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DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.GD.2025.11

Towards a Better Understanding of Graph Perception in Immersive Environments

Authors: Lin Zhang, Yao Wang, Ying Zhang, Wilhelm Kerle-Malcharek, Karsten Klein, Falk Schreiber, and Andreas Bulling

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 357, 33rd International Symposium on Graph Drawing and Network Visualization (GD 2025)

Abstract

As Immersive Analytics (IA) increasingly uses Virtual Reality (VR) for stereoscopic 3D (S3D) graph visualisation, it is crucial to understand how users perceive network structures in these immersive environments. However, little is known about how humans read S3D graphs during task solving, and how gaze behaviour indicates task performance. To address this gap, we report a user study with 18 participants asked to perform three analytical tasks on S3D graph visualisations in a VR environment. Our findings reveal systematic relationships between network structural properties and gaze behaviour. Based on these insights, we contribute a comprehensive eye tracking methodology for analysing human perception in immersive environments and establish eye tracking as a valuable tool for objectively evaluating cognitive load in S3D graph visualisation.

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Lin Zhang, Yao Wang, Ying Zhang, Wilhelm Kerle-Malcharek, Karsten Klein, Falk Schreiber, and Andreas Bulling. Towards a Better Understanding of Graph Perception in Immersive Environments. In 33rd International Symposium on Graph Drawing and Network Visualization (GD 2025). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 357, pp. 11:1-11:19, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2025)

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@InProceedings{zhang_et_al:LIPIcs.GD.2025.11,
  author =	{Zhang, Lin and Wang, Yao and Zhang, Ying and Kerle-Malcharek, Wilhelm and Klein, Karsten and Schreiber, Falk and Bulling, Andreas},
  title =	{{Towards a Better Understanding of Graph Perception in Immersive Environments}},
  booktitle =	{33rd International Symposium on Graph Drawing and Network Visualization (GD 2025)},
  pages =	{11:1--11:19},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-403-1},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2025},
  volume =	{357},
  editor =	{Dujmovi\'{c}, Vida and Montecchiani, Fabrizio},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.GD.2025.11},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-249976},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.GD.2025.11},
  annote =	{Keywords: Stereoscopic 3D, Graph Visualisation, Eye Tracking, Graph Perception}
}

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Software Abstract

DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.GD.2024.57

Immersive Analytics of Graphs in Virtual Reality with GAV-VR (Software Abstract)

Authors: Stefan P. Feyer, Wilhelm Kerle-Malcharek, Ying Zhang, Falk Schreiber, and Karsten Klein

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 320, 32nd International Symposium on Graph Drawing and Network Visualization (GD 2024)

Abstract

The design space for interactive graph visualisation in immersive environments creates opportunities to improve on established solutions in traditional desktop settings. Exploiting this potential requires careful analysis of achievable benefits, required tradeoffs, and disadvantages for particular designs and use-cases. GAV-VR is a modular and user-extensible framework for graph visualisation and analysis in Virtual Reality (VR). It provides the platform to easily create interactive graph visualisations, facilitating both applied graph analysis and evaluation of approaches and methods for visualisation of and interaction with graphs in VR.

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Stefan P. Feyer, Wilhelm Kerle-Malcharek, Ying Zhang, Falk Schreiber, and Karsten Klein. Immersive Analytics of Graphs in Virtual Reality with GAV-VR (Software Abstract). In 32nd International Symposium on Graph Drawing and Network Visualization (GD 2024). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 320, pp. 57:1-57:3, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2024)

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@InProceedings{feyer_et_al:LIPIcs.GD.2024.57,
  author =	{Feyer, Stefan P. and Kerle-Malcharek, Wilhelm and Zhang, Ying and Schreiber, Falk and Klein, Karsten},
  title =	{{Immersive Analytics of Graphs in Virtual Reality with GAV-VR}},
  booktitle =	{32nd International Symposium on Graph Drawing and Network Visualization (GD 2024)},
  pages =	{57:1--57:3},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-343-0},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2024},
  volume =	{320},
  editor =	{Felsner, Stefan and Klein, Karsten},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.GD.2024.57},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-213413},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.GD.2024.57},
  annote =	{Keywords: Networks, Immersive Analytics, Software}
}

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Documents authored by Kerle-Malcharek, Wilhelm

Towards a Better Understanding of Graph Perception in Immersive Environments

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Immersive Analytics of Graphs in Virtual Reality with GAV-VR (Software Abstract)

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