, Klara},
  title =	{{Generalized Refocusing: From Hybrid Strategies to Abstract Machines}},
  booktitle =	{2nd International Conference on Formal Structures for Computation and Deduction (FSCD 2017)},
  pages =	{10:1--10:17},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-047-7},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2017},
  volume =	{84},
  editor =	{Miller, Dale},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.FSCD.2017.10},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-77188},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.FSCD.2017.10},
  annote =	{Keywords: reduction semantics, abstract machines, formal verification, Coq}
}

Document

DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.CSL.2017.11

Extending Two-Variable Logic on Trees

Authors: Bartosz Bednarczyk, Witold Charatonik, and Emanuel Kieronski

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 82, 26th EACSL Annual Conference on Computer Science Logic (CSL 2017)

Abstract

The finite satisfiability problem for the two-variable fragment of first-order logic interpreted over trees was recently shown to be ExpSpace-complete. We consider two extensions of this logic. We show that adding either additional binary symbols or counting quantifiers to the logic does not affect the complexity of the finite satisfiability problem. However, combining the two extensions and adding both binary symbols and counting quantifiers leads to an explosion of this complexity. We also compare the expressive power of the two-variable fragment over trees with its extension with counting quantifiers. It turns out that the two logics are equally expressive, although counting quantifiers do add expressive power in the restricted case of unordered trees.

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Bartosz Bednarczyk, Witold Charatonik, and Emanuel Kieronski. Extending Two-Variable Logic on Trees. In 26th EACSL Annual Conference on Computer Science Logic (CSL 2017). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 82, pp. 11:1-11:20, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2017)

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@InProceedings{bednarczyk_et_al:LIPIcs.CSL.2017.11,
  author =	{Bednarczyk, Bartosz and Charatonik, Witold and Kieronski, Emanuel},
  title =	{{Extending Two-Variable Logic on Trees}},
  booktitle =	{26th EACSL Annual Conference on Computer Science Logic (CSL 2017)},
  pages =	{11:1--11:20},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-045-3},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2017},
  volume =	{82},
  editor =	{Goranko, Valentin and Dam, Mads},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.CSL.2017.11},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-76794},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.CSL.2017.11},
  annote =	{Keywords: two-variable logic, trees, satisfiability, expressivity, counting quantifiers}
}

Document

DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.CSL.2015.631

Two-variable Logic with Counting and a Linear Order

Authors: Witold Charatonik and Piotr Witkowski

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 41, 24th EACSL Annual Conference on Computer Science Logic (CSL 2015)

Abstract

We study the finite satisfiability problem for the two-variable fragment of the first-order logic extended with counting quantifiers (C2) and interpreted over linearly ordered structures. We show that the problem is undecidable in the case of two linear orders (in presence of two other binary symbols). In the case of one linear order it is NEXPTIME-complete, even in presence of the successor relation. Surprisingly, the complexity of the problem explodes when we add one binary symbol more: C2 with one linear order and its successor, in presence of other binary predicate symbols, is decidable, but it is as expressive (and as complex) as Vector Addition Systems.

Cite as

Witold Charatonik and Piotr Witkowski. Two-variable Logic with Counting and a Linear Order. In 24th EACSL Annual Conference on Computer Science Logic (CSL 2015). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 41, pp. 631-647, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2015)

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@InProceedings{charatonik_et_al:LIPIcs.CSL.2015.631,
  author =	{Charatonik, Witold and Witkowski, Piotr},
  title =	{{Two-variable Logic with Counting and a Linear Order}},
  booktitle =	{24th EACSL Annual Conference on Computer Science Logic (CSL 2015)},
  pages =	{631--647},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-939897-90-3},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2015},
  volume =	{41},
  editor =	{Kreutzer, Stephan},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.CSL.2015.631},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-54436},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.CSL.2015.631},
  annote =	{Keywords: Two-variable logic, counting quantifiers, linear order, satisfiability, complexity}
}

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