8 Search Results for "Gu, Xiaodong"


Document
Research
On the Computational Cost of Knowledge Graph Embeddings

Authors: Victor Charpenay, Mansour Zoubeirou A Mayaki, and Antoine Zimmermann

Published in: TGDK, Volume 4, Issue 1 (2026). Transactions on Graph Data and Knowledge, Volume 4, Issue 1


Abstract
Over a decade, numerous Knowledge Graph Embedding (KGE) models have been designed and evaluated on reference datasets, always with increasing performance. In this paper, we re-evaluate these models with respect to their computational efficiency during training, by estimating the computational cost of the procedure expressed in floating-point operations. We design a cost model based on analytical expressions and apply it on a collection of 20 KGE models, representative of the state-of-the-art. We show that dimensionality or parameter efficiency, used in the literature to compare models with each other, are not suitable to evaluate the true cost of models. Through fixed-budget experiments, a novel approach to evaluate KGE models based on cost estimates, we re-assess the relative performance of model families compared to the state-of-the-art. Bilinear models such as ComplEx underperform with a low computational budget while hyperbolic linear models appear to offer no particular benefit compared to simpler Euclidian models, especially the MuRE model. Neural models, such as ConvE or CompGCN, achieve reasonable performance in the literature but their high computational cost appears unnecessary when compared with other models. The trade-off between efficiency and expressivity of both linear and neural models is to be further explored.

Cite as

Victor Charpenay, Mansour Zoubeirou A Mayaki, and Antoine Zimmermann. On the Computational Cost of Knowledge Graph Embeddings. In Transactions on Graph Data and Knowledge (TGDK), Volume 4, Issue 1, pp. 1:1-1:30, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2026)


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@Article{charpenay_et_al:TGDK.4.1.1,
  author =	{Charpenay, Victor and Zoubeirou A Mayaki, Mansour and Zimmermann, Antoine},
  title =	{{On the Computational Cost of Knowledge Graph Embeddings}},
  journal =	{Transactions on Graph Data and Knowledge},
  pages =	{1:1--1:30},
  ISSN =	{2942-7517},
  year =	{2026},
  volume =	{4},
  number =	{1},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/TGDK.4.1.1},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-256863},
  doi =		{10.4230/TGDK.4.1.1},
  annote =	{Keywords: Knowledge Graph Embedding, Parameter Efficiency, Computational Budget, Green AI}
}
Document
Research
Mining Inter-Document Argument Structures in Scientific Papers for an Argument Web

Authors: Florian Ruosch, Cristina Sarasua, and Abraham Bernstein

Published in: TGDK, Volume 3, Issue 3 (2025). Transactions on Graph Data and Knowledge, Volume 3, Issue 3


Abstract
In Argument Mining, predicting argumentative relations between texts (or spans) remains one of the most challenging aspects, even more so in the cross-document setting. This paper makes three key contributions to advance research in this domain. We first extend an existing dataset, the Sci-Arg corpus, by annotating it with explicit inter-document argumentative relations, thereby allowing arguments to be distributed over several documents forming an Argument Web; these new annotations are published using Semantic Web technologies (RDF, OWL). Second, we explore and evaluate three automated approaches for predicting these inter-document argumentative relations, establishing critical baselines on the new dataset. We find that a simple classifier based on discourse indicators with access to context outperforms neural methods. Third, we conduct a comparative analysis of these approaches for both intra- and inter-document settings, identifying statistically significant differences in results that indicate the necessity of distinguishing between these two scenarios. Our findings highlight significant challenges in this complex domain and open crucial avenues for future research on the Argument Web of Science, particularly for those interested in leveraging Semantic Web technologies and knowledge graphs to understand scholarly discourse. With this, we provide the first stepping stones in the form of a benchmark dataset, three baseline methods, and an initial analysis for a systematic exploration of this field relevant to the Web of Data and Science.

Cite as

Florian Ruosch, Cristina Sarasua, and Abraham Bernstein. Mining Inter-Document Argument Structures in Scientific Papers for an Argument Web. In Transactions on Graph Data and Knowledge (TGDK), Volume 3, Issue 3, pp. 4:1-4:33, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2025)


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@Article{ruosch_et_al:TGDK.3.3.4,
  author =	{Ruosch, Florian and Sarasua, Cristina and Bernstein, Abraham},
  title =	{{Mining Inter-Document Argument Structures in Scientific Papers for an Argument Web}},
  journal =	{Transactions on Graph Data and Knowledge},
  pages =	{4:1--4:33},
  ISSN =	{2942-7517},
  year =	{2025},
  volume =	{3},
  number =	{3},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/TGDK.3.3.4},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-252159},
  doi =		{10.4230/TGDK.3.3.4},
  annote =	{Keywords: Argument Mining, Large Language Models, Knowledge Graphs, Link Prediction}
}
Document
Invited Paper
Rule-Based Knowledge Graph Completion (Invited Paper)

Authors: Patrick Betz, Christian Meilicke, and Heiner Stuckenschmidt

Published in: OASIcs, Volume 138, Joint Proceedings of the 20th and 21st Reasoning Web Summer Schools (RW 2024 & RW 2025)


Abstract
The field of knowledge graph completion is concerned with augmenting knowledge graphs with missing information. Symbolic rule-based approaches are not only efficient and interpretable but also competitive with embedding-based methods in regard to predictive quality. Rule-based knowledge graph completion can be separated into two stages, the learning stage and the application stage, which are both individually challenging. In the learning stage, horn rules are mined from a given knowledge graph. Given the vast size of the space of all possible rules, the mining approach must select relevant rules effectively. In the application stage, the mined rules are used to make new predictions which are assigned with plausibility scores. These scores need to be set by aggregating individual confidence values of rules that have the same consequence. This tutorial covers the fundamental aspects required to build a symbolic rule-based approach for knowledge graph completion. It will discuss the different rule types, mining strategies, and how to effectively apply the rules in different scenarios. Finally, we discuss practical examples for rule application by using the Python-based PyClause library.

Cite as

Patrick Betz, Christian Meilicke, and Heiner Stuckenschmidt. Rule-Based Knowledge Graph Completion (Invited Paper). In Joint Proceedings of the 20th and 21st Reasoning Web Summer Schools (RW 2024 & RW 2025). Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs), Volume 138, pp. 1:1-1:45, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2025)


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@InProceedings{betz_et_al:OASIcs.RW.2024/2025.1,
  author =	{Betz, Patrick and Meilicke, Christian and Stuckenschmidt, Heiner},
  title =	{{Rule-Based Knowledge Graph Completion}},
  booktitle =	{Joint Proceedings of the 20th and 21st Reasoning Web Summer Schools (RW 2024 \& RW 2025)},
  pages =	{1:1--1:45},
  series =	{Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-405-5},
  ISSN =	{2190-6807},
  year =	{2025},
  volume =	{138},
  editor =	{Artale, Alessandro and Bienvenu, Meghyn and Garc{\'\i}a, Yazm{\'\i}n Ib\'{a}\~{n}ez and Murlak, Filip},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/OASIcs.RW.2024/2025.1},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-250461},
  doi =		{10.4230/OASIcs.RW.2024/2025.1},
  annote =	{Keywords: Knowledge Graph Completion, Rule Learning, Symbolic AI}
}
Document
Detecting Functionality-Specific Vulnerabilities via Retrieving Individual Functionality-Equivalent APIs in Open-Source Repositories

Authors: Tianyu Chen, Zeyu Wang, Lin Li, Ding Li, Zongyang Li, Xiaoning Chang, Pan Bian, Guangtai Liang, Qianxiang Wang, and Tao Xie

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 333, 39th European Conference on Object-Oriented Programming (ECOOP 2025)


Abstract
Functionality-specific vulnerabilities, which mainly occur in Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) with specific functionalities, are crucial for software developers to detect and avoid. When detecting individual functionality-specific vulnerabilities, the existing two categories of approaches are ineffective because they consider only the API bodies and are unable to handle diverse implementations of functionality-equivalent APIs. To effectively detect functionality-specific vulnerabilities, we propose APISS, the first approach to utilize API doc strings and signatures instead of API bodies. APISS first retrieves functionality-equivalent APIs for APIs with existing vulnerabilities and then migrates Proof-of-Concepts (PoCs) of the existing vulnerabilities for newly detected vulnerable APIs. To retrieve functionality-equivalent APIs, we leverage a Large Language Model for API embedding to improve the accuracy and address the effectiveness and scalability issues suffered by the existing approaches. To migrate PoCs of the existing vulnerabilities for newly detected vulnerable APIs, we design a semi-automatic schema to substantially reduce manual costs. We conduct a comprehensive evaluation to empirically compare APISS with four state-of-the-art approaches of detecting vulnerabilities and two state-of-the-art approaches of retrieving functionality-equivalent APIs. The evaluation subjects include 180 widely used Java repositories using 10 existing vulnerabilities, along with their PoCs. The results show that APISS effectively retrieves functionality-equivalent APIs, achieving a Top-1 Accuracy of 0.81 while the best of the baselines under comparison achieves only 0.55. APISS is highly efficient: the manual costs are within 10 minutes per vulnerability and the end-to-end runtime overhead of testing one candidate API is less than 2 hours. APISS detects 179 new vulnerabilities and receives 60 new CVE IDs, bringing high value to security practice.

Cite as

Tianyu Chen, Zeyu Wang, Lin Li, Ding Li, Zongyang Li, Xiaoning Chang, Pan Bian, Guangtai Liang, Qianxiang Wang, and Tao Xie. Detecting Functionality-Specific Vulnerabilities via Retrieving Individual Functionality-Equivalent APIs in Open-Source Repositories. In 39th European Conference on Object-Oriented Programming (ECOOP 2025). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 333, pp. 6:1-6:27, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2025)


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@InProceedings{chen_et_al:LIPIcs.ECOOP.2025.6,
  author =	{Chen, Tianyu and Wang, Zeyu and Li, Lin and Li, Ding and Li, Zongyang and Chang, Xiaoning and Bian, Pan and Liang, Guangtai and Wang, Qianxiang and Xie, Tao},
  title =	{{Detecting Functionality-Specific Vulnerabilities via Retrieving Individual Functionality-Equivalent APIs in Open-Source Repositories}},
  booktitle =	{39th European Conference on Object-Oriented Programming (ECOOP 2025)},
  pages =	{6:1--6:27},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-373-7},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2025},
  volume =	{333},
  editor =	{Aldrich, Jonathan and Silva, Alexandra},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ECOOP.2025.6},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-232999},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ECOOP.2025.6},
  annote =	{Keywords: Application Security, Vulnerability Detection, Large Language Model}
}
Document
Survey
Rule Learning over Knowledge Graphs: A Review

Authors: Hong Wu, Zhe Wang, Kewen Wang, Pouya Ghiasnezhad Omran, and Jiangmeng Li

Published in: TGDK, Volume 1, Issue 1 (2023): Special Issue on Trends in Graph Data and Knowledge. Transactions on Graph Data and Knowledge, Volume 1, Issue 1


Abstract
Compared to black-box neural networks, logic rules express explicit knowledge, can provide human-understandable explanations for reasoning processes, and have found their wide application in knowledge graphs and other downstream tasks. As extracting rules manually from large knowledge graphs is labour-intensive and often infeasible, automated rule learning has recently attracted significant interest, and a number of approaches to rule learning for knowledge graphs have been proposed. This survey aims to provide a review of approaches and a classification of state-of-the-art systems for learning first-order logic rules over knowledge graphs. A comparative analysis of various approaches to rule learning is conducted based on rule language biases, underlying methods, and evaluation metrics. The approaches we consider include inductive logic programming (ILP)-based, statistical path generalisation, and neuro-symbolic methods. Moreover, we highlight important and promising application scenarios of rule learning, such as rule-based knowledge graph completion, fact checking, and applications in other research areas.

Cite as

Hong Wu, Zhe Wang, Kewen Wang, Pouya Ghiasnezhad Omran, and Jiangmeng Li. Rule Learning over Knowledge Graphs: A Review. In Special Issue on Trends in Graph Data and Knowledge. Transactions on Graph Data and Knowledge (TGDK), Volume 1, Issue 1, pp. 7:1-7:23, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2023)


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@Article{wu_et_al:TGDK.1.1.7,
  author =	{Wu, Hong and Wang, Zhe and Wang, Kewen and Omran, Pouya Ghiasnezhad and Li, Jiangmeng},
  title =	{{Rule Learning over Knowledge Graphs: A Review}},
  journal =	{Transactions on Graph Data and Knowledge},
  pages =	{7:1--7:23},
  ISSN =	{2942-7517},
  year =	{2023},
  volume =	{1},
  number =	{1},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/TGDK.1.1.7},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-194813},
  doi =		{10.4230/TGDK.1.1.7},
  annote =	{Keywords: Rule learning, Knowledge graphs, Link prediction}
}
Document
Survey
Knowledge Graph Embeddings: Open Challenges and Opportunities

Authors: Russa Biswas, Lucie-Aimée Kaffee, Michael Cochez, Stefania Dumbrava, Theis E. Jendal, Matteo Lissandrini, Vanessa Lopez, Eneldo Loza Mencía, Heiko Paulheim, Harald Sack, Edlira Kalemi Vakaj, and Gerard de Melo

Published in: TGDK, Volume 1, Issue 1 (2023): Special Issue on Trends in Graph Data and Knowledge. Transactions on Graph Data and Knowledge, Volume 1, Issue 1


Abstract
While Knowledge Graphs (KGs) have long been used as valuable sources of structured knowledge, in recent years, KG embeddings have become a popular way of deriving numeric vector representations from them, for instance, to support knowledge graph completion and similarity search. This study surveys advances as well as open challenges and opportunities in this area. For instance, the most prominent embedding models focus primarily on structural information. However, there has been notable progress in incorporating further aspects, such as semantics, multi-modal, temporal, and multilingual features. Most embedding techniques are assessed using human-curated benchmark datasets for the task of link prediction, neglecting other important real-world KG applications. Many approaches assume a static knowledge graph and are unable to account for dynamic changes. Additionally, KG embeddings may encode data biases and lack interpretability. Overall, this study provides an overview of promising research avenues to learn improved KG embeddings that can address a more diverse range of use cases.

Cite as

Russa Biswas, Lucie-Aimée Kaffee, Michael Cochez, Stefania Dumbrava, Theis E. Jendal, Matteo Lissandrini, Vanessa Lopez, Eneldo Loza Mencía, Heiko Paulheim, Harald Sack, Edlira Kalemi Vakaj, and Gerard de Melo. Knowledge Graph Embeddings: Open Challenges and Opportunities. In Special Issue on Trends in Graph Data and Knowledge. Transactions on Graph Data and Knowledge (TGDK), Volume 1, Issue 1, pp. 4:1-4:32, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2023)


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@Article{biswas_et_al:TGDK.1.1.4,
  author =	{Biswas, Russa and Kaffee, Lucie-Aim\'{e}e and Cochez, Michael and Dumbrava, Stefania and Jendal, Theis E. and Lissandrini, Matteo and Lopez, Vanessa and Menc{\'\i}a, Eneldo Loza and Paulheim, Heiko and Sack, Harald and Vakaj, Edlira Kalemi and de Melo, Gerard},
  title =	{{Knowledge Graph Embeddings: Open Challenges and Opportunities}},
  journal =	{Transactions on Graph Data and Knowledge},
  pages =	{4:1--4:32},
  year =	{2023},
  volume =	{1},
  number =	{1},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/TGDK.1.1.4},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-194783},
  doi =		{10.4230/TGDK.1.1.4},
  annote =	{Keywords: Knowledge Graphs, KG embeddings, Link prediction, KG applications}
}
Document
Susceptibility to Image Resolution in Face Recognition and Training Strategies to Enhance Robustness

Authors: Martin Knoche, Stefan Hörmann, and Gerhard Rigoll

Published in: LITES, Volume 8, Issue 1 (2022): Special Issue on Embedded Systems for Computer Vision. Leibniz Transactions on Embedded Systems, Volume 8, Issue 1


Abstract
Many face recognition approaches expect the input images to have similar image resolution. However, in real-world applications, the image resolution varies due to different image capture mechanisms or sources, affecting the performance of face recognition systems. This work first analyzes the image resolution susceptibility of modern face recognition. Face verification on the very popular LFW dataset drops from 99.23% accuracy to almost 55% when image dimensions of both images are reduced to arguable very poor resolution. With cross-resolution image pairs (one HR and one LR image), face verification accuracy is even worse. This characteristic is investigated more in-depth by analyzing the feature distances utilized for face verification. To increase the robustness, we propose two training strategies applied to a state-of-the-art face recognition model: 1) Training with 50% low resolution images within each batch and 2) using the cosine distance loss between high and low resolution features in a siamese network structure. Both methods significantly boost face verification accuracy for matching training and testing image resolutions. Training a network with different resolutions simultaneously instead of adding only one specific low resolution showed improvements across all resolutions and made a single model applicable to unknown resolutions. However, models trained for one particular low resolution perform better when using the exact resolution for testing. We improve the face verification accuracy from 96.86% to 97.72% on the popular LFW database with uniformly distributed image dimensions between 112 × 112 px and 5 × 5 px. Our approaches improve face verification accuracy even more from 77.56% to 87.17% for distributions focusing on lower images resolutions. Lastly, we propose specific image dimension sets focusing on high, mid, and low resolution for five well-known datasets to benchmark face verification accuracy in cross-resolution scenarios.

Cite as

Martin Knoche, Stefan Hörmann, and Gerhard Rigoll. Susceptibility to Image Resolution in Face Recognition and Training Strategies to Enhance Robustness. In LITES, Volume 8, Issue 1 (2022): Special Issue on Embedded Systems for Computer Vision. Leibniz Transactions on Embedded Systems, Volume 8, Issue 1, pp. 01:1-01:20, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2022)


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@Article{knoche_et_al:LITES.8.1.1,
  author =	{Knoche, Martin and H\"{o}rmann, Stefan and Rigoll, Gerhard},
  title =	{{Susceptibility to Image Resolution in Face Recognition and Training Strategies to Enhance Robustness}},
  journal =	{Leibniz Transactions on Embedded Systems},
  pages =	{01:1--01:20},
  ISSN =	{2199-2002},
  year =	{2022},
  volume =	{8},
  number =	{1},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LITES.8.1.1},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-192889},
  doi =		{10.4230/LITES.8.1.1},
  annote =	{Keywords: recognition, resolution, cross, face, identification}
}
Document
Do Bugs Propagate? An Empirical Analysis of Temporal Correlations Among Software Bugs

Authors: Xiaodong Gu, Yo-Sub Han, Sunghun Kim, and Hongyu Zhang

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 194, 35th European Conference on Object-Oriented Programming (ECOOP 2021)


Abstract
The occurrences of bugs are not isolated events, rather they may interact, affect each other, and trigger other latent bugs. Identifying and understanding bug correlations could help developers localize bug origins, predict potential bugs, and design better architectures of software artifacts to prevent bug affection. Many studies in the defect prediction and fault localization literature implied the dependence and interactions between multiple bugs, but few of them explicitly investigate the correlations of bugs across time steps and how bugs affect each other. In this paper, we perform social network analysis on the temporal correlations between bugs across time steps on software artifact ties, i.e., software graphs. Adopted from the correlation analysis methodology in social networks, we construct software graphs of three artifact ties such as function calls and type hierarchy and then perform longitudinal logistic regressions of time-lag bug correlations on these graphs. Our experiments on four open-source projects suggest that bugs can propagate as observed on certain artifact tie graphs. Based on our findings, we propose a hybrid artifact tie graph, a synthesis of a few well-known software graphs, that exhibits a higher degree of bug propagation. Our findings shed light on research for better bug prediction and localization models and help developers to perform maintenance actions to prevent consequential bugs.

Cite as

Xiaodong Gu, Yo-Sub Han, Sunghun Kim, and Hongyu Zhang. Do Bugs Propagate? An Empirical Analysis of Temporal Correlations Among Software Bugs. In 35th European Conference on Object-Oriented Programming (ECOOP 2021). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 194, pp. 11:1-11:21, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2021)


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@InProceedings{gu_et_al:LIPIcs.ECOOP.2021.11,
  author =	{Gu, Xiaodong and Han, Yo-Sub and Kim, Sunghun and Zhang, Hongyu},
  title =	{{Do Bugs Propagate? An Empirical Analysis of Temporal Correlations Among Software Bugs}},
  booktitle =	{35th European Conference on Object-Oriented Programming (ECOOP 2021)},
  pages =	{11:1--11:21},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-190-0},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2021},
  volume =	{194},
  editor =	{M{\o}ller, Anders and Sridharan, Manu},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ECOOP.2021.11},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-140540},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ECOOP.2021.11},
  annote =	{Keywords: empirical software engineering, bug propagation, software graph, bug correlation}
}
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