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Documents authored by Denzumi, Shuhei

Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ISAAC.2024.52
Single Family Algebra Operation on BDDs and ZDDs Leads to Exponential Blow-Up

Authors: Kengo Nakamura, Masaaki Nishino, and Shuhei Denzumi

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 322, 35th International Symposium on Algorithms and Computation (ISAAC 2024)

Abstract
Binary decision diagram (BDD) and zero-suppressed binary decision diagram (ZDD) are data structures to represent a family of (sub)sets compactly, and it can be used as succinct indexes for a family of sets. To build BDD/ZDD representing a desired family of sets, there are many transformation operations that take BDDs/ZDDs as inputs and output BDD/ZDD representing the resultant family after performing operations such as set union and intersection. However, except for some basic operations, the worst-time complexity of taking such transformation on BDDs/ZDDs has not been extensively studied, and some contradictory statements about it have arisen in the literature. In this paper, we show that many transformation operations on BDDs/ZDDs, including all operations for families of sets that appear in Knuth’s book, cannot be performed in worst-case polynomial time in the size of input BDDs/ZDDs. This refutes some of the folklore circulated in past literature and resolves an open problem raised by Knuth. Our results are stronger in that such blow-up of computational time occurs even when the ordering, which has a significant impact on the efficiency of treating BDDs/ZDDs, is chosen arbitrarily.
Cite as

Kengo Nakamura, Masaaki Nishino, and Shuhei Denzumi. Single Family Algebra Operation on BDDs and ZDDs Leads to Exponential Blow-Up. In 35th International Symposium on Algorithms and Computation (ISAAC 2024). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 322, pp. 52:1-52:17, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2024)

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@InProceedings{nakamura_et_al:LIPIcs.ISAAC.2024.52,
  author =	{Nakamura, Kengo and Nishino, Masaaki and Denzumi, Shuhei},
  title =	{{Single Family Algebra Operation on BDDs and ZDDs Leads to Exponential Blow-Up}},
  booktitle =	{35th International Symposium on Algorithms and Computation (ISAAC 2024)},
  pages =	{52:1--52:17},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-354-6},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2024},
  volume =	{322},
  editor =	{Mestre, Juli\'{a}n and Wirth, Anthony},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ISAAC.2024.52},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-221803},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ISAAC.2024.52},
  annote =	{Keywords: Binary decision diagrams, family of sets, family algebra}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.SEA.2020.6
Storing Set Families More Compactly with Top ZDDs

Authors: Kotaro Matsuda, Shuhei Denzumi, and Kunihiko Sadakane

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 160, 18th International Symposium on Experimental Algorithms (SEA 2020)

Abstract
Zero-suppressed Binary Decision Diagrams (ZDDs) are data structures for representing set families in a compressed form. With ZDDs, many valuable operations on set families can be done in time polynomial in ZDD size. In some cases, however, the size of ZDDs for representing large set families becomes too huge to store them in the main memory. This paper proposes top ZDD, a novel representation of ZDDs which uses less space than existing ones. The top ZDD is an extension of top tree, which compresses trees, to compress directed acyclic graphs by sharing identical subgraphs. We prove that navigational operations on ZDDs can be done in time poly-logarithmic in ZDD size, and show that there exist set families for which the size of the top ZDD is exponentially smaller than that of the ZDD. We also show experimentally that our top ZDDs have smaller size than ZDDs for real data.
Cite as

Kotaro Matsuda, Shuhei Denzumi, and Kunihiko Sadakane. Storing Set Families More Compactly with Top ZDDs. In 18th International Symposium on Experimental Algorithms (SEA 2020). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 160, pp. 6:1-6:13, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2020)

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@InProceedings{matsuda_et_al:LIPIcs.SEA.2020.6,
  author =	{Matsuda, Kotaro and Denzumi, Shuhei and Sadakane, Kunihiko},
  title =	{{Storing Set Families More Compactly with Top ZDDs}},
  booktitle =	{18th International Symposium on Experimental Algorithms (SEA 2020)},
  pages =	{6:1--6:13},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-148-1},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2020},
  volume =	{160},
  editor =	{Faro, Simone and Cantone, Domenico},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.SEA.2020.6},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-120809},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.SEA.2020.6},
  annote =	{Keywords: top tree, Zero-suppressed Decision Diagram, space-efficient data structure}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.SEA.2020.22
Variable Shift SDD: A More Succinct Sentential Decision Diagram

Authors: Kengo Nakamura, Shuhei Denzumi, and Masaaki Nishino

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 160, 18th International Symposium on Experimental Algorithms (SEA 2020)

Abstract
The Sentential Decision Diagram (SDD) is a tractable representation of Boolean functions that subsumes the famous Ordered Binary Decision Diagram (OBDD) as a strict subset. SDDs are attracting much attention because they are more succinct than OBDDs, as well as having canonical forms and supporting many useful queries and transformations such as model counting and Apply operation. In this paper, we propose a more succinct variant of SDD named Variable Shift SDD (VS-SDD). The key idea is to create a unique representation for Boolean functions that are equivalent under a specific variable substitution. We show that VS-SDDs are never larger than SDDs and there are cases in which the size of a VS-SDD is exponentially smaller than that of an SDD. Moreover, despite such succinctness, we show that numerous basic operations that are supported in polytime with SDD are also supported in polytime with VS-SDD. Experiments confirm that VS-SDDs are significantly more succinct than SDDs when applied to classical planning instances, where inherent symmetry exists.
Cite as

Kengo Nakamura, Shuhei Denzumi, and Masaaki Nishino. Variable Shift SDD: A More Succinct Sentential Decision Diagram. In 18th International Symposium on Experimental Algorithms (SEA 2020). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 160, pp. 22:1-22:13, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2020)

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@InProceedings{nakamura_et_al:LIPIcs.SEA.2020.22,
  author =	{Nakamura, Kengo and Denzumi, Shuhei and Nishino, Masaaki},
  title =	{{Variable Shift SDD: A More Succinct Sentential Decision Diagram}},
  booktitle =	{18th International Symposium on Experimental Algorithms (SEA 2020)},
  pages =	{22:1--22:13},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-148-1},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2020},
  volume =	{160},
  editor =	{Faro, Simone and Cantone, Domenico},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.SEA.2020.22},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-120968},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.SEA.2020.22},
  annote =	{Keywords: Boolean function, Data structure, Sentential decision diagram}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.CPM.2020.2
Finding the Anticover of a String

Authors: Mai Alzamel, Alessio Conte, Shuhei Denzumi, Roberto Grossi, Costas S. Iliopoulos, Kazuhiro Kurita, and Kunihiro Wasa

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 161, 31st Annual Symposium on Combinatorial Pattern Matching (CPM 2020)

Abstract
A k-anticover of a string x is a set of pairwise distinct factors of x of equal length k, such that every symbol of x is contained into an occurrence of at least one of those factors. The existence of a k-anticover can be seen as a notion of non-redundancy, which has application in computational biology, where they are associated with various non-regulatory mechanisms. In this paper we address the complexity of the problem of finding a k-anticover of a string x if it exists, showing that the decision problem is NP-complete on general strings for k ≥ 3. We also show that the problem admits a polynomial-time solution for k=2. For unbounded k, we provide an exact exponential algorithm to find a k-anticover of a string of length n (or determine that none exists), which runs in O*(min {3^{(n-k)/3)}, ((k(k+1))/2)^{n/(k+1)) time using polynomial space.
Cite as

Mai Alzamel, Alessio Conte, Shuhei Denzumi, Roberto Grossi, Costas S. Iliopoulos, Kazuhiro Kurita, and Kunihiro Wasa. Finding the Anticover of a String. In 31st Annual Symposium on Combinatorial Pattern Matching (CPM 2020). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 161, pp. 2:1-2:11, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2020)

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@InProceedings{alzamel_et_al:LIPIcs.CPM.2020.2,
  author =	{Alzamel, Mai and Conte, Alessio and Denzumi, Shuhei and Grossi, Roberto and Iliopoulos, Costas S. and Kurita, Kazuhiro and Wasa, Kunihiro},
  title =	{{Finding the Anticover of a String}},
  booktitle =	{31st Annual Symposium on Combinatorial Pattern Matching (CPM 2020)},
  pages =	{2:1--2:11},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-149-8},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2020},
  volume =	{161},
  editor =	{G{\o}rtz, Inge Li and Weimann, Oren},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.CPM.2020.2},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-121270},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.CPM.2020.2},
  annote =	{Keywords: Anticover, String algorithms, Stringology, NP-complete}
}
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