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Documents authored by Kuperberg, Denis

Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.CSL.2023.24
Explorable Automata

Authors: Emile Hazard and Denis Kuperberg

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 252, 31st EACSL Annual Conference on Computer Science Logic (CSL 2023)

Abstract
We define the class of explorable automata on finite or infinite words. This is a generalization of History-Deterministic (HD) automata, where this time non-deterministic choices can be resolved by building finitely many simultaneous runs instead of just one. We show that recognizing HD parity automata of fixed index among explorable ones is in PTime, thereby giving a strong link between the two notions. We then show that recognizing explorable automata is ExpTime-complete, in the case of finite words or Büchi automata. Additionally, we define the notion of ω-explorable automata on infinite words, where countably many runs can be used to resolve the non-deterministic choices. We show that all reachability automata are ω-explorable, but this is not the case for safety ones. We finally show ExpTime-completeness for ω-explorability of automata on infinite words for the safety and co-Büchi acceptance conditions.
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Emile Hazard and Denis Kuperberg. Explorable Automata. In 31st EACSL Annual Conference on Computer Science Logic (CSL 2023). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 252, pp. 24:1-24:18, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2023)

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@InProceedings{hazard_et_al:LIPIcs.CSL.2023.24,
  author =	{Hazard, Emile and Kuperberg, Denis},
  title =	{{Explorable Automata}},
  booktitle =	{31st EACSL Annual Conference on Computer Science Logic (CSL 2023)},
  pages =	{24:1--24:18},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-264-8},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2023},
  volume =	{252},
  editor =	{Klin, Bartek and Pimentel, Elaine},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.CSL.2023.24},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-174852},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.CSL.2023.24},
  annote =	{Keywords: Nondeterminism, automata, complexity}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.CSL.2022.23
Cyclic Proofs for Transfinite Expressions

Authors: Emile Hazard and Denis Kuperberg

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 216, 30th EACSL Annual Conference on Computer Science Logic (CSL 2022)

Abstract
We introduce a cyclic proof system for proving inclusions of transfinite expressions, describing languages of words of ordinal length. We show that recognising valid cyclic proofs is decidable, that our system is sound and complete, and well-behaved with respect to cuts. Moreover, cyclic proofs can be effectively computed from expressions inclusions. We show how to use this to obtain a Pspace algorithm for transfinite expression inclusion.
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Emile Hazard and Denis Kuperberg. Cyclic Proofs for Transfinite Expressions. In 30th EACSL Annual Conference on Computer Science Logic (CSL 2022). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 216, pp. 23:1-23:18, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2022)

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@InProceedings{hazard_et_al:LIPIcs.CSL.2022.23,
  author =	{Hazard, Emile and Kuperberg, Denis},
  title =	{{Cyclic Proofs for Transfinite Expressions}},
  booktitle =	{30th EACSL Annual Conference on Computer Science Logic (CSL 2022)},
  pages =	{23:1--23:18},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-218-1},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2022},
  volume =	{216},
  editor =	{Manea, Florin and Simpson, Alex},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.CSL.2022.23},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-157433},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.CSL.2022.23},
  annote =	{Keywords: transfinite expressions, transfinite automata, cyclic proofs}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2020.41
On the Succinctness of Alternating Parity Good-For-Games Automata

Authors: Udi Boker, Denis Kuperberg, Karoliina Lehtinen, and Michał Skrzypczak

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 182, 40th IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2020)

Abstract
We study alternating parity good-for-games (GFG) automata, i.e., alternating parity automata where both conjunctive and disjunctive choices can be resolved in an online manner, without knowledge of the suffix of the input word still to be read. We show that they can be exponentially more succinct than both their nondeterministic and universal counterparts. Furthermore, we present a single exponential determinisation procedure and an Exptime upper bound to the problem of recognising whether an alternating automaton is GFG. We also study the complexity of deciding "half-GFGness", a property specific to alternating automata that only requires nondeterministic choices to be resolved in an online manner. We show that this problem is PSpace-hard already for alternating automata on finite words.
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Udi Boker, Denis Kuperberg, Karoliina Lehtinen, and Michał Skrzypczak. On the Succinctness of Alternating Parity Good-For-Games Automata. In 40th IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2020). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 182, pp. 41:1-41:13, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2020)

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@InProceedings{boker_et_al:LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2020.41,
  author =	{Boker, Udi and Kuperberg, Denis and Lehtinen, Karoliina and Skrzypczak, Micha{\l}},
  title =	{{On the Succinctness of Alternating Parity Good-For-Games Automata}},
  booktitle =	{40th IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2020)},
  pages =	{41:1--41:13},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-174-0},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2020},
  volume =	{182},
  editor =	{Saxena, Nitin and Simon, Sunil},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2020.41},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-132825},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2020.41},
  annote =	{Keywords: Good for games, history-determinism, alternation}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2020.58
Regular Resynchronizability of Origin Transducers Is Undecidable

Authors: Denis Kuperberg and Jan Martens

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 170, 45th International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2020)

Abstract
We study the relation of containment up to unknown regular resynchronization between two-way non-deterministic transducers. We show that it constitutes a preorder, and that the corresponding equivalence relation is properly intermediate between origin equivalence and classical equivalence. We give a syntactical characterization for containment of two transducers up to resynchronization, and use it to show that this containment relation is undecidable already for one-way non-deterministic transducers, and for simple classes of resynchronizations. This answers the open problem stated in recent works, asking whether this relation is decidable for two-way non-deterministic transducers.
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Denis Kuperberg and Jan Martens. Regular Resynchronizability of Origin Transducers Is Undecidable. In 45th International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2020). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 170, pp. 58:1-58:14, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2020)

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@InProceedings{kuperberg_et_al:LIPIcs.MFCS.2020.58,
  author =	{Kuperberg, Denis and Martens, Jan},
  title =	{{Regular Resynchronizability of Origin Transducers Is Undecidable}},
  booktitle =	{45th International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2020)},
  pages =	{58:1--58:14},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-159-7},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2020},
  volume =	{170},
  editor =	{Esparza, Javier and Kr\'{a}l', Daniel},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2020.58},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-127255},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2020.58},
  annote =	{Keywords: transducers, origin, resynchronisation, MSO, one-way, two-way, undecidability}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2019.45
Cyclic Proofs and Jumping Automata

Authors: Denis Kuperberg, Laureline Pinault, and Damien Pous

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 150, 39th IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2019)

Abstract
We consider a fragment of a cyclic sequent proof system for Kleene algebra, and we see it as a computational device for recognising languages of words. The starting proof system is linear and we show that it captures precisely the regular languages. When adding the standard contraction rule, the expressivity raises significantly; we characterise the corresponding class of languages using a new notion of multi-head finite automata, where heads can jump.
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Denis Kuperberg, Laureline Pinault, and Damien Pous. Cyclic Proofs and Jumping Automata. In 39th IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2019). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 150, pp. 45:1-45:14, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2019)

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@InProceedings{kuperberg_et_al:LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2019.45,
  author =	{Kuperberg, Denis and Pinault, Laureline and Pous, Damien},
  title =	{{Cyclic Proofs and Jumping Automata}},
  booktitle =	{39th IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2019)},
  pages =	{45:1--45:14},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-131-3},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2019},
  volume =	{150},
  editor =	{Chattopadhyay, Arkadev and Gastin, Paul},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2019.45},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-116071},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2019.45},
  annote =	{Keywords: Cyclic proofs, regular languages, multi-head automata, transducers}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2018.16
Büchi Good-for-Games Automata Are Efficiently Recognizable

Authors: Marc Bagnol and Denis Kuperberg

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 122, 38th IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2018)

Abstract
Good-for-Games (GFG) automata offer a compromise between deterministic and nondeterministic automata. They can resolve nondeterministic choices in a step-by-step fashion, without needing any information about the remaining suffix of the word. These automata can be used to solve games with omega-regular conditions, and in particular were introduced as a tool to solve Church's synthesis problem. We focus here on the problem of recognizing Büchi GFG automata, that we call Büchi GFGness problem: given a nondeterministic Büchi automaton, is it GFG? We show that this problem can be decided in P, and more precisely in O(n^4m^2|Sigma|^2), where n is the number of states, m the number of transitions and |Sigma| is the size of the alphabet. We conjecture that a very similar algorithm solves the problem in polynomial time for any fixed parity acceptance condition.
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Marc Bagnol and Denis Kuperberg. Büchi Good-for-Games Automata Are Efficiently Recognizable. In 38th IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2018). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 122, pp. 16:1-16:14, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2018)

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@InProceedings{bagnol_et_al:LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2018.16,
  author =	{Bagnol, Marc and Kuperberg, Denis},
  title =	{{B\"{u}chi Good-for-Games Automata Are Efficiently Recognizable}},
  booktitle =	{38th IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2018)},
  pages =	{16:1--16:14},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-093-4},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2018},
  volume =	{122},
  editor =	{Ganguly, Sumit and Pandya, Paritosh},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2018.16},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-99157},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2018.16},
  annote =	{Keywords: B\"{u}chi, automata, games, polynomial time, nondeterminism}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2018.47
Width of Non-deterministic Automata

Authors: Denis Kuperberg and Anirban Majumdar

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 96, 35th Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2018)

Abstract
We introduce a measure called width, quantifying the amount of nondeterminism in automata. Width generalises the notion of good-for-games (GFG) automata, that correspond to NFAs of width 1, and where an accepting run can be built on-the-fly on any accepted input. We describe an incremental determinisation construction on NFAs, which can be more efficient than the full powerset determinisation, depending on the width of the input NFA. This construction can be generalised to infinite words, and is particularly well-suited to coBüchi automata in this context. For coBüchi automata, this procedure can be used to compute either a deterministic automaton or a GFG one, and it is algorithmically more efficient in this last case. We show this fact by proving that checking whether a coBüchi automaton is determinisable by pruning is NP-complete. On finite or infinite words, we show that computing the width of an automaton is PSPACE-hard.
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Denis Kuperberg and Anirban Majumdar. Width of Non-deterministic Automata. In 35th Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2018). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 96, pp. 47:1-47:14, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2018)

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@InProceedings{kuperberg_et_al:LIPIcs.STACS.2018.47,
  author =	{Kuperberg, Denis and Majumdar, Anirban},
  title =	{{Width of Non-deterministic Automata}},
  booktitle =	{35th Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2018)},
  pages =	{47:1--47:14},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-062-0},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2018},
  volume =	{96},
  editor =	{Niedermeier, Rolf and Vall\'{e}e, Brigitte},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2018.47},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-84963},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2018.47},
  annote =	{Keywords: width, non-deterministic automata, determinisation, good-for-games, complexity}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.CONCUR.2016.12
Soundness in Negotiations

Authors: Javier Esparza, Denis Kuperberg, Anca Muscholl, and Igor Walukiewicz

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 59, 27th International Conference on Concurrency Theory (CONCUR 2016)

Abstract
Negotiations are a formalism for describing multiparty distributed cooperation. Alternatively, they can be seen as a model of concurrency with synchronized choice as communication primitive. Well-designed negotiations must be sound, meaning that, whatever its current state, the negotiation can still be completed. In a former paper, Esparza and Desel have shown that deciding soundness of a negotiation is PSPACE-complete, and in PTIME if the negotiation is deterministic. They have also provided an algorithm for an intermediate class of acyclic, non-deterministic negotiations, but left the complexity of the soundness problem open. In the first part of this paper we study two further analysis problems for sound acyclic deterministic negotiations, called the race and the omission problem, and give polynomial algorithms. We use these results to provide the first polynomial algorithm for some analysis problems of workflow nets with data previously studied by Trcka, van der Aalst, and Sidorova. In the second part we solve the open question of Esparza and Desel's paper. We show that soundness of acyclic, weakly non-deterministic negotiations is in PTIME, and that checking soundness is already NP-complete for slightly more general classes.
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Javier Esparza, Denis Kuperberg, Anca Muscholl, and Igor Walukiewicz. Soundness in Negotiations. In 27th International Conference on Concurrency Theory (CONCUR 2016). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 59, pp. 12:1-12:13, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2016)

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@InProceedings{esparza_et_al:LIPIcs.CONCUR.2016.12,
  author =	{Esparza, Javier and Kuperberg, Denis and Muscholl, Anca and Walukiewicz, Igor},
  title =	{{Soundness in Negotiations}},
  booktitle =	{27th International Conference on Concurrency Theory (CONCUR 2016)},
  pages =	{12:1--12:13},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-017-0},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2016},
  volume =	{59},
  editor =	{Desharnais, Jos\'{e}e and Jagadeesan, Radha},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.CONCUR.2016.12},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-61636},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.CONCUR.2016.12},
  annote =	{Keywords: Negotiations, workflows, soundness, verification, concurrency}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2016.29
Cost Functions Definable by Min/Max Automata

Authors: Thomas Colcombet, Denis Kuperberg, Amaldev Manuel, and Szymon Torunczyk

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 47, 33rd Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2016)

Abstract
Regular cost functions form a quantitative extension of regular languages that share the array of characterisations the latter possess. In this theory, functions are treated only up to preservation of boundedness on all subsets of the domain. In this work, we subject the well known distance automata (also called min-automata), and their dual max-automata to this framework, and obtain a number of effective characterisations in terms of logic, expressions and algebra.
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Thomas Colcombet, Denis Kuperberg, Amaldev Manuel, and Szymon Torunczyk. Cost Functions Definable by Min/Max Automata. In 33rd Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2016). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 47, pp. 29:1-29:13, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2016)

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@InProceedings{colcombet_et_al:LIPIcs.STACS.2016.29,
  author =	{Colcombet, Thomas and Kuperberg, Denis and Manuel, Amaldev and Torunczyk, Szymon},
  title =	{{Cost Functions Definable by Min/Max Automata}},
  booktitle =	{33rd Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2016)},
  pages =	{29:1--29:13},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-001-9},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2016},
  volume =	{47},
  editor =	{Ollinger, Nicolas and Vollmer, Heribert},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2016.29},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-57305},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2016.29},
  annote =	{Keywords: distance automata, B-automata, regular cost functions, stabilisation monoids, decidability, min-automata, max-automata}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2016.30
Varieties of Cost Functions

Authors: Laure Daviaud, Denis Kuperberg, and Jean-Éric Pin

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 47, 33rd Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2016)

Abstract
Regular cost functions were introduced as a quantitative generalisation of regular languages, retaining many of their equivalent characterisations and decidability properties. For instance, stabilisation monoids play the same role for cost functions as monoids do for regular languages. The purpose of this article is to further extend this algebraic approach by generalising two results on regular languages to cost functions: Eilenberg's varieties theorem and profinite equational characterisations of lattices of regular languages. This opens interesting new perspectives, but the specificities of cost functions introduce difficulties that prevent these generalisations to be straightforward. In contrast, although syntactic algebras can be defined for formal power series over a commutative ring, no such notion is known for series over semirings and in particular over the tropical semiring.
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Laure Daviaud, Denis Kuperberg, and Jean-Éric Pin. Varieties of Cost Functions. In 33rd Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2016). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 47, pp. 30:1-30:14, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2016)

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@InProceedings{daviaud_et_al:LIPIcs.STACS.2016.30,
  author =	{Daviaud, Laure and Kuperberg, Denis and Pin, Jean-\'{E}ric},
  title =	{{Varieties of Cost Functions}},
  booktitle =	{33rd Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2016)},
  pages =	{30:1--30:14},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-001-9},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2016},
  volume =	{47},
  editor =	{Ollinger, Nicolas and Vollmer, Heribert},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2016.30},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-57319},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2016.30},
  annote =	{Keywords: Cost functions, regular language, varieties, syntactic algebra}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2015.380
The Sensing Cost of Monitoring and Synthesis

Authors: Shaull Almagor, Denis Kuperberg, and Orna Kupferman

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 45, 35th IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2015)

Abstract
In FSTTCS 2014, we introduced sensing as a new complexity measure for the complexity of regular languages. Intuitively, the sensing cost quantifies the detail in which a random input word has to be read by a deterministic automaton in order to decide its membership in the language. In this paper, we consider sensing in two principal applications of deterministic automata. The first is monitoring: we are given a computation in an on-line manner, and we have to decide whether it satisfies the specification. The second is synthesis: we are given a sequence of inputs in an on-line manner and we have to generate a sequence of outputs so that the resulting computation satisfies the specification. In the first, our goal is to design a monitor that handles all computations and minimizes the expected average number of sensors used in the monitoring process. In the second, our goal is to design a transducer that realizes the specification for all input sequences and minimizes the expected average number of sensors used for reading the inputs. We argue that the two applications require new and different frameworks for reasoning about sensing, and develop such frameworks. We focus on safety languages. We show that for monitoring, minimal sensing is attained by a monitor based on the minimal deterministic automaton for the language. For synthesis, however, the setting is more challenging: minimizing the sensing may require exponentially bigger transducers, and the problem of synthesizing a minimally-sensing transducer is EXPTIME-complete even for safety specifications given by deterministic automata.
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Shaull Almagor, Denis Kuperberg, and Orna Kupferman. The Sensing Cost of Monitoring and Synthesis. In 35th IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2015). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 45, pp. 380-393, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2015)

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@InProceedings{almagor_et_al:LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2015.380,
  author =	{Almagor, Shaull and Kuperberg, Denis and Kupferman, Orna},
  title =	{{The Sensing Cost of Monitoring and Synthesis}},
  booktitle =	{35th IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2015)},
  pages =	{380--393},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-939897-97-2},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2015},
  volume =	{45},
  editor =	{Harsha, Prahladh and Ramalingam, G.},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2015.380},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-56563},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2015.380},
  annote =	{Keywords: Automata, regular languages, omega-regular languages, complexity, sensing, minimization}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2014.161
Regular Sensing

Authors: Shaull Almagor, Denis Kuperberg, and Orna Kupferman

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 29, 34th International Conference on Foundation of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2014)

Abstract
The size of deterministic automata required for recognizing regular and omega-regular languages is a well-studied measure for the complexity of languages. We introduce and study a new complexity measure, based on the sensing required for recognizing the language. Intuitively, the sensing cost quantifies the detail in which a random input word has to be read in order to decide its membership in the language. We show that for finite words, size and sensing are related, and minimal sensing is attained by minimal automata. Thus, a unique minimal-sensing deterministic automaton exists, and is based on the language's right-congruence relation. For infinite words, the minimal sensing may be attained only by an infinite sequence of automata. We show that the optimal limit cost of such sequences can be characterized by the language's right-congruence relation, which enables us to find the sensing cost of omega-regular languages in polynomial time.
Cite as

Shaull Almagor, Denis Kuperberg, and Orna Kupferman. Regular Sensing. In 34th International Conference on Foundation of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2014). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 29, pp. 161-173, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2014)

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@InProceedings{almagor_et_al:LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2014.161,
  author =	{Almagor, Shaull and Kuperberg, Denis and Kupferman, Orna},
  title =	{{Regular Sensing}},
  booktitle =	{34th International Conference on Foundation of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2014)},
  pages =	{161--173},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-939897-77-4},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2014},
  volume =	{29},
  editor =	{Raman, Venkatesh and Suresh, S. P.},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2014.161},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-48409},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2014.161},
  annote =	{Keywords: Automata, regular languages, omega-regular languages, complexity, sensing, minimization}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.CSL.2013.215
Deciding the weak definability of Büchi definable tree languages

Authors: Thomas Colcombet, Denis Kuperberg, Christof Löding, and Michael Vanden Boom

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 23, Computer Science Logic 2013 (CSL 2013)

Abstract
Weakly definable languages of infinite trees are an expressive subclass of regular tree languages definable in terms of weak monadic second-order logic, or equivalently weak alternating automata. Our main result is that given a Büchi automaton, it is decidable whether the language is weakly definable. We also show that given a parity automaton, it is decidable whether the language is recognizable by a nondeterministic co-Büchi automaton. The decidability proofs build on recent results about cost automata over infinite trees. These automata use counters to define functions from infinite trees to the natural numbers extended with infinity. We reduce to testing whether the functions defined by certain "quasi-weak" cost automata are bounded by a finite value.
Cite as

Thomas Colcombet, Denis Kuperberg, Christof Löding, and Michael Vanden Boom. Deciding the weak definability of Büchi definable tree languages. In Computer Science Logic 2013 (CSL 2013). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 23, pp. 215-230, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2013)

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@InProceedings{colcombet_et_al:LIPIcs.CSL.2013.215,
  author =	{Colcombet, Thomas and Kuperberg, Denis and L\"{o}ding, Christof and Vanden Boom, Michael},
  title =	{{Deciding the weak definability of B\"{u}chi definable tree languages}},
  booktitle =	{Computer Science Logic 2013 (CSL 2013)},
  pages =	{215--230},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-939897-60-6},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2013},
  volume =	{23},
  editor =	{Ronchi Della Rocca, Simona},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.CSL.2013.215},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-41998},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.CSL.2013.215},
  annote =	{Keywords: Tree automata, weak definability, decidability, cost automata, boundedness}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2011.66
Quasi-Weak Cost Automata: A New Variant of Weakness

Authors: Denis Kuperberg and Michael Vanden Boom

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 13, IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2011)

Abstract
Cost automata have a finite set of counters which can be manipulated on each transition but do not affect control flow. Based on the evolution of the counter values, these automata define functions from a domain like words or trees to \N \cup \set{\infty}, modulo an equivalence relation which ignores exact values but preserves boundedness properties. These automata have been studied by Colcombet et al. as part of a "theory of regular cost functions", an extension of the theory of regular languages which retains robust equivalences, closure properties, and decidability like the classical theory. We extend this theory by introducing quasi-weak cost automata. Unlike traditional weak automata which have a hard-coded bound on the number of alternations between accepting and rejecting states, quasi-weak automata bound the alternations using the counter values (which can vary across runs). We show that these automata are strictly more expressive than weak cost automata over infinite trees. The main result is a Rabin-style characterization theorem: a function is quasi-weak definable if and only if it is definable using two dual forms of non-deterministic Büchi cost automata. This yields a new decidability result for cost functions over infinite trees.
Cite as

Denis Kuperberg and Michael Vanden Boom. Quasi-Weak Cost Automata: A New Variant of Weakness. In IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2011). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 13, pp. 66-77, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2011)

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@InProceedings{kuperberg_et_al:LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2011.66,
  author =	{Kuperberg, Denis and Vanden Boom, Michael},
  title =	{{Quasi-Weak Cost Automata: A New Variant of Weakness}},
  booktitle =	{IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2011)},
  pages =	{66--77},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-939897-34-7},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2011},
  volume =	{13},
  editor =	{Chakraborty, Supratik and Kumar, Amit},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2011.66},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-33517},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2011.66},
  annote =	{Keywords: Automata, infinite trees, cost functions, weak}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2011.627
Linear temporal logic for regular cost functions

Authors: Denis Kuperberg

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 9, 28th International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2011)

Abstract
Regular cost functions have been introduced recently as an extension to the notion of regular languages with counting capabilities, which retains strong closure, equivalence, and decidability properties. The specificity of cost functions is that exact values are not considered, but only estimated. In this paper, we define an extension of Linear Temporal Logic (LTL) over finite words to describe cost functions. We give an explicit translation from this new logic to automata. We then algebraically characterize the expressive power of this logic, using a new syntactic congruence for cost functions introduced in this paper.
Cite as

Denis Kuperberg. Linear temporal logic for regular cost functions. In 28th International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2011). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 9, pp. 627-636, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2011)

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@InProceedings{kuperberg:LIPIcs.STACS.2011.627,
  author =	{Kuperberg, Denis},
  title =	{{Linear temporal logic for regular cost functions}},
  booktitle =	{28th International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2011)},
  pages =	{627--636},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-939897-25-5},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2011},
  volume =	{9},
  editor =	{Schwentick, Thomas and D\"{u}rr, Christoph},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2011.627},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-30499},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2011.627},
  annote =	{Keywords: linear temporal logic, regular cost functions, regular languages}
}
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