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Documents authored by Loukides, Grigorios

Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2024.85
Approximate Suffix-Prefix Dictionary Queries

Authors: Wiktor Zuba, Grigorios Loukides, Solon P. Pissis, and Sharma V. Thankachan

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 306, 49th International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2024)

Abstract
In the all-pairs suffix-prefix (APSP) problem [Gusfield et al., Inf. Process. Lett. 1992], we are given a dictionary R of r strings, S₁,…,S_r, of total length n, and we are asked to find the length SPL_{i,j} of the longest string that is both a suffix of S_i and a prefix of S_j, for all i,j ∈ [1..r]. APSP is a classic problem in string algorithms with applications in bioinformatics, especially in sequence assembly. Since r = |R| is typically very large in real-world applications, considering all r² pairs of strings explicitly is prohibitive. This is when the data structure variant of APSP makes sense; in the same spirit as distance oracles computing shortest paths between any two vertices given online. We show how to quickly locate k-approximate matches (under the Hamming or the edit distance) in R using a version of the k-errata tree [Cole et al., STOC 2004] that we introduce. Let SPL^k_{i,j} be the length of the longest suffix of S_i that is at distance at most k from a prefix of S_j. In particular, for any k = 𝒪(1), we show an 𝒪(nlog^k n)-sized data structure to support the following queries: - One-to-One^k(i,j): output SPL^k_{i,j} in 𝒪(log^k nlog log n) time. - Report^k(i,d): output all j ∈ [1..r], such that SPL^k_{i,j} ≥ d, in 𝒪(log^{k}n(log n/log log n+output)) time, where output denotes the size of the output. In fact, our algorithms work for any value of k not just for k = 𝒪(1), but the formulas bounding the complexities get much more complicated for larger values of k.
Cite as

Wiktor Zuba, Grigorios Loukides, Solon P. Pissis, and Sharma V. Thankachan. Approximate Suffix-Prefix Dictionary Queries. In 49th International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2024). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 306, pp. 85:1-85:18, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2024)

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@InProceedings{zuba_et_al:LIPIcs.MFCS.2024.85,
  author =	{Zuba, Wiktor and Loukides, Grigorios and Pissis, Solon P. and Thankachan, Sharma V.},
  title =	{{Approximate Suffix-Prefix Dictionary Queries}},
  booktitle =	{49th International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2024)},
  pages =	{85:1--85:18},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-335-5},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2024},
  volume =	{306},
  editor =	{Kr\'{a}lovi\v{c}, Rastislav and Ku\v{c}era, Anton{\'\i}n},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2024.85},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-206416},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2024.85},
  annote =	{Keywords: all-pairs suffix-prefix, suffix-prefix queries, suffix tree, k-errata tree}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.CPM.2024.6
Connecting de Bruijn Graphs

Authors: Giulia Bernardini, Huiping Chen, Inge Li Gørtz, Christoffer Krogh, Grigorios Loukides, Solon P. Pissis, Leen Stougie, and Michelle Sweering

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 296, 35th Annual Symposium on Combinatorial Pattern Matching (CPM 2024)

Abstract
We study the problem of making a de Bruijn graph (dBG), constructed from a collection of strings, weakly connected while minimizing the total cost of edge additions. The input graph is a dBG that can be made weakly connected by adding edges (along with extra nodes if needed) from the underlying complete dBG. The problem arises from genome reconstruction, where the dBG is constructed from a set of sequences generated from a genome sample by a sequencing experiment. Due to sequencing errors, the dBG is never Eulerian in practice and is often not even weakly connected. We show the following results for a dBG G(V,E) of order k consisting of d weakly connected components: 1) Making G weakly connected by adding a set of edges of minimal total cost is NP-hard. 2) No PTAS exists for making G weakly connected by adding a set of edges of minimal total cost (unless the unique games conjecture fails). We complement this result by showing that there does exist a polynomial-time (2-2/d)-approximation algorithm for the problem. 3) We consider a restricted version of the above problem, where we are asked to make G weakly connected by only adding directed paths between pairs of components. We show that making G weakly connected by adding d-1 such paths of minimal total cost can be done in 𝒪(k|V|α(|V|)+|E|) time, where α(⋅) is the inverse Ackermann function. This improves on the 𝒪(k|V|log(|V|)+|E|)-time algorithm proposed by Bernardini et al. [CPM 2022] for the same restricted problem. 4) An ILP formulation of polynomial size for making G Eulerian with minimal total cost.
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Giulia Bernardini, Huiping Chen, Inge Li Gørtz, Christoffer Krogh, Grigorios Loukides, Solon P. Pissis, Leen Stougie, and Michelle Sweering. Connecting de Bruijn Graphs. In 35th Annual Symposium on Combinatorial Pattern Matching (CPM 2024). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 296, pp. 6:1-6:16, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2024)

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@InProceedings{bernardini_et_al:LIPIcs.CPM.2024.6,
  author =	{Bernardini, Giulia and Chen, Huiping and G{\o}rtz, Inge Li and Krogh, Christoffer and Loukides, Grigorios and Pissis, Solon P. and Stougie, Leen and Sweering, Michelle},
  title =	{{Connecting de Bruijn Graphs}},
  booktitle =	{35th Annual Symposium on Combinatorial Pattern Matching (CPM 2024)},
  pages =	{6:1--6:16},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-326-3},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2024},
  volume =	{296},
  editor =	{Inenaga, Shunsuke and Puglisi, Simon J.},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.CPM.2024.6},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-201168},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.CPM.2024.6},
  annote =	{Keywords: string algorithm, graph algorithm, de Bruijn graph, Eulerian graph}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.CPM.2024.28
Minimizing the Minimizers via Alphabet Reordering

Authors: Hilde Verbeek, Lorraine A.K. Ayad, Grigorios Loukides, and Solon P. Pissis

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 296, 35th Annual Symposium on Combinatorial Pattern Matching (CPM 2024)

Abstract
Minimizers sampling is one of the most widely-used mechanisms for sampling strings [Roberts et al., Bioinformatics 2004]. Let S = S[1]… S[n] be a string over a totally ordered alphabet Σ. Further let w ≥ 2 and k ≥ 1 be two integers. The minimizer of S[i..i+w+k-2] is the smallest position in [i,i+w-1] where the lexicographically smallest length-k substring of S[i..i+w+k-2] starts. The set of minimizers over all i ∈ [1,n-w-k+2] is the set ℳ_{w,k}(S) of the minimizers of S. We consider the following basic problem: Given S, w, and k, can we efficiently compute a total order on Σ that minimizes |ℳ_{w,k}(S)|? We show that this is unlikely by proving that the problem is NP-hard for any w ≥ 3 and k ≥ 1. Our result provides theoretical justification as to why there exist no exact algorithms for minimizing the minimizers samples, while there exists a plethora of heuristics for the same purpose.
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Hilde Verbeek, Lorraine A.K. Ayad, Grigorios Loukides, and Solon P. Pissis. Minimizing the Minimizers via Alphabet Reordering. In 35th Annual Symposium on Combinatorial Pattern Matching (CPM 2024). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 296, pp. 28:1-28:13, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2024)

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@InProceedings{verbeek_et_al:LIPIcs.CPM.2024.28,
  author =	{Verbeek, Hilde and Ayad, Lorraine A.K. and Loukides, Grigorios and Pissis, Solon P.},
  title =	{{Minimizing the Minimizers via Alphabet Reordering}},
  booktitle =	{35th Annual Symposium on Combinatorial Pattern Matching (CPM 2024)},
  pages =	{28:1--28:13},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-326-3},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2024},
  volume =	{296},
  editor =	{Inenaga, Shunsuke and Puglisi, Simon J.},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.CPM.2024.28},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-201383},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.CPM.2024.28},
  annote =	{Keywords: sequence analysis, minimizers, alphabet reordering, feedback arc set}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.CPM.2023.21
Suffix-Prefix Queries on a Dictionary

Authors: Grigorios Loukides, Solon P. Pissis, Sharma V. Thankachan, and Wiktor Zuba

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 259, 34th Annual Symposium on Combinatorial Pattern Matching (CPM 2023)

Abstract
In the all-pairs suffix-prefix (APSP) problem, we are given a dictionary R of k strings, S_1,…,S_k, of total length n, and we are asked to find the length SPL_{i,j} of the longest string that is both a suffix of S_i and a prefix of S_j, for all i,j ∈ [1,k]. APSP is a classic problem in string algorithms with many applications in bioinformatics. When all strings of the dictionary are over an integer alphabet of size σ ≤ n^𝒪(1), APSP can be solved in the optimal 𝒪(n+k²) time with the use of the generalized suffix tree of the dictionary [Gusfield et al., Inf. Process. Lett. 1992]. In many bioinformatics applications, such as in sequence assembly, the size k of dictionary R is very large. In particular, k² usually dominates n, and thus the k² factor is the bottleneck both in the time and in the space complexity of such applications. We thus initiate a holistic study on several data structure variants of APSP. In particular, we consider the following types of queries: - One-to-One(i,j): output SPL_{i,j}. - One-to-All(i): output SPL_{i,j} for every j ∈ [1,k]. - Report(i,𝓁): output all distinct j ∈ [1,k] such that SPL_{i,j} ≥ 𝓁, where 𝓁 ≥ 0 is an integer. - Count(i,𝓁): output the number of distinct j ∈ [1,k] such that SPL_{i,j} ≥ 𝓁, where 𝓁 ≥ 0 is an integer. - Top(i,K): output K distinct j ∈ [1,k] with the highest values of SPL_{i,j} breaking ties arbitrarily. We assume the standard word RAM model of computation with word size w = Ω(log n) and an integer alphabet of size σ ≤ n^𝒪(1). We show the following upper bounds: Query | Space (words) | Query time | Note One-to-One(i,j) | 𝒪(n) | 𝒪(log log k) | Theorem 11 One-to-All(i) | 𝒪(n) | 𝒪(k) | Theorem 14 Report(i,𝓁) | 𝒪(n) | 𝒪(log n/log log n+output) | Theorem 19(i) Count(i,𝓁) | 𝒪(n) | 𝒪(log n/log log n) | Theorem 19(ii) Top(i,K) | 𝒪(n) | 𝒪(log² n/log log n+K) | Theorem 22 We also present efficient algorithms for constructing these data structures.
Cite as

Grigorios Loukides, Solon P. Pissis, Sharma V. Thankachan, and Wiktor Zuba. Suffix-Prefix Queries on a Dictionary. In 34th Annual Symposium on Combinatorial Pattern Matching (CPM 2023). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 259, pp. 21:1-21:20, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2023)

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@InProceedings{loukides_et_al:LIPIcs.CPM.2023.21,
  author =	{Loukides, Grigorios and Pissis, Solon P. and Thankachan, Sharma V. and Zuba, Wiktor},
  title =	{{Suffix-Prefix Queries on a Dictionary}},
  booktitle =	{34th Annual Symposium on Combinatorial Pattern Matching (CPM 2023)},
  pages =	{21:1--21:20},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-276-1},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2023},
  volume =	{259},
  editor =	{Bulteau, Laurent and Lipt\'{a}k, Zsuzsanna},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.CPM.2023.21},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-179757},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.CPM.2023.21},
  annote =	{Keywords: all-pairs suffix-prefix, suffix-prefix queries, internal pattern matching}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.CPM.2022.12
Making de Bruijn Graphs Eulerian

Authors: Giulia Bernardini, Huiping Chen, Grigorios Loukides, Solon P. Pissis, Leen Stougie, and Michelle Sweering

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 223, 33rd Annual Symposium on Combinatorial Pattern Matching (CPM 2022)

Abstract
A directed multigraph is called Eulerian if it has a circuit which uses each edge exactly once. Euler’s theorem tells us that a weakly connected directed multigraph is Eulerian if and only if every node is balanced. Given a collection S of strings over an alphabet Σ, the de Bruijn graph (dBG) of order k of S is a directed multigraph G_{S,k}(V,E), where V is the set of length-(k-1) substrings of the strings in S, and G_{S,k} contains an edge (u,v) with multiplicity m_{u,v}, if and only if the string u[0]⋅ v is equal to the string u⋅ v[k-2] and this string occurs exactly m_{u,v} times in total in strings in S. Let G_{Σ,k}(V_{Σ,k},E_{Σ,k}) be the complete dBG of Σ^k. The Eulerian Extension (EE) problem on G_{S,k} asks to extend G_{S,k} with a set ℬ of nodes from V_{Σ,k} and a smallest multiset 𝒜 of edges from E_{Σ,k} to make it Eulerian. Note that extending dBGs is algorithmically much more challenging than extending general directed multigraphs because some edges in dBGs are by definition forbidden. Extending dBGs lies at the heart of sequence assembly [Medvedev et al., WABI 2007], one of the most important tasks in bioinformatics. The novelty of our work with respect to existing works is that we allow not only to duplicate existing edges of G_{S,k} but to also add novel edges and nodes, in an effort to (i) connect multiple components and (ii) reduce the total EE cost. It is easy to show that EE on G_{S,k} is NP-hard via a reduction from shortest common superstring. We further show that EE remains NP-hard, even when we are not allowed to add new nodes, via a highly non-trivial reduction from 3-SAT. We thus investigate the following two problems underlying EE in dBGs: 1) When G_{S,k} is not weakly connected, we are asked to connect its d > 1 components using a minimum-weight spanning tree, whose edges are paths on the underlying G_{Σ,k} and weights are the corresponding path lengths. This way of connecting guarantees that no new unbalanced node is added. We show that this problem can be solved in 𝒪(|V|klog d+|E|) time, which is nearly optimal, since the size of G_{S,k} is Θ(|V|k+|E|). 2) When G_{S,k} is not balanced, we are asked to extend G_{S,k} to H_{S,k}(V∪ℬ,E∪𝒜) such that every node of H_{S,k} is balanced and the total number |𝒜| of added edges is minimized. We show that this problem can be solved in the optimal 𝒪(k|V| + |E|+ |𝒜|) time. Let us stress that, although our main contributions are theoretical, the algorithms we design for the above two problems are practical. We combine the two algorithms in one method that makes any dBG Eulerian; and show experimentally that the cost of the obtained feasible solutions on real-world dBGs is substantially smaller than the corresponding cost obtained by existing greedy approaches.
Cite as

Giulia Bernardini, Huiping Chen, Grigorios Loukides, Solon P. Pissis, Leen Stougie, and Michelle Sweering. Making de Bruijn Graphs Eulerian. In 33rd Annual Symposium on Combinatorial Pattern Matching (CPM 2022). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 223, pp. 12:1-12:18, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2022)

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@InProceedings{bernardini_et_al:LIPIcs.CPM.2022.12,
  author =	{Bernardini, Giulia and Chen, Huiping and Loukides, Grigorios and Pissis, Solon P. and Stougie, Leen and Sweering, Michelle},
  title =	{{Making de Bruijn Graphs Eulerian}},
  booktitle =	{33rd Annual Symposium on Combinatorial Pattern Matching (CPM 2022)},
  pages =	{12:1--12:18},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-234-1},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2022},
  volume =	{223},
  editor =	{Bannai, Hideo and Holub, Jan},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.CPM.2022.12},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-161391},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.CPM.2022.12},
  annote =	{Keywords: string algorithms, graph algorithms, Eulerian graph, de Bruijn graph}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.CPM.2022.16
On Strings Having the Same Length- k Substrings

Authors: Giulia Bernardini, Alessio Conte, Esteban Gabory, Roberto Grossi, Grigorios Loukides, Solon P. Pissis, Giulia Punzi, and Michelle Sweering

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 223, 33rd Annual Symposium on Combinatorial Pattern Matching (CPM 2022)

Abstract
Let Substr_k(X) denote the set of length-k substrings of a given string X for a given integer k > 0. We study the following basic string problem, called z-Shortest 𝒮_k-Equivalent Strings: Given a set 𝒮_k of n length-k strings and an integer z > 0, list z shortest distinct strings T₁,…,T_z such that Substr_k(T_i) = 𝒮_k, for all i ∈ [1,z]. The z-Shortest 𝒮_k-Equivalent Strings problem arises naturally as an encoding problem in many real-world applications; e.g., in data privacy, in data compression, and in bioinformatics. The 1-Shortest 𝒮_k-Equivalent Strings, referred to as Shortest 𝒮_k-Equivalent String, asks for a shortest string X such that Substr_k(X) = 𝒮_k. Our main contributions are summarized below: - Given a directed graph G(V,E), the Directed Chinese Postman (DCP) problem asks for a shortest closed walk that visits every edge of G at least once. DCP can be solved in 𝒪̃(|E||V|) time using an algorithm for min-cost flow. We show, via a non-trivial reduction, that if Shortest 𝒮_k-Equivalent String over a binary alphabet has a near-linear-time solution then so does DCP. - We show that the length of a shortest string output by Shortest 𝒮_k-Equivalent String is in 𝒪(k+n²). We generalize this bound by showing that the total length of z shortest strings is in 𝒪(zk+zn²+z²n). We derive these upper bounds by showing (asymptotically tight) bounds on the total length of z shortest Eulerian walks in general directed graphs. - We present an algorithm for solving z-Shortest 𝒮_k-Equivalent Strings in 𝒪(nk+n²log²n+zn²log n+|output|) time. If z = 1, the time becomes 𝒪(nk+n²log²n) by the fact that the size of the input is Θ(nk) and the size of the output is 𝒪(k+n²).
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Giulia Bernardini, Alessio Conte, Esteban Gabory, Roberto Grossi, Grigorios Loukides, Solon P. Pissis, Giulia Punzi, and Michelle Sweering. On Strings Having the Same Length- k Substrings. In 33rd Annual Symposium on Combinatorial Pattern Matching (CPM 2022). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 223, pp. 16:1-16:17, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2022)

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@InProceedings{bernardini_et_al:LIPIcs.CPM.2022.16,
  author =	{Bernardini, Giulia and Conte, Alessio and Gabory, Esteban and Grossi, Roberto and Loukides, Grigorios and Pissis, Solon P. and Punzi, Giulia and Sweering, Michelle},
  title =	{{On Strings Having the Same Length- k Substrings}},
  booktitle =	{33rd Annual Symposium on Combinatorial Pattern Matching (CPM 2022)},
  pages =	{16:1--16:17},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-234-1},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2022},
  volume =	{223},
  editor =	{Bannai, Hideo and Holub, Jan},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.CPM.2022.16},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-161439},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.CPM.2022.16},
  annote =	{Keywords: string algorithms, combinatorics on words, de Bruijn graph, Chinese Postman}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ISAAC.2021.65
Pattern Masking for Dictionary Matching

Authors: Panagiotis Charalampopoulos, Huiping Chen, Peter Christen, Grigorios Loukides, Nadia Pisanti, Solon P. Pissis, and Jakub Radoszewski

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 212, 32nd International Symposium on Algorithms and Computation (ISAAC 2021)

Abstract
Data masking is a common technique for sanitizing sensitive data maintained in database systems, and it is also becoming increasingly important in various application areas, such as in record linkage of personal data. This work formalizes the Pattern Masking for Dictionary Matching (PMDM) problem. In PMDM, we are given a dictionary 𝒟 of d strings, each of length 𝓁, a query string q of length 𝓁, and a positive integer z, and we are asked to compute a smallest set K ⊆ {1,…,𝓁}, so that if q[i] is replaced by a wildcard for all i ∈ K, then q matches at least z strings from 𝒟. Solving PMDM allows providing data utility guarantees as opposed to existing approaches. We first show, through a reduction from the well-known k-Clique problem, that a decision version of the PMDM problem is NP-complete, even for strings over a binary alphabet. We thus approach the problem from a more practical perspective. We show a combinatorial 𝒪((d𝓁)^{|K|/3}+d𝓁)-time and 𝒪(d𝓁)-space algorithm for PMDM for |K| = 𝒪(1). In fact, we show that we cannot hope for a faster combinatorial algorithm, unless the combinatorial k-Clique hypothesis fails [Abboud et al., SIAM J. Comput. 2018; Lincoln et al., SODA 2018]. We also generalize this algorithm for the problem of masking multiple query strings simultaneously so that every string has at least z matches in 𝒟. Note that PMDM can be viewed as a generalization of the decision version of the dictionary matching with mismatches problem: by querying a PMDM data structure with string q and z = 1, one obtains the minimal number of mismatches of q with any string from 𝒟. The query time or space of all known data structures for the more restricted problem of dictionary matching with at most k mismatches incurs some exponential factor with respect to k. A simple exact algorithm for PMDM runs in time 𝒪(2^𝓁 d). We present a data structure for PMDM that answers queries over 𝒟 in time 𝒪(2^{𝓁/2}(2^{𝓁/2}+τ)𝓁) and requires space 𝒪(2^𝓁 d²/τ²+2^{𝓁/2}d), for any parameter τ ∈ [1,d]. We complement our results by showing a two-way polynomial-time reduction between PMDM and the Minimum Union problem [Chlamtáč et al., SODA 2017]. This gives a polynomial-time 𝒪(d^{1/4+ε})-approximation algorithm for PMDM, which is tight under a plausible complexity conjecture.
Cite as

Panagiotis Charalampopoulos, Huiping Chen, Peter Christen, Grigorios Loukides, Nadia Pisanti, Solon P. Pissis, and Jakub Radoszewski. Pattern Masking for Dictionary Matching. In 32nd International Symposium on Algorithms and Computation (ISAAC 2021). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 212, pp. 65:1-65:19, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2021)

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@InProceedings{charalampopoulos_et_al:LIPIcs.ISAAC.2021.65,
  author =	{Charalampopoulos, Panagiotis and Chen, Huiping and Christen, Peter and Loukides, Grigorios and Pisanti, Nadia and Pissis, Solon P. and Radoszewski, Jakub},
  title =	{{Pattern Masking for Dictionary Matching}},
  booktitle =	{32nd International Symposium on Algorithms and Computation (ISAAC 2021)},
  pages =	{65:1--65:19},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-214-3},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2021},
  volume =	{212},
  editor =	{Ahn, Hee-Kap and Sadakane, Kunihiko},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ISAAC.2021.65},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-154982},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ISAAC.2021.65},
  annote =	{Keywords: string algorithms, dictionary matching, wildcards, record linkage, query term dropping}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2021.64
Bidirectional String Anchors: A New String Sampling Mechanism

Authors: Grigorios Loukides and Solon P. Pissis

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 204, 29th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2021)

Abstract
The minimizers sampling mechanism is a popular mechanism for string sampling introduced independently by Schleimer et al. [SIGMOD 2003] and by Roberts et al. [Bioinf. 2004]. Given two positive integers w and k, it selects the lexicographically smallest length-k substring in every fragment of w consecutive length-k substrings (in every sliding window of length w+k-1). Minimizers samples are approximately uniform, locally consistent, and computable in linear time. Although they do not have good worst-case guarantees on their size, they are often small in practice. They thus have been successfully employed in several string processing applications. Two main disadvantages of minimizers sampling mechanisms are: first, they also do not have good guarantees on the expected size of their samples for every combination of w and k; and, second, indexes that are constructed over their samples do not have good worst-case guarantees for on-line pattern searches. To alleviate these disadvantages, we introduce bidirectional string anchors (bd-anchors), a new string sampling mechanism. Given a positive integer 𝓁, our mechanism selects the lexicographically smallest rotation in every length-𝓁 fragment (in every sliding window of length 𝓁). We show that bd-anchors samples are also approximately uniform, locally consistent, and computable in linear time. In addition, our experiments using several datasets demonstrate that the bd-anchors sample sizes decrease proportionally to 𝓁; and that these sizes are competitive to or smaller than the minimizers sample sizes using the analogous sampling parameters. We provide theoretical justification for these results by analyzing the expected size of bd-anchors samples. We also show that by using any bd-anchors sample, we can construct, in near-linear time, an index which requires linear (extra) space in the size of the sample and answers on-line pattern searches in near-optimal time. We further show, using several datasets, that a simple implementation of our index is consistently faster for on-line pattern searches than an analogous implementation of a minimizers-based index [Grabowski and Raniszewski, Softw. Pract. Exp. 2017]. Finally, we highlight the applicability of bd-anchors by developing an efficient and effective heuristic for top-K similarity search under edit distance. We show, using synthetic datasets, that our heuristic is more accurate and more than one order of magnitude faster in top-K similarity searches than the state-of-the-art tool for the same purpose [Zhang and Zhang, KDD 2020].
Cite as

Grigorios Loukides and Solon P. Pissis. Bidirectional String Anchors: A New String Sampling Mechanism. In 29th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2021). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 204, pp. 64:1-64:21, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2021)

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@InProceedings{loukides_et_al:LIPIcs.ESA.2021.64,
  author =	{Loukides, Grigorios and Pissis, Solon P.},
  title =	{{Bidirectional String Anchors: A New String Sampling Mechanism}},
  booktitle =	{29th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2021)},
  pages =	{64:1--64:21},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-204-4},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2021},
  volume =	{204},
  editor =	{Mutzel, Petra and Pagh, Rasmus and Herman, Grzegorz},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2021.64},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-146456},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2021.64},
  annote =	{Keywords: string algorithms, string sampling, text indexing, top-K similarity search}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.CPM.2020.7
String Sanitization Under Edit Distance

Authors: Giulia Bernardini, Huiping Chen, Grigorios Loukides, Nadia Pisanti, Solon P. Pissis, Leen Stougie, and Michelle Sweering

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 161, 31st Annual Symposium on Combinatorial Pattern Matching (CPM 2020)

Abstract
Let W be a string of length n over an alphabet Σ, k be a positive integer, and 𝒮 be a set of length-k substrings of W. The ETFS problem asks us to construct a string X_{ED} such that: (i) no string of 𝒮 occurs in X_{ED}; (ii) the order of all other length-k substrings over Σ is the same in W and in X_{ED}; and (iii) X_{ED} has minimal edit distance to W. When W represents an individual’s data and 𝒮 represents a set of confidential substrings, algorithms solving ETFS can be applied for utility-preserving string sanitization [Bernardini et al., ECML PKDD 2019]. Our first result here is an algorithm to solve ETFS in 𝒪(kn²) time, which improves on the state of the art [Bernardini et al., arXiv 2019] by a factor of |Σ|. Our algorithm is based on a non-trivial modification of the classic dynamic programming algorithm for computing the edit distance between two strings. Notably, we also show that ETFS cannot be solved in 𝒪(n^{2-δ}) time, for any δ>0, unless the strong exponential time hypothesis is false. To achieve this, we reduce the edit distance problem, which is known to admit the same conditional lower bound [Bringmann and Künnemann, FOCS 2015], to ETFS.
Cite as

Giulia Bernardini, Huiping Chen, Grigorios Loukides, Nadia Pisanti, Solon P. Pissis, Leen Stougie, and Michelle Sweering. String Sanitization Under Edit Distance. In 31st Annual Symposium on Combinatorial Pattern Matching (CPM 2020). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 161, pp. 7:1-7:14, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2020)

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@InProceedings{bernardini_et_al:LIPIcs.CPM.2020.7,
  author =	{Bernardini, Giulia and Chen, Huiping and Loukides, Grigorios and Pisanti, Nadia and Pissis, Solon P. and Stougie, Leen and Sweering, Michelle},
  title =	{{String Sanitization Under Edit Distance}},
  booktitle =	{31st Annual Symposium on Combinatorial Pattern Matching (CPM 2020)},
  pages =	{7:1--7:14},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-149-8},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2020},
  volume =	{161},
  editor =	{G{\o}rtz, Inge Li and Weimann, Oren},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.CPM.2020.7},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-121324},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.CPM.2020.7},
  annote =	{Keywords: String algorithms, data sanitization, edit distance, dynamic programming, conditional lower bound}
}
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