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Dagstuhl Reports, Volume 15, Issue 3
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Dagstuhl Reports, Volume 15
Journal: Dagstuhl Reports (DagRep)
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Dagstuhl Seminars 25101, 25102 (Perspectives Workshop), 25111, 25112, 25121, 25122 (Perspectives Workshop), 25131, 25132, 25141, 25142Publication Details
- published at: 2025-10-10
- Publisher: Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik
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Complete Issue
Dagstuhl Reports, Volume 15, Issue 3, March 2025, Complete Issue
Abstract
Dagstuhl Reports, Volume 15, Issue 3, March 2025, Complete Issue
Cite as
Dagstuhl Reports, Volume 15, Issue 3, pp. 1-226, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2025)
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@Article{DagRep.15.3,
title = {{Dagstuhl Reports, Volume 15, Issue 3, March 2025, Complete Issue}},
pages = {1--226},
journal = {Dagstuhl Reports},
ISSN = {2192-5283},
year = {2025},
volume = {15},
number = {3},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/DagRep.15.3},
URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-249026},
doi = {10.4230/DagRep.15.3},
annote = {Keywords: Dagstuhl Reports, Volume 15, Issue 3, March 2025, Complete Issue}
}
Document
Front Matter
Dagstuhl Reports, Table of Contents, Volume 15, Issue 3, 2025
Abstract
Dagstuhl Reports, Table of Contents, Volume 15, Issue 3, 2025
Cite as
Dagstuhl Reports, Volume 15, Issue 3, pp. i-ii, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2025)
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@Article{DagRep.15.3.i,
title = {{Dagstuhl Reports, Table of Contents, Volume 15, Issue 3, 2025}},
pages = {i--ii},
journal = {Dagstuhl Reports},
ISSN = {2192-5283},
year = {2025},
volume = {15},
number = {3},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/DagRep.15.3.i},
URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-235510},
doi = {10.4230/DagRep.15.3.i},
annote = {Keywords: Table of Contents, Frontmatter}
}
Document
Guardians of the Galaxy: Protecting Space Systems from Cyber Threats (Dagstuhl Seminar 25101)
Abstract
This report documents the program and outcomes of Dagstuhl Seminar 25101 "Guardians of the Galaxy: Protecting Space Systems from Cyber Threats," which brought together 40 participants from 11 countries. It explains why space cybersecurity is distinct from terrestrial contexts and distills the working-group results (attack/prepare, detect, protect, respond) into a focused research-and-action roadmap for agencies, industry, and academia.
Cite as
Ali Abbasi, Gregory J. Falco, Daniel Fischer, and Jill Slay. Guardians of the Galaxy: Protecting Space Systems from Cyber Threats (Dagstuhl Seminar 25101). In Dagstuhl Reports, Volume 15, Issue 3, pp. 1-38, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2025)
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@Article{abbasi_et_al:DagRep.15.3.1,
author = {Abbasi, Ali and Falco, Gregory J. and Fischer, Daniel and Slay, Jill},
title = {{Guardians of the Galaxy: Protecting Space Systems from Cyber Threats (Dagstuhl Seminar 25101)}},
pages = {1--38},
journal = {Dagstuhl Reports},
ISSN = {2192-5283},
year = {2025},
volume = {15},
number = {3},
editor = {Abbasi, Ali and Falco, Gregory J. and Fischer, Daniel and Slay, Jill},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/DagRep.15.3.1},
URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-235528},
doi = {10.4230/DagRep.15.3.1},
annote = {Keywords: Space Cybersecurity, Satellite Security, Cyber-Physical Systems, Network Security, Embedded Systems Security, System Security, Autonomous Systems Security, Post-Quantum Cryptography}
}
Document
The Future of Games in Society (Dagstuhl Perspectives Workshop 25102)
Abstract
The Dagstuhl Perspectives Workshop 25102: The Future of Games in Society, addressed the growing disconnect between gaming’s massive global influence - reaching over four billion players in a $230+ billion industry - and its unrealized potential for societal benefit. While digital games drive technological innovation in, for example, AI, data science, and HCI, and serve as social infrastructures and educational tools, the field faces significant challenges including exploitative monetization, health concerns, and a widening academia-industry gap, that limits research impact. This extends to public policy, where games research is not serving the public interest. This interdisciplinary workshop convened stakeholders to develop strategic directions that realign gaming’s influence with societal imperatives, and to establish a bold vision for the future role of games in society. The initiative established a number of key priorities, notably: 1) Ensuring that games promote and facilitate human flourishing; designing games that promote mental health and wellbeing and that promote inclusive online communities. 2) Realizing the potential of educational games to transform education; such as embedding evidence-based learning in education systems. 3) Building sustainable, large-scale research infrastructure, thus enabling industry-academia-policymaker collaboration. Furthermore, utilizing the scale of games for large-scale behavioural research. 4) Developing standardized evaluation frameworks. Enhancing the rigour, assessment, evidence, and knowledge generated from games research and mobilizing this to ensure the positive impact of games on society. This Dagstuhl Perspectives Workshop aimed to unify fragmented efforts into a coherent agenda so that digital games realize their potential as instruments of meaningful societal benefit in our increasingly digital world.
Cite as
Anders Drachen, Johanna Pirker, and Lannart E. Nacke. The Future of Games in Society (Dagstuhl Perspectives Workshop 25102). In Dagstuhl Reports, Volume 15, Issue 3, pp. 39-55, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2025)
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@Article{drachen_et_al:DagRep.15.3.39,
author = {Drachen, Anders and Pirker, Johanna and Nacke, Lannart E.},
title = {{The Future of Games in Society (Dagstuhl Perspectives Workshop 25102)}},
pages = {39--55},
journal = {Dagstuhl Reports},
ISSN = {2192-5283},
year = {2025},
volume = {15},
number = {3},
editor = {Drachen, Anders and Pirker, Johanna and Nacke, Lannart E.},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/DagRep.15.3.39},
URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-249011},
doi = {10.4230/DagRep.15.3.39},
annote = {Keywords: Game development, games research, artificial intelligence, HCI, player research}
}
Document
Computational Complexity of Discrete Problems (Dagstuhl Seminar 25111)
Abstract
This report documents the program and activities of Dagstuhl Seminar 25111 "Computational Complexity of Discrete Problems," which was held during March 09-14, 2025. The seminar brought together researchers working in many diverse sub-areas of computational complexity, promoting a vibrant exchange of ideas. Following a description of the seminar’s objectives and its overall organization, this report lists the different major talks given during the seminar in alphabetical order of speakers, followed by the abstracts of the talks, including the main references and relevant sources where applicable.
Cite as
Swastik Kopparty, Meena Mahajan, Rahul Santhanam, Till Tantau, and Ian Mertz. Computational Complexity of Discrete Problems (Dagstuhl Seminar 25111). In Dagstuhl Reports, Volume 15, Issue 3, pp. 56-76, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2025)
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@Article{kopparty_et_al:DagRep.15.3.56,
author = {Kopparty, Swastik and Mahajan, Meena and Santhanam, Rahul and Tantau, Till and Mertz, Ian},
title = {{Computational Complexity of Discrete Problems (Dagstuhl Seminar 25111)}},
pages = {56--76},
journal = {Dagstuhl Reports},
ISSN = {2192-5283},
year = {2025},
volume = {15},
number = {3},
editor = {Kopparty, Swastik and Mahajan, Meena and Santhanam, Rahul and Tantau, Till and Mertz, Ian},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/DagRep.15.3.56},
URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-249007},
doi = {10.4230/DagRep.15.3.56},
annote = {Keywords: circuit complexity, communication complexity, computational complexity, lower bounds, randomness}
}
Document
PETs and AI: Privacy Washing and the Need for a PETs Evaluation Framework (Dagstuhl Seminar 25112)
Abstract
As public awareness of data collection practices and regulatory frameworks grows, privacy-enhancing technologies (PETs) have emerged as a promising approach to reconciling data utility with individual privacy rights. PETs underpin privacy-preserving machine learning (PPML), integrating tools like differential privacy, homomorphic encryption, and secure multiparty computation to safeguard data throughout the AI lifecycle. However, despite significant technical progress, PETs face critical policy and governance challenges. Recent works have raised concerns about efficacy and deployment of PETs, observing that fundamental rights of people are continually being harmed, including, paradoxically, privacy. PETs have been used in surveillance applications and as a privacy washing tool. Current approaches often fail to address broader harms beyond data protection, highlighting the need for a more comprehensive privacy evaluation framework. This Dagstuhl Seminar brought together scholars in computer science and law, along with policymakers, regulators, and industry leaders, to discuss privacy washing and the challenges of detecting privacy washing through PETs and explored pathways toward a framework to address these challenges.
Cite as
Emiliano De Cristofaro, Kris Shrishak, Thorsten Strufe, Carmela Troncoso, and Felix Morsbach. PETs and AI: Privacy Washing and the Need for a PETs Evaluation Framework (Dagstuhl Seminar 25112). In Dagstuhl Reports, Volume 15, Issue 3, pp. 77-93, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2025)
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@Article{decristofaro_et_al:DagRep.15.3.77,
author = {De Cristofaro, Emiliano and Shrishak, Kris and Strufe, Thorsten and Troncoso, Carmela and Morsbach, Felix},
title = {{PETs and AI: Privacy Washing and the Need for a PETs Evaluation Framework (Dagstuhl Seminar 25112)}},
pages = {77--93},
journal = {Dagstuhl Reports},
ISSN = {2192-5283},
year = {2025},
volume = {15},
number = {3},
editor = {De Cristofaro, Emiliano and Shrishak, Kris and Strufe, Thorsten and Troncoso, Carmela and Morsbach, Felix},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/DagRep.15.3.77},
URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-248999},
doi = {10.4230/DagRep.15.3.77},
annote = {Keywords: Privacy Enhancing Technologies (PET), Privacy Evaluation, Privacy Harm, Privacy Threats, Privacy Washing}
}
Document
Scheduling (Dagstuhl Seminar 25121)
Abstract
This report documents the program and outcomes of Dagstuhl Seminar 25121, "Scheduling". The seminar focused on bridging traditional algorithmic scheduling with the emerging field of fairness in resource allocation. Scheduling is a longstanding research area that has been studied from both practical and theoretical perspectives in computer science, mathematical optimization, and operations research for over 70 years. Fairness has become a key concern in recent years, particularly in the context of resource allocation and scheduling, where it naturally arises in applications such as kidney exchange, school choice, and political districting. The seminar centered on three main themes: (1) fair allocation, (2) fairness versus quality of service, and (3) modeling aspects of fairness in scheduling.
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Claire Mathieu, Nicole Megow, Benjamin J. Moseley, Frits C. R. Spieksma, and Alexander Lindermayr. Scheduling (Dagstuhl Seminar 25121). In Dagstuhl Reports, Volume 15, Issue 3, pp. 94-112, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2025)
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@Article{mathieu_et_al:DagRep.15.3.94,
author = {Mathieu, Claire and Megow, Nicole and Moseley, Benjamin J. and Spieksma, Frits C. R. and Lindermayr, Alexander},
title = {{Scheduling (Dagstuhl Seminar 25121)}},
pages = {94--112},
journal = {Dagstuhl Reports},
ISSN = {2192-5283},
year = {2025},
volume = {15},
number = {3},
editor = {Mathieu, Claire and Megow, Nicole and Moseley, Benjamin J. and Spieksma, Frits C. R. and Lindermayr, Alexander},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/DagRep.15.3.94},
URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-248981},
doi = {10.4230/DagRep.15.3.94},
annote = {Keywords: scheduling, fairness, mathematical optimization, algorithms and complexity, uncertainty}
}
Document
Climate Change: What is Computing’s Responsibility? (Dagstuhl Perspectives Workshop 25122)
Abstract
This report documents the program and the outcomes of Dagstuhl Perspectives Workshop 25122 "Climate Change: What is Computing’s Responsibility?" The workshop brought together global experts from computing, environmental science, and policy to explore the detrimental impacts of computing technologies on the environment, particularly with respect to climate change. These harms were considered alongside possibilities for computing technologies to facilitate climate mitigation and adaptation, as well as on balance with the social benefits delivered by computing technologies. Key topics of discussion included the role of computing in enabling a safe and just transition to a sustainable society, methodological challenges in estimating environmental impacts (beneficial and detrimental; direct and indirect), and matters of accountability and governance. Through discussions, participants converged on a vision for a paradigm shift that would align computing with climate goals, and detailed fundamental premises and commitments by computing professionals within this new paradigm.
Cite as
Vicki Hanson and Bran Knowles. Climate Change: What is Computing’s Responsibility? (Dagstuhl Perspectives Workshop 25122). In Dagstuhl Reports, Volume 15, Issue 3, pp. 113-124, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2025)
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@Article{hanson_et_al:DagRep.15.3.113,
author = {Hanson, Vicki and Knowles, Bran},
title = {{Climate Change: What is Computing’s Responsibility? (Dagstuhl Perspectives Workshop 25122)}},
pages = {113--124},
journal = {Dagstuhl Reports},
ISSN = {2192-5283},
year = {2025},
volume = {15},
number = {3},
editor = {Hanson, Vicki and Knowles, Bran},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/DagRep.15.3.113},
URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-248975},
doi = {10.4230/DagRep.15.3.113},
annote = {Keywords: sustainability, climate change, efficiency, supply chain management, climate modelling}
}
Document
Weihrauch Complexity: Structuring the Realm of Non-Computability (Dagstuhl Seminar 25131)
Abstract
This report documents the program and the outcomes of Dagstuhl Seminar 25131 "Weihrauch Complexity: Structuring the Realm of Non-Computability". It includes an abstract of every talk given during the seminar, as well as summaries of all presentations from the sessions on open problems and new research directions. At the end is the latest version of a bibliography on Weihrauch complexity which was originally started a decade ago at the first Dagstuhl Seminar on the topic (https://doi.org/10.4230/DagRep.5.9.77).
Cite as
Vasco Brattka, Alberto Marcone, Arno Pauly, Linda Westrick, and Kenneth Gill. Weihrauch Complexity: Structuring the Realm of Non-Computability (Dagstuhl Seminar 25131). In Dagstuhl Reports, Volume 15, Issue 3, pp. 125-158, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2025)
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@Article{brattka_et_al:DagRep.15.3.125,
author = {Brattka, Vasco and Marcone, Alberto and Pauly, Arno and Westrick, Linda and Gill, Kenneth},
title = {{Weihrauch Complexity: Structuring the Realm of Non-Computability (Dagstuhl Seminar 25131)}},
pages = {125--158},
journal = {Dagstuhl Reports},
ISSN = {2192-5283},
year = {2025},
volume = {15},
number = {3},
editor = {Brattka, Vasco and Marcone, Alberto and Pauly, Arno and Westrick, Linda and Gill, Kenneth},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/DagRep.15.3.125},
URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-248965},
doi = {10.4230/DagRep.15.3.125},
annote = {Keywords: combinatorial problems, computability and complexity, computable analysis, reverse and constructive mathematics, Weihrauch reducibility and related reducibilities}
}
Document
Approximation Algorithms for Stochastic Optimization (Dagstuhl Seminar 25132)
Abstract
This report documents the program and the outcomes of Dagstuhl Seminar 25132 "Approximation Algorithms for Stochastic Optimization". In this seminar, we gathered researchers from different areas interested in combinatorial optimization problems in which there is some stochasticity in the input. The focus was on approximation algorithms for computing adaptive or non-adaptive strategies to interact with this stochastic uncertainty as well as structural measures such as the adaptivity gap.
Cite as
Lisa Hellerstein, Viswanath Nagarajan, and Kevin Schewior. Approximation Algorithms for Stochastic Optimization (Dagstuhl Seminar 25132). In Dagstuhl Reports, Volume 15, Issue 3, pp. 159-176, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2025)
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@Article{hellerstein_et_al:DagRep.15.3.159,
author = {Hellerstein, Lisa and Nagarajan, Viswanath and Schewior, Kevin},
title = {{Approximation Algorithms for Stochastic Optimization (Dagstuhl Seminar 25132)}},
pages = {159--176},
journal = {Dagstuhl Reports},
ISSN = {2192-5283},
year = {2025},
volume = {15},
number = {3},
editor = {Hellerstein, Lisa and Nagarajan, Viswanath and Schewior, Kevin},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/DagRep.15.3.159},
URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-248959},
doi = {10.4230/DagRep.15.3.159},
annote = {Keywords: adaptivity, approximation algorithms, combinatorial optimization, stochastic optimization}
}
Document
Categories for Automata and Language Theory (Dagstuhl Seminar 25141)
Abstract
Categorical methods have a long history in automata and language theory, but a coherent theory has started to emerge only in recent years. The abstract viewpoint of category theory can provide a unifying perspective on various forms of automata; it can make it easier to bootstrap a theory in a new setting; and it provides conceptual clarity regarding which aspects and properties are fundamental and which are only coincidental.
Due to being in its early stages, the field is currently still divided into several different communities with little connections between them. One of the central aims of the Dagstuhl Seminar "Categories for Automata and Language Theory" (25141) was to enhance communication between automata theory and category theory communities. To this end, the seminar brought together researchers from both areas and included introductory tutorials designed to provide common ground and help participants better understand each other’s approach and terminology.
The following key topics were explored during the seminar:
- Categorical unification of language theory, either via the theory of monads, or via the category of MSO-transductions and their composition;
- Coalgebraic methods and their applications to automata theory, to infinite trace semantics and connection to bisimulation-invariant fragments of logics;
- Functorial automata and generic algorithms therein;
- Fibrational and monoidal perspectives on language theory;
- Higher-order automata and profinite lambda-calculus.
Cite as
Achim Blumensath, Mikołaj Bojańczyk, Bartek Klin, and Daniela Petrişan. Categories for Automata and Language Theory (Dagstuhl Seminar 25141). In Dagstuhl Reports, Volume 15, Issue 3, pp. 177-200, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2025)
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@Article{blumensath_et_al:DagRep.15.3.177,
author = {Blumensath, Achim and Boja\'{n}czyk, Miko{\l}aj and Klin, Bartek and Petri\c{s}an, Daniela},
title = {{Categories for Automata and Language Theory (Dagstuhl Seminar 25141)}},
pages = {177--200},
journal = {Dagstuhl Reports},
ISSN = {2192-5283},
year = {2025},
volume = {15},
number = {3},
editor = {Blumensath, Achim and Boja\'{n}czyk, Miko{\l}aj and Klin, Bartek and Petri\c{s}an, Daniela},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/DagRep.15.3.177},
URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-248949},
doi = {10.4230/DagRep.15.3.177},
annote = {Keywords: categorical automata theory, automata theory, category theory, monads}
}
Document
Explainability in Focus: Advancing Evaluation through Reusable Experiment Design (Dagstuhl Seminar 25142)
Abstract
This report summarizes the outcomes of Dagstuhl Seminar 25142, which convened leading researchers and practitioners to address the pressing challenges in evaluating explainable artificial intelligence (XAI). The seminar focused on developing reusable experimental designs and robust evaluation frameworks that balance technical rigor with human-centered considerations. Key themes included the need for standardized metrics, the contextual relevance of evaluation criteria, and the integration of human understanding, trust, and reliance into assessment methodologies. Through a series of talks, collaborative discussions, and case studies across domains such as healthcare, hiring, and decision support, the seminar identified critical gaps in current XAI evaluation practices and proposed actionable strategies to bridge them. The report presents a refined taxonomy of evaluation criteria, practical guidance for experimental design, and a roadmap for future interdisciplinary collaboration in responsible and transparent AI development.
Cite as
Simone Stumpf, Stefano Teso, and Elizabeth M. Daly. Explainability in Focus: Advancing Evaluation through Reusable Experiment Design (Dagstuhl Seminar 25142). In Dagstuhl Reports, Volume 15, Issue 3, pp. 201-224, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2025)
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@Article{stumpf_et_al:DagRep.15.3.201,
author = {Stumpf, Simone and Teso, Stefano and Daly, Elizabeth M.},
title = {{Explainability in Focus: Advancing Evaluation through Reusable Experiment Design (Dagstuhl Seminar 25142)}},
pages = {201--224},
journal = {Dagstuhl Reports},
ISSN = {2192-5283},
year = {2025},
volume = {15},
number = {3},
editor = {Stumpf, Simone and Teso, Stefano and Daly, Elizabeth M.},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/DagRep.15.3.201},
URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-248935},
doi = {10.4230/DagRep.15.3.201},
annote = {Keywords: Explainability, Mental Models, interactive machine learning, Experiment Design, Human-centered AI Dagstuhl Seminar}
}