9 Search Results for "Szykula, Marek"


Document
Track A: Algorithms, Complexity and Games
Completely Reachable Automata: A Polynomial Algorithm and Quadratic Upper Bounds

Authors: Robert Ferens and Marek Szykuła

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 261, 50th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2023)


Abstract
A complete deterministic finite (semi)automaton (DFA) with a set of states Q is completely reachable if every non-empty subset of Q can be obtained as the image of the action of some word applied to Q. The concept of completely reachable automata appeared several times, in particular, in connection with synchronizing automata; the class contains the Černý automata and covers a few separately investigated subclasses. The notion was introduced by Bondar and Volkov (2016), who also raised the question about the complexity of deciding if an automaton is completely reachable. We develop a polynomial-time algorithm for this problem, which is based on a new complement-intersecting technique for finding an extending word for a subset of states. The algorithm works in 𝒪(|Σ|⋅ n³) time, where n = |Q| is the number of states and |Σ| is the size of the input alphabet. Finally, we prove a weak Don’s conjecture for this class of automata: a subset of size k is reachable with a word of length smaller than 2n(n-k). This implies a quadratic upper bound in n on the length of the shortest synchronizing words (reset threshold) for the class of completely reachable automata and generalizes earlier upper bounds derived for its subclasses.

Cite as

Robert Ferens and Marek Szykuła. Completely Reachable Automata: A Polynomial Algorithm and Quadratic Upper Bounds. In 50th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2023). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 261, pp. 59:1-59:17, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2023)


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@InProceedings{ferens_et_al:LIPIcs.ICALP.2023.59,
  author =	{Ferens, Robert and Szyku{\l}a, Marek},
  title =	{{Completely Reachable Automata: A Polynomial Algorithm and Quadratic Upper Bounds}},
  booktitle =	{50th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2023)},
  pages =	{59:1--59:17},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-278-5},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2023},
  volume =	{261},
  editor =	{Etessami, Kousha and Feige, Uriel and Puppis, Gabriele},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2023.59},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-181110},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2023.59},
  annote =	{Keywords: \v{C}ern\'{y} conjecture, complete reachability, DFA, extending word, reachability, reset threshold, reset word, simple idempotent, synchronizing automaton, synchronizing word}
}
Document
An Improved Algorithm for Finding the Shortest Synchronizing Words

Authors: Marek Szykuła and Adam Zyzik

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 244, 30th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2022)


Abstract
A synchronizing word of a deterministic finite complete automaton is a word whose action maps every state to a single one. Finding a shortest or a short synchronizing word is a central computational problem in the theory of synchronizing automata and is applied in other areas such as model-based testing and the theory of codes. Because the problem of finding a shortest synchronizing word is computationally hard, among exact algorithms only exponential ones are known. We redesign the previously fastest known exact algorithm based on the bidirectional breadth-first search and improve it with respect to time and space in a practical sense. We develop new algorithmic enhancements and adapt the algorithm to multithreaded and GPU computing. Our experiments show that the new algorithm is multiple times faster than the previously fastest one and its advantage quickly grows with the hardness of the problem instance. Given a modest time limit, we compute the lengths of the shortest synchronizing words for random binary automata up to 570 states, significantly beating the previous record. We refine the experimental estimation of the average reset threshold of these automata. Finally, we develop a general computational package devoted to the problem, where an efficient and practical implementation of our algorithm is included, together with several well-known heuristics.

Cite as

Marek Szykuła and Adam Zyzik. An Improved Algorithm for Finding the Shortest Synchronizing Words. In 30th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2022). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 244, pp. 85:1-85:15, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2022)


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@InProceedings{szykula_et_al:LIPIcs.ESA.2022.85,
  author =	{Szyku{\l}a, Marek and Zyzik, Adam},
  title =	{{An Improved Algorithm for Finding the Shortest Synchronizing Words}},
  booktitle =	{30th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2022)},
  pages =	{85:1--85:15},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-247-1},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2022},
  volume =	{244},
  editor =	{Chechik, Shiri and Navarro, Gonzalo and Rotenberg, Eva and Herman, Grzegorz},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2022.85},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-170237},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2022.85},
  annote =	{Keywords: \v{C}ern\{\'{y}\} conjecture, reset threshold, reset word, subset checking, synchronizing automaton, synchronizing word}
}
Document
Lower Bounds on Avoiding Thresholds

Authors: Robert Ferens, Marek Szykuła, and Vojtěch Vorel

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 202, 46th International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2021)


Abstract
For a DFA, a word avoids a subset of states, if after reading that word the automaton cannot be in any state from the subset regardless of its initial state. A subset that admits an avoiding word is avoidable. The k-avoiding threshold of a DFA is the smallest number such that every avoidable subset of size k can be avoided with a word no longer than that number. We study the problem of determining the maximum possible k-avoiding thresholds. For every fixed k ≥ 1, we show a general construction of strongly connected DFAs with n states and the k-avoiding threshold in Θ(n^k). This meets the known upper bound for k ≥ 3. For k = 1 and k = 2, the known upper bounds are respectively in 𝒪(n²) and in 𝒪(n³). For k = 1, we show that 2n-3 is attainable for every number of states n in the class of strongly connected synchronizing binary DFAs, which is supposed to be the best possible in the class of all DFAs for n ≥ 8. For k = 2, we show that the conjectured solution for k = 1 (an upper bound in 𝒪(n)) also implies a tight upper bound in 𝒪(n²) on 2-avoiding threshold. Finally, we discuss the possibility of using k-avoiding thresholds of synchronizing automata to improve upper bounds on the length of the shortest reset words.

Cite as

Robert Ferens, Marek Szykuła, and Vojtěch Vorel. Lower Bounds on Avoiding Thresholds. In 46th International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2021). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 202, pp. 46:1-46:14, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2021)


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@InProceedings{ferens_et_al:LIPIcs.MFCS.2021.46,
  author =	{Ferens, Robert and Szyku{\l}a, Marek and Vorel, Vojt\v{e}ch},
  title =	{{Lower Bounds on Avoiding Thresholds}},
  booktitle =	{46th International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2021)},
  pages =	{46:1--46:14},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-201-3},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2021},
  volume =	{202},
  editor =	{Bonchi, Filippo and Puglisi, Simon J.},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2021.46},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-144869},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2021.46},
  annote =	{Keywords: avoiding word, \v{C}ern\'{y} conjecture, rank conjecture, reset threshold, reset word, synchronizing automaton, synchronizing word}
}
Document
Synchronizing Strongly Connected Partial DFAs

Authors: Mikhail V. Berlinkov, Robert Ferens, Andrew Ryzhikov, and Marek Szykuła

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 187, 38th International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2021)


Abstract
We study synchronizing partial DFAs, which extend the classical concept of synchronizing complete DFAs and are a special case of synchronizing unambiguous NFAs. A partial DFA is called synchronizing if it has a word (called a reset word) whose action brings a non-empty subset of states to a unique state and is undefined for all other states. While in the general case the problem of checking whether a partial DFA is synchronizing is PSPACE-complete, we show that in the strongly connected case this problem can be efficiently reduced to the same problem for a complete DFA. Using combinatorial, algebraic, and formal languages methods, we develop techniques that relate main synchronization problems for strongly connected partial DFAs with the same problems for complete DFAs. In particular, this includes the Černý and the rank conjectures, the problem of finding a reset word, and upper bounds on the length of the shortest reset words of literal automata of finite prefix codes. We conclude that solving fundamental synchronization problems is equally hard in both models, as an essential improvement of the results for one model implies an improvement for the other.

Cite as

Mikhail V. Berlinkov, Robert Ferens, Andrew Ryzhikov, and Marek Szykuła. Synchronizing Strongly Connected Partial DFAs. In 38th International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2021). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 187, pp. 12:1-12:16, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2021)


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@InProceedings{berlinkov_et_al:LIPIcs.STACS.2021.12,
  author =	{Berlinkov, Mikhail V. and Ferens, Robert and Ryzhikov, Andrew and Szyku{\l}a, Marek},
  title =	{{Synchronizing Strongly Connected Partial DFAs}},
  booktitle =	{38th International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2021)},
  pages =	{12:1--12:16},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-180-1},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2021},
  volume =	{187},
  editor =	{Bl\"{a}ser, Markus and Monmege, Benjamin},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2021.12},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-136579},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2021.12},
  annote =	{Keywords: \v{C}ern\'{y} conjecture, literal automaton, partial automaton, prefix code, rank conjecture, reset threshold, reset word, synchronizing automaton, synchronizing word}
}
Document
Existential Length Universality

Authors: Paweł Gawrychowski, Martin Lange, Narad Rampersad, Jeffrey Shallit, and Marek Szykuła

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 154, 37th International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2020)


Abstract
We study the following natural variation on the classical universality problem: given a language L(M) represented by M (e.g., a DFA/RE/NFA/PDA), does there exist an integer ? ≥ 0 such that Σ^? ⊆ L(M)? In the case of an NFA, we show that this problem is NEXPTIME-complete, and the smallest such ? can be doubly exponential in the number of states. This particular case was formulated as an open problem in 2009, and our solution uses a novel and involved construction. In the case of a PDA, we show that it is recursively unsolvable, while the smallest such ? is not bounded by any computable function of the number of states. In the case of a DFA, we show that the problem is NP-complete, and e^{√{n log n} (1+o(1))} is an asymptotically tight upper bound for the smallest such ?, where n is the number of states. Finally, we prove that in all these cases, the problem becomes computationally easier when the length ? is also given in binary in the input: it is polynomially solvable for a DFA, PSPACE-complete for an NFA, and co-NEXPTIME-complete for a PDA.

Cite as

Paweł Gawrychowski, Martin Lange, Narad Rampersad, Jeffrey Shallit, and Marek Szykuła. Existential Length Universality. In 37th International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2020). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 154, pp. 16:1-16:14, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2020)


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@InProceedings{gawrychowski_et_al:LIPIcs.STACS.2020.16,
  author =	{Gawrychowski, Pawe{\l} and Lange, Martin and Rampersad, Narad and Shallit, Jeffrey and Szyku{\l}a, Marek},
  title =	{{Existential Length Universality}},
  booktitle =	{37th International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2020)},
  pages =	{16:1--16:14},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-140-5},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2020},
  volume =	{154},
  editor =	{Paul, Christophe and Bl\"{a}ser, Markus},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2020.16},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-118770},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2020.16},
  annote =	{Keywords: decision problem, deterministic automaton, nondeterministic automaton, pushdown automaton, regular expression, regular language, universality}
}
Document
Finding Short Synchronizing Words for Prefix Codes

Authors: Andrew Ryzhikov and Marek Szykula

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 117, 43rd International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2018)


Abstract
We study the problems of finding a shortest synchronizing word and its length for a given prefix code. This is done in two different settings: when the code is defined by an arbitrary decoder recognizing its star and when the code is defined by its literal decoder (whose size is polynomially equivalent to the total length of all words in the code). For the first case for every epsilon > 0 we prove n^(1 - epsilon)-inapproximability for recognizable binary maximal prefix codes, Theta(log n)-inapproximability for finite binary maximal prefix codes and n^(1/2 - epsilon)-inapproximability for finite binary prefix codes. By c-inapproximability here we mean the non-existence of a c-approximation polynomial time algorithm under the assumption P != NP, and by n the number of states of the decoder in the input. For the second case, we propose approximation and exact algorithms and conjecture that for finite maximal prefix codes the problem can be solved in polynomial time. We also study the related problems of finding a shortest mortal and a shortest avoiding word.

Cite as

Andrew Ryzhikov and Marek Szykula. Finding Short Synchronizing Words for Prefix Codes. In 43rd International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2018). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 117, pp. 21:1-21:14, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2018)


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@InProceedings{ryzhikov_et_al:LIPIcs.MFCS.2018.21,
  author =	{Ryzhikov, Andrew and Szykula, Marek},
  title =	{{Finding Short Synchronizing Words for Prefix Codes}},
  booktitle =	{43rd International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2018)},
  pages =	{21:1--21:14},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-086-6},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2018},
  volume =	{117},
  editor =	{Potapov, Igor and Spirakis, Paul and Worrell, James},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2018.21},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-96037},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2018.21},
  annote =	{Keywords: synchronizing word, mortal word, avoiding word, Huffman decoder, inapproximability}
}
Document
Complexity of Preimage Problems for Deterministic Finite Automata

Authors: Mikhail V. Berlinkov, Robert Ferens, and Marek Szykula

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 117, 43rd International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2018)


Abstract
Given a subset of states S of a deterministic finite automaton and a word w, the preimage is the subset of all states that are mapped to a state from S by the action of w. We study the computational complexity of three problems related to the existence of words yielding certain preimages, which are especially motivated by the theory of synchronizing automata. The first problem is whether, for a given subset, there exists a word extending the subset (giving a larger preimage). The second problem is whether there exists a word totally extending the subset (giving the whole set of states) - it is equivalent to the problem whether there exists an avoiding word for the complementary subset. The third problem is whether there exists a word resizing the subset (giving a preimage of a different size). We also consider the variants of the problem where an upper bound on the length of the word is given in the input. Because in most cases our problems are computationally hard, we additionally consider parametrized complexity by the size of the given subset. We focus on the most interesting cases that are the subclasses of strongly connected, synchronizing, and binary automata.

Cite as

Mikhail V. Berlinkov, Robert Ferens, and Marek Szykula. Complexity of Preimage Problems for Deterministic Finite Automata. In 43rd International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2018). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 117, pp. 32:1-32:14, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2018)


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@InProceedings{berlinkov_et_al:LIPIcs.MFCS.2018.32,
  author =	{Berlinkov, Mikhail V. and Ferens, Robert and Szykula, Marek},
  title =	{{Complexity of Preimage Problems for Deterministic Finite Automata}},
  booktitle =	{43rd International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2018)},
  pages =	{32:1--32:14},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-086-6},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2018},
  volume =	{117},
  editor =	{Potapov, Igor and Spirakis, Paul and Worrell, James},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2018.32},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-96149},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2018.32},
  annote =	{Keywords: avoiding word, extending word, extensible subset, reset word, synchronizing automaton}
}
Document
Improving the Upper Bound on the Length of the Shortest Reset Word

Authors: Marek Szykula

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 96, 35th Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2018)


Abstract
We improve the best known upper bound on the length of the shortest reset words of synchronizing automata. The new bound is slightly better than 114 n^3 / 685 + O(n^2). The Cerny conjecture states that (n-1)^2 is an upper bound. So far, the best general upper bound was (n^3-n)/6-1 obtained by J.-E. Pin and P. Frankl in 1982. Despite a number of efforts, it remained unchanged for about 35 years. To obtain the new upper bound we utilize avoiding words. A word is avoiding for a state q if after reading the word the automaton cannot be in q. We obtain upper bounds on the length of the shortest avoiding words, and using the approach of Trahtman from 2011 combined with the well-known Frankl theorem from 1982, we improve the general upper bound on the length of the shortest reset words. For all the bounds, there exist polynomial algorithms finding a word of length not exceeding the bound.

Cite as

Marek Szykula. Improving the Upper Bound on the Length of the Shortest Reset Word. In 35th Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2018). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 96, pp. 56:1-56:13, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2018)


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@InProceedings{szykula:LIPIcs.STACS.2018.56,
  author =	{Szykula, Marek},
  title =	{{Improving the Upper Bound on the Length of the Shortest Reset Word}},
  booktitle =	{35th Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2018)},
  pages =	{56:1--56:13},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-062-0},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2018},
  volume =	{96},
  editor =	{Niedermeier, Rolf and Vall\'{e}e, Brigitte},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2018.56},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-85160},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2018.56},
  annote =	{Keywords: avoiding word, Cerny conjecture, reset length, reset threshold, reset word, synchronizing automaton, synchronizing word}
}
Document
Attainable Values of Reset Thresholds

Authors: Michalina Dzyga, Robert Ferens, Vladimir V. Gusev, and Marek Szykula

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 83, 42nd International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2017)


Abstract
An automaton is synchronizing if there exists a word that sends all states of the automaton to a single state. The reset threshold is the length of the shortest such word. We study the set RT_n of attainable reset thresholds by automata with n states. Relying on constructions of digraphs with known local exponents we show that the intervals [1, (n^2-3n+4)/2] and [(p-1)(q-1), p(q-2)+n-q+1], where 2 <= p < q <= n, p+q > n, gcd(p,q)=1, belong to RT_n, even if restrict our attention to strongly connected automata. Moreover, we prove that in this case the smallest value that does not belong to RT_n is at least n^2 - O(n^{1.7625} log n / log log n). This value is increased further assuming certain conjectures about the gaps between consecutive prime numbers. We also show that any value smaller than n(n-1)/2 is attainable by an automaton with a sink state and any value smaller than n^2-O(n^{1.5}) is attainable in general case. Furthermore, we solve the problem of existence of slowly synchronizing automata over an arbitrarily large alphabet, by presenting for every fixed size of the alphabet an infinite series of irreducibly synchronizing automata with the reset threshold n^2-O(n).

Cite as

Michalina Dzyga, Robert Ferens, Vladimir V. Gusev, and Marek Szykula. Attainable Values of Reset Thresholds. In 42nd International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2017). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 83, pp. 40:1-40:14, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2017)


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@InProceedings{dzyga_et_al:LIPIcs.MFCS.2017.40,
  author =	{Dzyga, Michalina and Ferens, Robert and Gusev, Vladimir V. and Szykula, Marek},
  title =	{{Attainable Values of Reset Thresholds}},
  booktitle =	{42nd International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2017)},
  pages =	{40:1--40:14},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-046-0},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2017},
  volume =	{83},
  editor =	{Larsen, Kim G. and Bodlaender, Hans L. and Raskin, Jean-Francois},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2017.40},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-81220},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2017.40},
  annote =	{Keywords: Cerny conjecture, exponent, primitive digraph, reset word, synchronizing automaton}
}
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