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RANDOM
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.APPROX/RANDOM.2024.51
Consequences of Randomized Reductions from SAT to Time-Bounded Kolmogorov Complexity

Authors: Halley Goldberg and Valentine Kabanets

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 317, Approximation, Randomization, and Combinatorial Optimization. Algorithms and Techniques (APPROX/RANDOM 2024)

Abstract
A central open question within meta-complexity is that of NP-hardness of problems such as MCSP and MK^{t}P. Despite a large body of work giving consequences of and barriers for NP-hardness of these problems under (restricted) deterministic reductions, very little is known in the setting of randomized reductions. In this work, we give consequences of randomized NP-hardness reductions for both approximating and exactly computing time-bounded and time-unbounded Kolmogorov complexity. In the setting of approximate K^{poly} complexity, our results are as follows. 1) Under a derandomization assumption, for any constant δ > 0, if approximating K^t complexity within n^{δ} additive error is hard for SAT under an honest randomized non-adaptive Turing reduction running in time polynomially less than t, then NP = coNP. 2) Under the same assumptions, the worst-case hardness of NP is equivalent to the existence of one-way functions. Item 1 above may be compared with a recent work of Saks and Santhanam [Michael E. Saks and Rahul Santhanam, 2022], which makes the same assumptions except with ω(log n) additive error, obtaining the conclusion NE = coNE. In the setting of exact K^{poly} complexity, where the barriers of Item 1 and [Michael E. Saks and Rahul Santhanam, 2022] do not apply, we show: 3) If computing K^t complexity is hard for SAT under reductions as in Item 1, then the average-case hardness of NP is equivalent to the existence of one-way functions. That is, "Pessiland" is excluded. Finally, we give consequences of NP-hardness of exact time-unbounded Kolmogorov complexity under randomized reductions. 4) If computing Kolmogorov complexity is hard for SAT under a randomized many-one reduction running in time t_R and with failure probability at most 1/(t_R)^16, then coNP is contained in non-interactive statistical zero-knowledge; thus NP ⊆ coAM. Also, the worst-case hardness of NP is equivalent to the existence of one-way functions. We further exploit the connection to NISZK along with a previous work of Allender et al. [Eric Allender et al., 2023] to show that hardness of K complexity under randomized many-one reductions is highly robust with respect to failure probability, approximation error, output length, and threshold parameter.
Cite as

Halley Goldberg and Valentine Kabanets. Consequences of Randomized Reductions from SAT to Time-Bounded Kolmogorov Complexity. In Approximation, Randomization, and Combinatorial Optimization. Algorithms and Techniques (APPROX/RANDOM 2024). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 317, pp. 51:1-51:19, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2024)

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@InProceedings{goldberg_et_al:LIPIcs.APPROX/RANDOM.2024.51,
  author =	{Goldberg, Halley and Kabanets, Valentine},
  title =	{{Consequences of Randomized Reductions from SAT to Time-Bounded Kolmogorov Complexity}},
  booktitle =	{Approximation, Randomization, and Combinatorial Optimization. Algorithms and Techniques (APPROX/RANDOM 2024)},
  pages =	{51:1--51:19},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-348-5},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2024},
  volume =	{317},
  editor =	{Kumar, Amit and Ron-Zewi, Noga},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.APPROX/RANDOM.2024.51},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-210444},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.APPROX/RANDOM.2024.51},
  annote =	{Keywords: Meta-complexity, Randomized reductions, NP-hardness, Worst-case complexity, Time-bounded Kolmogorov complexity}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.CCC.2023.12
Improved Learning from Kolmogorov Complexity

Authors: Halley Goldberg and Valentine Kabanets

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 264, 38th Computational Complexity Conference (CCC 2023)

Abstract
Carmosino, Impagliazzo, Kabanets, and Kolokolova (CCC, 2016) showed that the existence of natural properties in the sense of Razborov and Rudich (JCSS, 1997) implies PAC learning algorithms in the sense of Valiant (Comm. ACM, 1984), for boolean functions in P/poly, under the uniform distribution and with membership queries. It is still an open problem to get from natural properties learning algorithms that do not rely on membership queries but rather use randomly drawn labeled examples. Natural properties may be understood as an average-case version of MCSP, the problem of deciding the minimum size of a circuit computing a given truth-table. Problems related to MCSP include those concerning time-bounded Kolmogorov complexity. MKTP, for example, asks for the KT-complexity of a given string. KT-complexity is a relaxation of circuit size, as it does away with the requirement that a short description of a string be interpreted as a boolean circuit. In this work, under assumptions of MKTP and the related problem MK^tP being easy on average, we get learning algorithms for boolean functions in P/poly that - work over any distribution D samplable by a family of polynomial-size circuits (given explicitly in the case of MKTP), - only use randomly drawn labeled examples from D, and - are agnostic (do not require the target function to belong to the hypothesis class). Our results build upon the recent work of Hirahara and Nanashima (FOCS, 2021) who showed similar learning consequences but under a stronger assumption that NP is easy on average.
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Halley Goldberg and Valentine Kabanets. Improved Learning from Kolmogorov Complexity. In 38th Computational Complexity Conference (CCC 2023). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 264, pp. 12:1-12:29, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2023)

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@InProceedings{goldberg_et_al:LIPIcs.CCC.2023.12,
  author =	{Goldberg, Halley and Kabanets, Valentine},
  title =	{{Improved Learning from Kolmogorov Complexity}},
  booktitle =	{38th Computational Complexity Conference (CCC 2023)},
  pages =	{12:1--12:29},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-282-2},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2023},
  volume =	{264},
  editor =	{Ta-Shma, Amnon},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.CCC.2023.12},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-182825},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.CCC.2023.12},
  annote =	{Keywords: learning, Kolmogorov complexity, meta-complexity, average-case complexity}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.CCC.2022.16
Probabilistic Kolmogorov Complexity with Applications to Average-Case Complexity

Authors: Halley Goldberg, Valentine Kabanets, Zhenjian Lu, and Igor C. Oliveira

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 234, 37th Computational Complexity Conference (CCC 2022)

Abstract
Understanding the relationship between the worst-case and average-case complexities of NP and of other subclasses of PH is a long-standing problem in complexity theory. Over the last few years, much progress has been achieved in this front through the investigation of meta-complexity: the complexity of problems that refer to the complexity of the input string x (e.g., given a string x, estimate its time-bounded Kolmogorov complexity). In particular, [Shuichi Hirahara, 2021] employed techniques from meta-complexity to show that if DistNP ⊆ AvgP then UP ⊆ DTIME[2^{O(n/log n)}]. While this and related results [Shuichi Hirahara and Mikito Nanashima, 2021; Lijie Chen et al., 2022] offer exciting progress after a long gap, they do not survive in the setting of randomized computations: roughly speaking, "randomness" is the opposite of "structure", and upper bounding the amount of structure (time-bounded Kolmogorov complexity) of different objects is crucial in recent applications of meta-complexity. This limitation is significant, since randomized computations are ubiquitous in algorithm design and give rise to a more robust theory of average-case complexity [Russell Impagliazzo and Leonid A. Levin, 1990]. In this work, we develop a probabilistic theory of meta-complexity, by incorporating randomness into the notion of complexity of a string x. This is achieved through a new probabilistic variant of time-bounded Kolmogorov complexity that we call pK^t complexity. Informally, pK^t(x) measures the complexity of x when shared randomness is available to all parties involved in a computation. By porting key results from meta-complexity to the probabilistic domain of pK^t complexity and its variants, we are able to establish new connections between worst-case and average-case complexity in the important setting of probabilistic computations: - If DistNP ⊆ AvgBPP, then UP ⊆ RTIME[2^O(n/log n)]. - If DistΣ^P_2 ⊆ AvgBPP, then AM ⊆ BPTIME[2^O(n/log n)]. - In the fine-grained setting [Lijie Chen et al., 2022], we get UTIME[2^O(√{nlog n})] ⊆ RTIME[2^O(√{nlog n})] and AMTIME[2^O(√{nlog n})] ⊆ BPTIME[2^O(√{nlog n})] from stronger average-case assumptions. - If DistPH ⊆ AvgBPP, then PH ⊆ BPTIME[2^O(n/log n)]. Specifically, for any 𝓁 ≥ 0, if DistΣ_{𝓁+2}^P ⊆ AvgBPP then Σ_𝓁^{P} ⊆ BPTIME[2^O(n/log n)]. - Strengthening a result from [Shuichi Hirahara and Mikito Nanashima, 2021], we show that if DistNP ⊆ AvgBPP then polynomial size Boolean circuits can be agnostically PAC learned under any unknown 𝖯/poly-samplable distribution in polynomial time. In some cases, our framework allows us to significantly simplify existing proofs, or to extend results to the more challenging probabilistic setting with little to no extra effort.
Cite as

Halley Goldberg, Valentine Kabanets, Zhenjian Lu, and Igor C. Oliveira. Probabilistic Kolmogorov Complexity with Applications to Average-Case Complexity. In 37th Computational Complexity Conference (CCC 2022). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 234, pp. 16:1-16:60, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2022)

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@InProceedings{goldberg_et_al:LIPIcs.CCC.2022.16,
  author =	{Goldberg, Halley and Kabanets, Valentine and Lu, Zhenjian and Oliveira, Igor C.},
  title =	{{Probabilistic Kolmogorov Complexity with Applications to Average-Case Complexity}},
  booktitle =	{37th Computational Complexity Conference (CCC 2022)},
  pages =	{16:1--16:60},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-241-9},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2022},
  volume =	{234},
  editor =	{Lovett, Shachar},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.CCC.2022.16},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-165785},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.CCC.2022.16},
  annote =	{Keywords: average-case complexity, Kolmogorov complexity, meta-complexity, worst-case to average-case reductions, learning}
}
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