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DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.FSCD.2026.17

A Bounded Parallel Intersection Type System

Authors: Andrej Dudenhefner, Aleksy Schubert, and Jakob Rehof

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 378, 11th International Conference on Formal Structures for Computation and Deduction (FSCD 2026)

Abstract

We introduce a new presentation of the intersection type discipline in which typing judgments derive vectors of types rather than single types. The system uses binary relations to control the flow of information between coordinates of these vectors. We refer to this presentation as system R. The maximal length of type vectors assigned to variables serves as a reasonable notion of dimension for system R, which allows for a natural stratification into fragments of bounded dimension. The present system lies strictly between two known bounded-dimensional systems: the multiset-dimensional system, for which inhabitation is EXPSPACE-complete, and the set-dimensional system, for which inhabitation is undecidable. Our main result is that inhabitation in bounded system R is decidable in 2-EXPTIME, while for each fixed dimension, inhabitation is decidable in EXPTIME. This result is based on a subformula property restricting the inhabitant search space. Unlike in traditional intersection type systems, the proof of the subformula property requires careful treatment of the additional information flow management capabilities. Finally, we argue that system R and its stratification is a valid presentation of the intersection type discipline. First, by proving the subject reduction property for system R in each bounded dimension, and second, by establishing a correspondence with the classical intersection type system of Barendregt, Coppo, and Dezani-Ciancaglini.

Cite as

Andrej Dudenhefner, Aleksy Schubert, and Jakob Rehof. A Bounded Parallel Intersection Type System. In 11th International Conference on Formal Structures for Computation and Deduction (FSCD 2026). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 378, pp. 17:1-17:17, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2026)

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@InProceedings{dudenhefner_et_al:LIPIcs.FSCD.2026.17,
  author =	{Dudenhefner, Andrej and Schubert, Aleksy and Rehof, Jakob},
  title =	{{A Bounded Parallel Intersection Type System}},
  booktitle =	{11th International Conference on Formal Structures for Computation and Deduction (FSCD 2026)},
  pages =	{17:1--17:17},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-433-8},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2026},
  volume =	{378},
  editor =	{Pfenning, Frank},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.FSCD.2026.17},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-263679},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.FSCD.2026.17},
  annote =	{Keywords: type system, lambda-calculus, intersection types, inhabitation, complexity}
}

Document

DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ITP.2025.10

An Isabelle/HOL Formalization of Semi-Thue and Conditional Semi-Thue Systems

Authors: Dohan Kim

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 352, 16th International Conference on Interactive Theorem Proving (ITP 2025)

Abstract

We present a formalized framework for semi-Thue and conditional semi-Thue systems for studying monoids and their word problem using the Isabelle/HOL proof assistant. We provide a formalized decision procedure for the word problem of monoids if they are finitely presented by complete semi-Thue systems. In particular, we present a new formalized method for checking confluence using (conditional) critical pairs for certain conditional semi-Thue systems. We propose and formalize an inference system for generating conditional equational theories and Thue congruences using conditional semi-Thue systems. Then we provide a new formalized decision procedure for the word problem of monoids which have finite complete (reductive) conditional presentations.

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Dohan Kim. An Isabelle/HOL Formalization of Semi-Thue and Conditional Semi-Thue Systems. In 16th International Conference on Interactive Theorem Proving (ITP 2025). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 352, pp. 10:1-10:20, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2025)

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@InProceedings{kim:LIPIcs.ITP.2025.10,
  author =	{Kim, Dohan},
  title =	{{An Isabelle/HOL Formalization of Semi-Thue and Conditional Semi-Thue Systems}},
  booktitle =	{16th International Conference on Interactive Theorem Proving (ITP 2025)},
  pages =	{10:1--10:20},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-396-6},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2025},
  volume =	{352},
  editor =	{Forster, Yannick and Keller, Chantal},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ITP.2025.10},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-246081},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ITP.2025.10},
  annote =	{Keywords: semi-Thue systems, conditional semi-Thue systems, conditional string rewriting, monoids, word problem}
}

Document

DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.FSCD.2025.17

Mechanized Undecidability of Higher-Order Beta-Matching

Authors: Andrej Dudenhefner

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 337, 10th International Conference on Formal Structures for Computation and Deduction (FSCD 2025)

Abstract

Higher-order β-matching is the following decision problem: given two simply typed λ-terms, can the first term be instantiated to be β-equivalent to the second term? This problem was formulated by Huet in the 1970s and shown undecidable by Loader in 2003 by reduction from λ-definability. The present work provides a novel undecidability proof for higher-order β-matching, in an effort to verify this result by means of a proof assistant. Rather than starting from λ-definability, the presented proof encodes a restricted form of string rewriting as higher-order β-matching. The particular approach is similar to Urzyczyn’s undecidability result for intersection type inhabitation. The presented approach has several advantages. First, the proof is simpler to verify in full detail due to the simple form of rewriting systems, which serve as a starting point. Second, undecidability of the considered problem in string rewriting is already certified using the Coq proof assistant. As a consequence, we obtain a certified many-one reduction from the Halting Problem to higher-order β-matching. Third, the presented approach identifies a uniform construction which shows undecidability of higher-order β-matching, λ-definability, and intersection type inhabitation. The presented undecidability proof is mechanized in the Coq proof assistant and contributed to the existing Coq Library of Undecidability Proofs.

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Andrej Dudenhefner. Mechanized Undecidability of Higher-Order Beta-Matching. In 10th International Conference on Formal Structures for Computation and Deduction (FSCD 2025). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 337, pp. 17:1-17:15, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2025)

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@InProceedings{dudenhefner:LIPIcs.FSCD.2025.17,
  author =	{Dudenhefner, Andrej},
  title =	{{Mechanized Undecidability of Higher-Order Beta-Matching}},
  booktitle =	{10th International Conference on Formal Structures for Computation and Deduction (FSCD 2025)},
  pages =	{17:1--17:15},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-374-4},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2025},
  volume =	{337},
  editor =	{Fern\'{a}ndez, Maribel},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.FSCD.2025.17},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-236323},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.FSCD.2025.17},
  annote =	{Keywords: lambda-calculus, simple types, undecidability, higher-order matching, mechanization, Coq}
}

Document

DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.CSL.2025.40

Completeness of First-Order Bi-Intuitionistic Logic

Authors: Dominik Kirst and Ian Shillito

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 326, 33rd EACSL Annual Conference on Computer Science Logic (CSL 2025)

Abstract

We provide a succinct and verified completeness proof for first-order bi-intuitionistic logic, relative to constant domain Kripke semantics. By doing so, we make up for the almost-50-year-old substantial mistakes in Rauszer’s foundational work, detected but unresolved by Shillito two years ago. Moreover, an even earlier but historically neglected proof by Klemke has been found to contain at least local errors by Olkhovikov and Badia, that remained unfixed due to the technical complexity of Klemke’s argument. To resolve this unclear situation once and for all, we give a succinct completeness proof, based on and dualising a standard proof for constant domain intuitionistic logic, and verify our constructions using the Coq proof assistant to guarantee correctness.

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Dominik Kirst and Ian Shillito. Completeness of First-Order Bi-Intuitionistic Logic. In 33rd EACSL Annual Conference on Computer Science Logic (CSL 2025). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 326, pp. 40:1-40:19, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2025)

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@InProceedings{kirst_et_al:LIPIcs.CSL.2025.40,
  author =	{Kirst, Dominik and Shillito, Ian},
  title =	{{Completeness of First-Order Bi-Intuitionistic Logic}},
  booktitle =	{33rd EACSL Annual Conference on Computer Science Logic (CSL 2025)},
  pages =	{40:1--40:19},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-362-1},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2025},
  volume =	{326},
  editor =	{Endrullis, J\"{o}rg and Schmitz, Sylvain},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.CSL.2025.40},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-227979},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.CSL.2025.40},
  annote =	{Keywords: bi-intuitionistic logic, first-order logic, completeness, Coq proof assistant}
}

Document

DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.TYPES.2023.2

Finite Combinatory Logic with Predicates

Authors: Andrej Dudenhefner, Christoph Stahl, Constantin Chaumet, Felix Laarmann, and Jakob Rehof

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 303, 29th International Conference on Types for Proofs and Programs (TYPES 2023)

Abstract

Type inhabitation in extensions of Finite Combinatory Logic (FCL) is the mechanism underlying various component-oriented synthesis frameworks. In FCL inhabitant sets correspond to regular tree languages and vice versa. Therefore, it is not possible to specify non-regular properties of inhabitants, such as (dis)equality of subterms. Additionally, the monomorphic nature of FCL oftentimes hinders concise specification of components. We propose a conservative extension to FCL by quantifiers and predicates, introducing a restricted form of polymorphism. In the proposed type system (FCLP) inhabitant sets correspond to decidable term languages and vice versa. As a consequence, type inhabitation in FCLP is undecidable. Based on results in tree automata theory, we identify a fragment of FCLP with the following two properties. First, the fragment enjoys decidable type inhabitation. Second, it allows for specification of local (dis)equality constraints for subterms of inhabitants. For empirical evaluation, we implement a semi-decision procedure for type inhabitation in FCLP. We compare specification capabilities, scalability, and performance of the implementation to existing FCL-based approaches. Finally, we evaluate practical applicability via a case study, synthesizing mechanically sound robotic arms.

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Andrej Dudenhefner, Christoph Stahl, Constantin Chaumet, Felix Laarmann, and Jakob Rehof. Finite Combinatory Logic with Predicates. In 29th International Conference on Types for Proofs and Programs (TYPES 2023). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 303, pp. 2:1-2:22, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2024)

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@InProceedings{dudenhefner_et_al:LIPIcs.TYPES.2023.2,
  author =	{Dudenhefner, Andrej and Stahl, Christoph and Chaumet, Constantin and Laarmann, Felix and Rehof, Jakob},
  title =	{{Finite Combinatory Logic with Predicates}},
  booktitle =	{29th International Conference on Types for Proofs and Programs (TYPES 2023)},
  pages =	{2:1--2:22},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-332-4},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2024},
  volume =	{303},
  editor =	{Kesner, Delia and Reyes, Eduardo Hermo and van den Berg, Benno},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.TYPES.2023.2},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-204808},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.TYPES.2023.2},
  annote =	{Keywords: combinatory logic, inhabitation, intersection types, program synthesis}
}

Document

DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.FSCD.2024.8

Mechanized Subject Expansion in Uniform Intersection Types for Perpetual Reductions

Authors: Andrej Dudenhefner and Daniele Pautasso

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 299, 9th International Conference on Formal Structures for Computation and Deduction (FSCD 2024)

Abstract

We provide a new, purely syntactical proof of strong normalization for the simply typed λ-calculus. The result relies on a novel proof of the equivalence between typability in the simple type system and typability in the uniform intersection type system (a restriction of the non-idempotent intersection type system). For formal verification, the equivalence is mechanized using the Coq proof assistant. In the present work, strong normalization of a given simply typed term M is shown in four steps. First, M is reduced to a normal form N via a suitable reduction strategy with a decreasing measure. Second, a uniform intersection type for the normal form N is inferred. Third, a uniform intersection type for M is constructed iteratively via subject expansion. Fourth, strong normalization of M is shown by induction on the size of the type derivation. A supplementary contribution is a family of perpetual reduction strategies, i.e. strategies which preserve infinite reduction paths. This family allows for subject expansion in the intersection type systems of interest, and contains a reduction strategy with a decreasing measure in the simple type system. A notable member of this family is Barendregt’s F_∞ reduction strategy.

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Andrej Dudenhefner and Daniele Pautasso. Mechanized Subject Expansion in Uniform Intersection Types for Perpetual Reductions. In 9th International Conference on Formal Structures for Computation and Deduction (FSCD 2024). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 299, pp. 8:1-8:20, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2024)

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@InProceedings{dudenhefner_et_al:LIPIcs.FSCD.2024.8,
  author =	{Dudenhefner, Andrej and Pautasso, Daniele},
  title =	{{Mechanized Subject Expansion in Uniform Intersection Types for Perpetual Reductions}},
  booktitle =	{9th International Conference on Formal Structures for Computation and Deduction (FSCD 2024)},
  pages =	{8:1--8:20},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-323-2},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2024},
  volume =	{299},
  editor =	{Rehof, Jakob},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.FSCD.2024.8},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-203371},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.FSCD.2024.8},
  annote =	{Keywords: lambda-calculus, simple types, intersection types, strong normalization, mechanization, perpetual reductions}
}

Document

DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.CSL.2023.21

Constructive and Synthetic Reducibility Degrees: Post’s Problem for Many-One and Truth-Table Reducibility in Coq

Authors: Yannick Forster and Felix Jahn

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 252, 31st EACSL Annual Conference on Computer Science Logic (CSL 2023)

Abstract

We present a constructive analysis and machine-checked theory of one-one, many-one, and truth-table reductions based on synthetic computability theory in the Calculus of Inductive Constructions, the type theory underlying the proof assistant Coq. We give elegant, synthetic, and machine-checked proofs of Post’s landmark results that a simple predicate exists, is enumerable, undecidable, but many-one incomplete (Post’s problem for many-one reducibility), and a hypersimple predicate exists, is enumerable, undecidable, but truth-table incomplete (Post’s problem for truth-table reducibility). In synthetic computability, one assumes axioms allowing to carry out computability theory with all definitions and proofs purely in terms of functions of the type theory with no mention of a model of computation. Proofs can focus on the essence of the argument, without having to sacrifice formality. Synthetic computability also clears the lense for constructivisation. Our constructively careful definition of simple and hypersimple predicates allows us to not assume classical axioms, not even Markov’s principle, still yielding the expected strong results.

Cite as

Yannick Forster and Felix Jahn. Constructive and Synthetic Reducibility Degrees: Post’s Problem for Many-One and Truth-Table Reducibility in Coq. In 31st EACSL Annual Conference on Computer Science Logic (CSL 2023). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 252, pp. 21:1-21:21, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2023)

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@InProceedings{forster_et_al:LIPIcs.CSL.2023.21,
  author =	{Forster, Yannick and Jahn, Felix},
  title =	{{Constructive and Synthetic Reducibility Degrees: Post’s Problem for Many-One and Truth-Table Reducibility in Coq}},
  booktitle =	{31st EACSL Annual Conference on Computer Science Logic (CSL 2023)},
  pages =	{21:1--21:21},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-264-8},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2023},
  volume =	{252},
  editor =	{Klin, Bartek and Pimentel, Elaine},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.CSL.2023.21},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-174820},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.CSL.2023.21},
  annote =	{Keywords: type theory, computability theory, constructive mathematics, Coq}
}

Document

DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ITP.2022.19

Undecidability of Dyadic First-Order Logic in Coq

Authors: Johannes Hostert, Andrej Dudenhefner, and Dominik Kirst

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 237, 13th International Conference on Interactive Theorem Proving (ITP 2022)

Abstract

We develop and mechanize compact proofs of the undecidability of various problems for dyadic first-order logic over a small logical fragment. In this fragment, formulas are restricted to only a single binary relation, and a minimal set of logical connectives. We show that validity, satisfiability, and provability, along with finite satisfiability and finite validity are undecidable, by directly reducing from a suitable binary variant of Diophantine constraints satisfiability. Our results improve upon existing work in two ways: First, the reductions are direct and significantly more compact than existing ones. Secondly, the undecidability of the small logic fragment of dyadic first-order logic was not mechanized before. We contribute our mechanization to the Coq Library of Undecidability Proofs, utilizing its synthetic approach to computability theory.

Cite as

Johannes Hostert, Andrej Dudenhefner, and Dominik Kirst. Undecidability of Dyadic First-Order Logic in Coq. In 13th International Conference on Interactive Theorem Proving (ITP 2022). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 237, pp. 19:1-19:19, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2022)

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@InProceedings{hostert_et_al:LIPIcs.ITP.2022.19,
  author =	{Hostert, Johannes and Dudenhefner, Andrej and Kirst, Dominik},
  title =	{{Undecidability of Dyadic First-Order Logic in Coq}},
  booktitle =	{13th International Conference on Interactive Theorem Proving (ITP 2022)},
  pages =	{19:1--19:19},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-252-5},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2022},
  volume =	{237},
  editor =	{Andronick, June and de Moura, Leonardo},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ITP.2022.19},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-167280},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ITP.2022.19},
  annote =	{Keywords: undecidability, synthetic computability, first-order logic, Coq}
}

Document

DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.FSCD.2022.16

Certified Decision Procedures for Two-Counter Machines

Authors: Andrej Dudenhefner

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 228, 7th International Conference on Formal Structures for Computation and Deduction (FSCD 2022)

Abstract

Two-counter machines, pioneered by Minsky in the 1960s, constitute a particularly simple, universal model of computation. Universality of reversible two-counter machines (having a right-unique step relation) has been shown by Morita in the 1990s. Therefore, the halting problem for reversible two-counter machines is undecidable. Surprisingly, this statement is specific to certain instruction sets of the underlying machine model. In the present work we consider two-counter machines (CM2) with instructions inc_c (increment counter c, go to next instruction), dec_c q (if counter c is zero, then go to next instruction, otherwise decrement counter c and go to instruction q). While the halting problem for CM2 is undecidable, we give a decision procedure for the halting problem for reversible CM2, contrasting Morita’s result. We supplement our result with decision procedures for uniform boundedness (is there a uniform bound on the number of reachable configurations?) and uniform mortality (is there a uniform bound on the number of steps in any run?) for CM2. Termination and correctness of each presented decision procedure is certified using the Coq proof assistant. In fact, both the implementation and certification is carried out simultaneously using the tactic language of the Coq proof assistant. Building upon existing infrastructure, the mechanized decision procedures are contributed to the Coq library of undecidability proofs.

Cite as

Andrej Dudenhefner. Certified Decision Procedures for Two-Counter Machines. In 7th International Conference on Formal Structures for Computation and Deduction (FSCD 2022). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 228, pp. 16:1-16:18, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2022)

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@InProceedings{dudenhefner:LIPIcs.FSCD.2022.16,
  author =	{Dudenhefner, Andrej},
  title =	{{Certified Decision Procedures for Two-Counter Machines}},
  booktitle =	{7th International Conference on Formal Structures for Computation and Deduction (FSCD 2022)},
  pages =	{16:1--16:18},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-233-4},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2022},
  volume =	{228},
  editor =	{Felty, Amy P.},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.FSCD.2022.16},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-162978},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.FSCD.2022.16},
  annote =	{Keywords: constructive mathematics, computability theory, decidability, counter automata, mechanization, Coq}
}

Document

DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.CSL.2022.18

Constructive Many-One Reduction from the Halting Problem to Semi-Unification

Authors: Andrej Dudenhefner

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 216, 30th EACSL Annual Conference on Computer Science Logic (CSL 2022)

Abstract

The undecidability of semi-unification (unification combined with matching) has been proven by Kfoury, Tiuryn, and Urzyczyn in the 1990s. The original argument is by Turing reduction from Turing machine immortality (existence of a diverging configuration). There are several aspects of the existing work which can be improved upon. First, many-one completeness of semi-unification is not established due to the use of Turing reductions. Second, existing mechanizations do not cover a comprehensive reduction from Turing machine halting to semi-unification. Third, reliance on principles such as König’s lemma or the fan theorem does not support constructivity of the arguments. Improving upon the above aspects, the present work gives a constructive many-one reduction from the Turing machine halting problem to semi-unification. This establishes many-one completeness of semi-unification. Computability of the reduction function, constructivity of the argument, and correctness of the argument is witnessed by an axiom-free mechanization in the Coq proof assistant. The mechanization is incorporated into the existing Coq library of undecidability proofs. Notably, the mechanization relies on a technique invented by Hooper in the 1960s for Turing machine immortality. An immediate consequence of the present work is an alternative approach to the constructive many-one equivalence of System F typability and System F type checking, compared to the argument established in the 1990s by Wells.

Cite as

Andrej Dudenhefner. Constructive Many-One Reduction from the Halting Problem to Semi-Unification. In 30th EACSL Annual Conference on Computer Science Logic (CSL 2022). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 216, pp. 18:1-18:19, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2022)

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@InProceedings{dudenhefner:LIPIcs.CSL.2022.18,
  author =	{Dudenhefner, Andrej},
  title =	{{Constructive Many-One Reduction from the Halting Problem to Semi-Unification}},
  booktitle =	{30th EACSL Annual Conference on Computer Science Logic (CSL 2022)},
  pages =	{18:1--18:19},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-218-1},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2022},
  volume =	{216},
  editor =	{Manea, Florin and Simpson, Alex},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.CSL.2022.18},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-157380},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.CSL.2022.18},
  annote =	{Keywords: constructive mathematics, undecidability, mechanization, semi-unification}
}

Document

DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ITP.2021.23

Synthetic Undecidability and Incompleteness of First-Order Axiom Systems in Coq

Authors: Dominik Kirst and Marc Hermes

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 193, 12th International Conference on Interactive Theorem Proving (ITP 2021)

Abstract

We mechanise the undecidability of various first-order axiom systems in Coq, employing the synthetic approach to computability underlying the growing Coq Library of Undecidability Proofs. Concretely, we cover both semantic and deductive entailment in fragments of Peano arithmetic (PA) and Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory (ZF), with their undecidability established by many-one reductions from solvability of Diophantine equations, i.e. Hilbert’s tenth problem (H10), and the Post correspondence problem (PCP), respectively. In the synthetic setting based on the computability of all functions definable in a constructive foundation, such as Coq’s type theory, it suffices to define these reductions as meta-level functions with no need for further encoding in a formalised model of computation. The concrete cases of PA and ZF are prepared by a general synthetic theory of undecidable axiomatisations, focusing on well-known connections to consistency and incompleteness. Specifically, our reductions rely on the existence of standard models, necessitating additional assumptions in the case of full ZF, and all axiomatic extensions still justified by such standard models are shown incomplete. As a by-product of the undecidability of ZF formulated using only membership and no equality symbol, we obtain the undecidability of first-order logic with a single binary relation.

Cite as

Dominik Kirst and Marc Hermes. Synthetic Undecidability and Incompleteness of First-Order Axiom Systems in Coq. In 12th International Conference on Interactive Theorem Proving (ITP 2021). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 193, pp. 23:1-23:20, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2021)

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@InProceedings{kirst_et_al:LIPIcs.ITP.2021.23,
  author =	{Kirst, Dominik and Hermes, Marc},
  title =	{{Synthetic Undecidability and Incompleteness of First-Order Axiom Systems in Coq}},
  booktitle =	{12th International Conference on Interactive Theorem Proving (ITP 2021)},
  pages =	{23:1--23:20},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-188-7},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2021},
  volume =	{193},
  editor =	{Cohen, Liron and Kaliszyk, Cezary},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ITP.2021.23},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-139188},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ITP.2021.23},
  annote =	{Keywords: undecidability, synthetic computability, first-order logic, incompleteness, Peano arithmetic, ZF set theory, constructive type theory, Coq}
}

Document

DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.CSL.2021.21

Church’s Thesis and Related Axioms in Coq’s Type Theory

Authors: Yannick Forster

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 183, 29th EACSL Annual Conference on Computer Science Logic (CSL 2021)

Abstract

"Church’s thesis" (CT) as an axiom in constructive logic states that every total function of type ℕ → ℕ is computable, i.e. definable in a model of computation. CT is inconsistent both in classical mathematics and in Brouwer’s intuitionism since it contradicts weak Kőnig’s lemma and the fan theorem, respectively. Recently, CT was proved consistent for (univalent) constructive type theory. Since neither weak Kőnig’s lemma nor the fan theorem is a consequence of just logical axioms or just choice-like axioms assumed in constructive logic, it seems likely that CT is inconsistent only with a combination of classical logic and choice axioms. We study consequences of CT and its relation to several classes of axioms in Coq’s type theory, a constructive type theory with a universe of propositions which proves neither classical logical axioms nor strong choice axioms. We thereby provide a partial answer to the question as to which axioms may preserve computational intuitions inherent to type theory, and which certainly do not. The paper can also be read as a broad survey of axioms in type theory, with all results mechanised in the Coq proof assistant.

Cite as

Yannick Forster. Church’s Thesis and Related Axioms in Coq’s Type Theory. In 29th EACSL Annual Conference on Computer Science Logic (CSL 2021). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 183, pp. 21:1-21:19, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2021)

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@InProceedings{forster:LIPIcs.CSL.2021.21,
  author =	{Forster, Yannick},
  title =	{{Church’s Thesis and Related Axioms in Coq’s Type Theory}},
  booktitle =	{29th EACSL Annual Conference on Computer Science Logic (CSL 2021)},
  pages =	{21:1--21:19},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-175-7},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2021},
  volume =	{183},
  editor =	{Baier, Christel and Goubault-Larrecq, Jean},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.CSL.2021.21},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-134552},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.CSL.2021.21},
  annote =	{Keywords: Church’s thesis, constructive type theory, constructive reverse mathematics, synthetic computability theory, Coq}
}

Document

DOI: 10.4230/OASIcs.Gabbrielli.3

Deconfined Intersection Types in Java

Authors: Mariangiola Dezani-Ciancaglini, Paola Giannini, and Betti Venneri

Published in: OASIcs, Volume 86, Recent Developments in the Design and Implementation of Programming Languages (2020)

Abstract

We show how Java intersection types can be freed from their confinement in type casts, in such a way that the proposed Java extension is safe and fully compatible with the current language. To this aim, we exploit two calculi which formalise the simple Java core and the extended language, respectively. Namely, the second calculus extends the first one by allowing an intersection type to be used anywhere in place of a nominal type. We define a translation algorithm, compiling programs of the extended language into programs of the former calculus. The key point is the interaction between λ-expressions and intersection types, that adds safe expressiveness while being the crucial matter in the translation. We prove that the translation preserves typing and semantics. Thus, typed programs in the proposed extension are translated to typed Java programs. Moreover, semantics of translated programs coincides with the one of the source programs.

Cite as

Mariangiola Dezani-Ciancaglini, Paola Giannini, and Betti Venneri. Deconfined Intersection Types in Java. In Recent Developments in the Design and Implementation of Programming Languages. Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs), Volume 86, pp. 3:1-3:25, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2020)

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@InProceedings{dezaniciancaglini_et_al:OASIcs.Gabbrielli.3,
  author =	{Dezani-Ciancaglini, Mariangiola and Giannini, Paola and Venneri, Betti},
  title =	{{Deconfined Intersection Types in Java}},
  booktitle =	{Recent Developments in the Design and Implementation of Programming Languages},
  pages =	{3:1--3:25},
  series =	{Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-171-9},
  ISSN =	{2190-6807},
  year =	{2020},
  volume =	{86},
  editor =	{de Boer, Frank S. and Mauro, Jacopo},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/OASIcs.Gabbrielli.3},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-132256},
  doi =		{10.4230/OASIcs.Gabbrielli.3},
  annote =	{Keywords: Intersection Types, Featherweight Java, Lambda Expressions}
}

Document

DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.FSCD.2020.9

Undecidability of Semi-Unification on a Napkin

Authors: Andrej Dudenhefner

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 167, 5th International Conference on Formal Structures for Computation and Deduction (FSCD 2020)

Abstract

Semi-unification (unification combined with matching) has been proven undecidable by Kfoury, Tiuryn, and Urzyczyn in the 1990s. The original argument reduces Turing machine immortality via Turing machine boundedness to semi-unification. The latter part is technically most challenging, involving several intermediate models of computation. This work presents a novel, simpler reduction from Turing machine boundedness to semi-unification. In contrast to the original argument, we directly translate boundedness to solutions of semi-unification and vice versa. In addition, the reduction is mechanized in the Coq proof assistant, relying on a mechanization-friendly stack machine model that corresponds to space-bounded Turing machines. Taking advantage of the simpler proof, the mechanization is comparatively short and fully constructive.

Cite as

Andrej Dudenhefner. Undecidability of Semi-Unification on a Napkin. In 5th International Conference on Formal Structures for Computation and Deduction (FSCD 2020). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 167, pp. 9:1-9:16, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2020)

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@InProceedings{dudenhefner:LIPIcs.FSCD.2020.9,
  author =	{Dudenhefner, Andrej},
  title =	{{Undecidability of Semi-Unification on a Napkin}},
  booktitle =	{5th International Conference on Formal Structures for Computation and Deduction (FSCD 2020)},
  pages =	{9:1--9:16},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-155-9},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2020},
  volume =	{167},
  editor =	{Ariola, Zena M.},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.FSCD.2020.9},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-123311},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.FSCD.2020.9},
  annote =	{Keywords: undecidability, semi-unification, mechanization}
}

Document

DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.TYPES.2018.2

A Simpler Undecidability Proof for System F Inhabitation

Authors: Andrej Dudenhefner and Jakob Rehof

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 130, 24th International Conference on Types for Proofs and Programs (TYPES 2018)

Abstract

Provability in the intuitionistic second-order propositional logic (resp. inhabitation in the polymorphic lambda-calculus) was shown by Löb to be undecidable in 1976. Since the original proof is heavily condensed, Arts in collaboration with Dekkers provided a fully unfolded argument in 1992 spanning approximately fifty pages. Later in 1997, Urzyczyn developed a different, syntax oriented proof. Each of the above approaches embeds (an undecidable fragment of) first-order predicate logic into second-order propositional logic. In this work, we develop a simpler undecidability proof by reduction from solvability of Diophantine equations (is there an integer solution to P(x_1, ..., x_n) = 0 where P is a polynomial with integer coefficients?). Compared to the previous approaches, the given reduction is more accessible for formalization and more comprehensible for didactic purposes. Additionally, we formalize soundness and completeness of the reduction in the Coq proof assistant under the banner of "type theory inside type theory".

Cite as

Andrej Dudenhefner and Jakob Rehof. A Simpler Undecidability Proof for System F Inhabitation. In 24th International Conference on Types for Proofs and Programs (TYPES 2018). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 130, pp. 2:1-2:11, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2019)

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@InProceedings{dudenhefner_et_al:LIPIcs.TYPES.2018.2,
  author =	{Dudenhefner, Andrej and Rehof, Jakob},
  title =	{{A Simpler Undecidability Proof for System F Inhabitation}},
  booktitle =	{24th International Conference on Types for Proofs and Programs (TYPES 2018)},
  pages =	{2:1--2:11},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-106-1},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2019},
  volume =	{130},
  editor =	{Dybjer, Peter and Esp{\'\i}rito Santo, Jos\'{e} and Pinto, Lu{\'\i}s},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.TYPES.2018.2},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-114061},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.TYPES.2018.2},
  annote =	{Keywords: System F, Lambda Calculus, Inhabitation, Propositional Logic, Provability, Undecidability, Coq, Formalization}
}

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