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Documents authored by Sarma, Jayalal

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Sarma, Jayalal M. N.

Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2013.622
Pebbling, Entropy and Branching Program Size Lower Bounds

Authors: Balagopal Komarath and Jayalal M. N. Sarma

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 20, 30th International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2013)

Abstract
We contribute to the program of proving lower bounds on the size of branching programs solving the Tree Evaluation Problem introduced in (Stephen A. Cook, Pierre McKenzie, Dustin Wehr, Mark Braverman, and Rahul Santhanam, 2012). Proving an exponential lower bound for the size of the non-deterministic thrifty branching programs would separate NL from P under the thrifty hypothesis. In this context, we consider a restriction of non-deterministic thrifty branching programs called bitwise-independence. We show that any bitwise-independent non-deterministic thrifty branching program solving BT_2(h,k) must have at least 1/2 k^{h/2} states. Prior to this work, lower bounds were known for general branching programs only for fixed heights h=2,3,4 (Stephen A. Cook, Pierre McKenzie, Dustin Wehr, Mark Braverman, and Rahul Santhanam, 2012). Our lower bounds are also tight (up to a factor of k), since the known (Stephen A. Cook, Pierre McKenzie, Dustin Wehr, Mark Braverman, and Rahul Santhanam, 2012) non-deterministic thrifty branching programs for this problem of size O(k^{h/2+1}) are bitwise-independent. We prove our results by associating a fractional pebbling strategy with any bitwise-independent non-deterministic thrifty branching program solving the Tree Evaluation Problem. Such a connection was not known previously even for fixed heights. Our main technique is the entropy method introduced by Jukna and Zak (S. Jukna and S. Žák, 2003) originally in the context of proving lower bounds for read-once branching programs. We also show that the previous lower bounds known (Stephen A. Cook, Pierre McKenzie, Dustin Wehr, Mark Braverman, and Rahul Santhanam, 2012) for deterministic branching programs for Tree Evaluation Problem can be obtained using this approach. Using this method, we also show tight lower bounds for any k-way deterministic branching program solving Tree Evaluation Problem when the instances are restricted to have the same group operation in all internal nodes.
Cite as

Balagopal Komarath and Jayalal M. N. Sarma. Pebbling, Entropy and Branching Program Size Lower Bounds. In 30th International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2013). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 20, pp. 622-633, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2013)

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@InProceedings{komarath_et_al:LIPIcs.STACS.2013.622,
  author =	{Komarath, Balagopal and Sarma, Jayalal M. N.},
  title =	{{Pebbling, Entropy and Branching Program Size Lower Bounds}},
  booktitle =	{30th International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2013)},
  pages =	{622--633},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-939897-50-7},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2013},
  volume =	{20},
  editor =	{Portier, Natacha and Wilke, Thomas},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2013.622},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-39709},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2013.622},
  annote =	{Keywords: Pebbling, Entropy Method, Branching Programs, Size Lower Bounds.}
}

Sarma, Jayalal

Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2016.37
Characterization and Lower Bounds for Branching Program Size Using Projective Dimension

Authors: Krishnamoorthy Dinesh, Sajin Koroth, and Jayalal Sarma

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 65, 36th IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2016)

Abstract
We study projective dimension, a graph parameter (denoted by pd(G) for a graph G), introduced by Pudlak and Rodl (1992). For a Boolean function f(on n bits), Pudlak and Rodl associated a bipartite graph G_f and showed that size of the optimal branching program computing f (denoted by bpsize(f)) is at least pd(G_f) (also denoted by pd(f)). Hence, proving lower bounds for pd(f) imply lower bounds for bpsize(f). Despite several attempts (Pudlak and Rodl (1992), Ronyai et.al, (2000)), proving super-linear lower bounds for projective dimension of explicit families of graphs has remained elusive. We observe that there exist a Boolean function f for which the gap between the pd(f) and bpsize(f) is 2^{Omega(n)}. Motivated by the argument in Pudlak and Rodl (1992), we define two variants of projective dimension - projective dimension with intersection dimension 1 (denoted by upd(f)) and {bitwise decomposable projective dimension} (denoted by bpdim(f)). We show the following results: (a) We observe that there exist a Boolean function f for which the gap between upd(f) and bpsize(f) is 2^{Omega(n)}. In contrast, we also show that the bitwise decomposable projective dimension characterizes size of the branching program up to a polynomial factor. That is, there exists a large constant c>0 and for any function f, bpdim(f)/6 <= bpsize(f) <= (bpdim(f))^c. (b) We introduce a new candidate function family f for showing super-polynomial lower bounds for bpdim(f). As our main result, we demonstrate gaps between pd(f) and the above two new measures for f: pd(f) = O(sqrt{n}), upd(f) = Omega(n), bpdim(f) = Omega({n^{1.5}}/{log(n)}). (c) Although not related to branching program lower bounds, we derive exponential lower bounds for two restricted variants of pd(f) and upd(f) respectively by observing that they are exactly equal to well-studied graph parameters - bipartite clique cover number and bipartite partition number respectively.
Cite as

Krishnamoorthy Dinesh, Sajin Koroth, and Jayalal Sarma. Characterization and Lower Bounds for Branching Program Size Using Projective Dimension. In 36th IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2016). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 65, pp. 37:1-37:14, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2016)

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@InProceedings{dinesh_et_al:LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2016.37,
  author =	{Dinesh, Krishnamoorthy and Koroth, Sajin and Sarma, Jayalal},
  title =	{{Characterization and Lower Bounds for Branching Program Size Using Projective Dimension}},
  booktitle =	{36th IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2016)},
  pages =	{37:1--37:14},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-027-9},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2016},
  volume =	{65},
  editor =	{Lal, Akash and Akshay, S. and Saurabh, Saket and Sen, Sandeep},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2016.37},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-68722},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2016.37},
  annote =	{Keywords: Projective Dimension, Lower Bounds, Branching Program Size}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2014.597
Polynomial Min/Max-weighted Reachability is in Unambiguous Log-space

Authors: Anant Dhayal, Jayalal Sarma, and Saurabh Sawlani

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 29, 34th International Conference on Foundation of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2014)

Abstract
For a graph G(V,E) and a vertex s in V, a weighting scheme (w : E -> N) is called a min-unique (resp. max-unique) weighting scheme, if for any vertex v of the graph G, there is a unique path of minimum (resp. maximum) weight from s to v. Instead, if the number of paths of minimum (resp. maximum) weight is bounded by n^c for some constant c, then the weighting scheme is called a min-poly (resp. max-poly) weighting scheme. In this paper, we propose an unambiguous non-deterministic log-space (UL) algorithm for the problem of testing reachability in layered directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) augmented with a min-poly weighting scheme. This improves the result due to Reinhardt and Allender [Reinhardt/Allender, SIAM J. Comp., 2000] where a UL algorithm was given for the case when the weighting scheme is min-unique. Our main technique is a triple inductive counting, which generalizes the techniques of [Immermann, Siam J. Comp.,1988; Szelepcsényi, Acta Inf.,1988] and [Reinhardt/Allender, SIAM J. Comp., 2000], combined with a hashing technique due to [Fredman et al.,J. ACM, 1984] (also used in [Garvin et al., Comp. Compl.,2014]). We combine this with a complementary unambiguous verification method, to give the desired UL algorithm. At the other end of the spectrum, we propose a UL algorithm for testing reachability in layered DAGs augmented with max-poly weighting schemes. To achieve this, we first reduce reachability in DAGs to the longest path problem for DAGs with a unique source, such that the reduction also preserves the max-poly property of the graph. Using our techniques, we generalize the double inductive counting method in [Limaye et al., CATS, 2009] where UL algorithms were given for the longest path problem on DAGs with a unique sink and augmented with a max-unique weighting scheme. An important consequence of our results is that, to show NL = UL, it suffices to design log-space computable min-poly (or max-poly) weighting schemes for DAGs.
Cite as

Anant Dhayal, Jayalal Sarma, and Saurabh Sawlani. Polynomial Min/Max-weighted Reachability is in Unambiguous Log-space. In 34th International Conference on Foundation of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2014). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 29, pp. 597-609, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2014)

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@InProceedings{dhayal_et_al:LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2014.597,
  author =	{Dhayal, Anant and Sarma, Jayalal and Sawlani, Saurabh},
  title =	{{Polynomial Min/Max-weighted Reachability is in Unambiguous Log-space}},
  booktitle =	{34th International Conference on Foundation of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2014)},
  pages =	{597--609},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-939897-77-4},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2014},
  volume =	{29},
  editor =	{Raman, Venkatesh and Suresh, S. P.},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2014.597},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-48744},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2014.597},
  annote =	{Keywords: Reachability Problem, Space Complexity, Unambiguous Algorithms}
}
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