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Documents authored by Stern, Gilad

Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.OPODIS.2023.29
On the Round Complexity of Asynchronous Crusader Agreement

Authors: Ittai Abraham, Naama Ben-David, Gilad Stern, and Sravya Yandamuri

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 286, 27th International Conference on Principles of Distributed Systems (OPODIS 2023)

Abstract
We present new lower and upper bounds on the number of communication rounds required for asynchronous Crusader Agreement (CA) and Binding Crusader Agreement (BCA), two primitives that are used for solving binary consensus. We show results for the information theoretic and authenticated settings. In doing so, we present a generic model for proving round complexity lower bounds in the asynchronous setting. In some settings, our attempts to prove lower bounds on round complexity fail. Instead, we show new, tight, rather surprising round complexity upper bounds for Byzantine fault tolerant BCA with and without a PKI setup.
Cite as

Ittai Abraham, Naama Ben-David, Gilad Stern, and Sravya Yandamuri. On the Round Complexity of Asynchronous Crusader Agreement. In 27th International Conference on Principles of Distributed Systems (OPODIS 2023). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 286, pp. 29:1-29:21, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2024)

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@InProceedings{abraham_et_al:LIPIcs.OPODIS.2023.29,
  author =	{Abraham, Ittai and Ben-David, Naama and Stern, Gilad and Yandamuri, Sravya},
  title =	{{On the Round Complexity of Asynchronous Crusader Agreement}},
  booktitle =	{27th International Conference on Principles of Distributed Systems (OPODIS 2023)},
  pages =	{29:1--29:21},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-308-9},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2024},
  volume =	{286},
  editor =	{Bessani, Alysson and D\'{e}fago, Xavier and Nakamura, Junya and Wada, Koichi and Yamauchi, Yukiko},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.OPODIS.2023.29},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-195195},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.OPODIS.2023.29},
  annote =	{Keywords: lower bounds, asynchronous protocols, round complexity}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.OPODIS.2022.16
New Dolev-Reischuk Lower Bounds Meet Blockchain Eclipse Attacks

Authors: Ittai Abraham and Gilad Stern

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 253, 26th International Conference on Principles of Distributed Systems (OPODIS 2022)

Abstract
In 1985, Dolev and Reischuk proved a fundamental communication lower bounds on protocols achieving fault tolerant synchronous broadcast and consensus: any deterministic protocol solving those tasks (even against omission faults) requires at least a quadratic number of messages to be sent by nonfaulty parties. In contrast, many blockchain systems achieve consensus with seemingly linear communication per instance against Byzantine faults. We explore this dissonance in three main ways. First, we extend the Dolev-Reischuk family of lower bounds and prove a new lower bound for Crusader Broadcast protocols. Our lower bound for crusader broadcast requires non-trivial extensions and a much stronger Byzantine adversary with the ability to simulate honest parties. Secondly, we extend our lower bounds to all-but-m Crusader Broadcast, in which up to m parties are allowed to output a different value. Finally, we discuss the ways in which these lower bounds relate to the security of blockchain systems. We show how Eclipse-style attacks in such systems can be viewed as specific instances of the attacks used in our lower bound for Crusader Broadcast. This connection suggests a more systematic way of analyzing and reasoning about Eclipse-style attacks through the lens of the Dolev-Reischuk family of attacks.
Cite as

Ittai Abraham and Gilad Stern. New Dolev-Reischuk Lower Bounds Meet Blockchain Eclipse Attacks. In 26th International Conference on Principles of Distributed Systems (OPODIS 2022). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 253, pp. 16:1-16:18, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2023)

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@InProceedings{abraham_et_al:LIPIcs.OPODIS.2022.16,
  author =	{Abraham, Ittai and Stern, Gilad},
  title =	{{New Dolev-Reischuk Lower Bounds Meet Blockchain Eclipse Attacks}},
  booktitle =	{26th International Conference on Principles of Distributed Systems (OPODIS 2022)},
  pages =	{16:1--16:18},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-265-5},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2023},
  volume =	{253},
  editor =	{Hillel, Eshcar and Palmieri, Roberto and Rivi\`{e}re, Etienne},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.OPODIS.2022.16},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-176368},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.OPODIS.2022.16},
  annote =	{Keywords: consensus, crusader broadcast, Byzantine fault tolerance, blockchain, synchrony, lower bounds}
}
Document
Brief Announcement
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.DISC.2022.38
Brief Announcement: Authenticated Consensus in Synchronous Systems with Mixed Faults

Authors: Ittai Abraham, Danny Dolev, Alon Kagan, and Gilad Stern

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 246, 36th International Symposium on Distributed Computing (DISC 2022)

Abstract
Protocols solving authenticated consensus in synchronous networks with Byzantine faults have been widely researched and known to exists if and only if n > 2f for f Byzantine faults. Similarly, protocols solving authenticated consensus in partially synchronous networks are known to exist if n > 3f+2k for f Byzantine faults and k crash faults. In this work we fill a natural gap in our knowledge by presenting MixSync, an authenticated consensus protocol in synchronous networks resilient to f Byzantine faults and k crash faults if n > 2f+k. As a basic building block, we first define and then construct a publicly verifiable crusader agreement protocol with the same resilience. The protocol uses a simple double-send round to guarantee non-equivocation, a technique later used in the MixSync protocol. We then discuss how to construct a state machine replication protocol using these ideas, and how they can be used in general to make such protocols resilient to crash faults. Finally, we prove lower bounds showing that n > 2f+k is optimally resilient for consensus and state machine replication protocols.
Cite as

Ittai Abraham, Danny Dolev, Alon Kagan, and Gilad Stern. Brief Announcement: Authenticated Consensus in Synchronous Systems with Mixed Faults. In 36th International Symposium on Distributed Computing (DISC 2022). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 246, pp. 38:1-38:3, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2022)

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@InProceedings{abraham_et_al:LIPIcs.DISC.2022.38,
  author =	{Abraham, Ittai and Dolev, Danny and Kagan, Alon and Stern, Gilad},
  title =	{{Brief Announcement: Authenticated Consensus in Synchronous Systems with Mixed Faults}},
  booktitle =	{36th International Symposium on Distributed Computing (DISC 2022)},
  pages =	{38:1--38:3},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-255-6},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2022},
  volume =	{246},
  editor =	{Scheideler, Christian},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.DISC.2022.38},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-172292},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.DISC.2022.38},
  annote =	{Keywords: consensus, state machine replication, mixed faults, synchrony, lower bounds}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.OPODIS.2020.11
Information Theoretic HotStuff

Authors: Ittai Abraham and Gilad Stern

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 184, 24th International Conference on Principles of Distributed Systems (OPODIS 2020)

Abstract
This work presents Information Theoretic HotStuff (IT-HS), a new optimally resilient protocol for solving Byzantine Agreement in partial synchrony with information theoretic security guarantees. In particular, IT-HS does not depend on any PKI or common setup assumptions and is resilient to computationally unbounded adversaries. IT-HS is based on the Primary-Backup view-based paradigm. In IT-HS, in each view, and in each view change, each party sends only a constant number of words to every other party. This yields an O(n²) word and message complexity in each view. In addition, IT-HS requires just O(1) persistent local storage and O(n) transient local storage. Finally, like all Primary-Backup view-based protocols in partial synchrony, after the system becomes synchronous, all nonfaulty parties decide on a value in the first view a nonfaulty leader is chosen. Moreover, like PBFT and HotStuff, IT-HS is optimistically responsive: with a nonfaulty leader, parties decide as quickly as the network allows them to do so, without regard for the known upper bound on network delay. Our work improves in multiple dimensions upon the information theoretic version of PBFT presented by Miguel Castro, and can be seen as an information theoretic variant of the HotStuff paradigm.
Cite as

Ittai Abraham and Gilad Stern. Information Theoretic HotStuff. In 24th International Conference on Principles of Distributed Systems (OPODIS 2020). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 184, pp. 11:1-11:16, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2021)

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@InProceedings{abraham_et_al:LIPIcs.OPODIS.2020.11,
  author =	{Abraham, Ittai and Stern, Gilad},
  title =	{{Information Theoretic HotStuff}},
  booktitle =	{24th International Conference on Principles of Distributed Systems (OPODIS 2020)},
  pages =	{11:1--11:16},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-176-4},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2021},
  volume =	{184},
  editor =	{Bramas, Quentin and Oshman, Rotem and Romano, Paolo},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.OPODIS.2020.11},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-134969},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.OPODIS.2020.11},
  annote =	{Keywords: byzantine agreement, partial synchrony, bounded space}
}
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