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Documents authored by Ball, B. Hunter

Found 3 Possible Name Variants:

Ball, B. Hunter

Document
DOI: 10.4230/OASIcs.CMN.2013.53
Assessing Two-Mode Semantic Network Story Representations Using a False Memory Paradigm

Authors: Steven R. Corman, B. Hunter Ball, Kimberly M. Talboom, and Gene A. Brewer

Published in: OASIcs, Volume 32, 2013 Workshop on Computational Models of Narrative

Abstract
This paper describes a novel method of representing semantic networks of stories (and other text) as a two-mode graph. This method has some advantages over traditional one-mode semantic networks, but has the potential drawback (shared with n-gram text networks) that it contains paths that are not present in the text. An empirical study was devised using a false memory paradigm to determine whether these induced paths are remembered as being true of a set of stories. Results indicate that participants report false memories consistent with the induced paths. Implications for further research and two-mode semantic representations are discussed.
Cite as

Steven R. Corman, B. Hunter Ball, Kimberly M. Talboom, and Gene A. Brewer. Assessing Two-Mode Semantic Network Story Representations Using a False Memory Paradigm. In 2013 Workshop on Computational Models of Narrative. Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs), Volume 32, pp. 52-60, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2013)

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@InProceedings{corman_et_al:OASIcs.CMN.2013.53,
  author =	{Corman, Steven R. and Ball, B. Hunter and Talboom, Kimberly M. and Brewer, Gene A.},
  title =	{{Assessing Two-Mode Semantic Network Story Representations Using a False Memory Paradigm}},
  booktitle =	{2013 Workshop on Computational Models of Narrative},
  pages =	{52--60},
  series =	{Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-939897-57-6},
  ISSN =	{2190-6807},
  year =	{2013},
  volume =	{32},
  editor =	{Finlayson, Mark A. and Fisseni, Bernhard and L\"{o}we, Benedikt and Meister, Jan Christoph},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/OASIcs.CMN.2013.53},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-41479},
  doi =		{10.4230/OASIcs.CMN.2013.53},
  annote =	{Keywords: Semantic networks, two-mode networks, false memory}
}

Ball, Thomas

Document
Complete Volume
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.SNAPL.2015
LIPIcs, Volume 32, SNAPL'15, Complete Volume

Authors: Thomas Ball, Rastislav Bodik, Shriram Krishnamurthi, Benjamin S. Lerner, and Greg Morrisett

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 32, 1st Summit on Advances in Programming Languages (SNAPL 2015)

Abstract
LIPIcs, Volume 32, SNAPL'15, Complete Volume
Cite as

1st Summit on Advances in Programming Languages (SNAPL 2015). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 32, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2015)

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@Proceedings{ball_et_al:LIPIcs.SNAPL.2015,
  title =	{{LIPIcs, Volume 32, SNAPL'15, Complete Volume}},
  booktitle =	{1st Summit on Advances in Programming Languages (SNAPL 2015)},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-939897-80-4},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2015},
  volume =	{32},
  editor =	{Ball, Thomas and Bodík, Rastislav and Krishnamurthi, Shriram and Lerner, Benjamin S. and Morriset, Greg},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.SNAPL.2015},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-50461},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.SNAPL.2015},
  annote =	{Keywords: Programming Languages}
}
Document
Front Matter
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.SNAPL.2015.i
Title, Table of Contents, Preface, List of Authors

Authors: Thomas Ball, Rastislav Bodík, Shriram Krishnamurthi, Benjamin S. Lerner, and Greg Morriset

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 32, 1st Summit on Advances in Programming Languages (SNAPL 2015)

Abstract
Title, Table of Contents, Preface, List of Authors
Cite as

1st Summit on Advances in Programming Languages (SNAPL 2015). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 32, pp. i-xiv, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2015)

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@InProceedings{ball_et_al:LIPIcs.SNAPL.2015.i,
  author =	{Ball, Thomas and Bodík, Rastislav and Krishnamurthi, Shriram and Lerner, Benjamin S. and Morriset, Greg},
  title =	{{Title, Table of Contents, Preface, List of Authors}},
  booktitle =	{1st Summit on Advances in Programming Languages (SNAPL 2015)},
  pages =	{i--xiv},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-939897-80-4},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2015},
  volume =	{32},
  editor =	{Ball, Thomas and Bodík, Rastislav and Krishnamurthi, Shriram and Lerner, Benjamin S. and Morriset, Greg},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.SNAPL.2015.i},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-50119},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.SNAPL.2015.i},
  annote =	{Keywords: Title, Table of Contents, Preface, List of Authors}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/DagSemProc.09411.1
09411 Abstracts Collection – Interaction versus Automation: The two Faces of Deduction

Authors: Thomas Ball, Jürgen Giesl, Reiner Hähnle, and Tobias Nipkow

Published in: Dagstuhl Seminar Proceedings, Volume 9411, Interaction versus Automation: The two Faces of Deduction (2010)

Abstract
From 04.10. to 09.10.2009, the Dagstuhl Seminar 09411 ``Interaction versus Automation: The two Faces of Deduction'' was held in Schloss Dagstuhl~--~Leibniz Center for Informatics. During the seminar, several participants presented their current research, and ongoing work and open problems were discussed. Abstracts of the presentations given during the seminar as well as abstracts of seminar results and ideas are put together in this paper. The first section describes the seminar topics and goals in general. Links to extended abstracts or full papers are provided, if available.
Cite as

Thomas Ball, Jürgen Giesl, Reiner Hähnle, and Tobias Nipkow. 09411 Abstracts Collection – Interaction versus Automation: The two Faces of Deduction. In Interaction versus Automation: The two Faces of Deduction. Dagstuhl Seminar Proceedings, Volume 9411, pp. 1-18, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2010)

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@InProceedings{ball_et_al:DagSemProc.09411.1,
  author =	{Ball, Thomas and Giesl, J\"{u}rgen and H\"{a}hnle, Reiner and Nipkow, Tobias},
  title =	{{09411 Abstracts Collection – Interaction versus Automation: The two Faces of Deduction}},
  booktitle =	{Interaction versus Automation: The two Faces of Deduction},
  pages =	{1--18},
  series =	{Dagstuhl Seminar Proceedings (DagSemProc)},
  ISSN =	{1862-4405},
  year =	{2010},
  volume =	{9411},
  editor =	{Thomas Ball and J\"{u}rgen Giesl and Reiner H\"{a}hnle and Tobias Nipkow},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/DagSemProc.09411.1},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-25032},
  doi =		{10.4230/DagSemProc.09411.1},
  annote =	{Keywords: Formal Logic, Deduction, Artificial Intelligence}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/DagSemProc.09411.2
09411 Executive Summary – Interaction versus Automation: The two Faces of Deductions

Authors: Thomas Ball, Jürgen Giesl, Reiner Hähnle, and Tobias Nipkow

Published in: Dagstuhl Seminar Proceedings, Volume 9411, Interaction versus Automation: The two Faces of Deduction (2010)

Abstract
This seminar was the ninth in the series of the Dagstuhl "Deduction" seminars held biennially since 1993. Its goal was to bring together the closely related but unnecessarily disjoint communities of researchers working in interactive and automatic program verification.
Cite as

Thomas Ball, Jürgen Giesl, Reiner Hähnle, and Tobias Nipkow. 09411 Executive Summary – Interaction versus Automation: The two Faces of Deductions. In Interaction versus Automation: The two Faces of Deduction. Dagstuhl Seminar Proceedings, Volume 9411, pp. 1-4, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2010)

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@InProceedings{ball_et_al:DagSemProc.09411.2,
  author =	{Ball, Thomas and Giesl, J\"{u}rgen and H\"{a}hnle, Reiner and Nipkow, Tobias},
  title =	{{09411 Executive Summary – Interaction versus Automation: The two Faces of Deductions}},
  booktitle =	{Interaction versus Automation: The two Faces of Deduction},
  pages =	{1--4},
  series =	{Dagstuhl Seminar Proceedings (DagSemProc)},
  ISSN =	{1862-4405},
  year =	{2010},
  volume =	{9411},
  editor =	{Thomas Ball and J\"{u}rgen Giesl and Reiner H\"{a}hnle and Tobias Nipkow},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/DagSemProc.09411.2},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-24213},
  doi =		{10.4230/DagSemProc.09411.2},
  annote =	{Keywords: Formal Logic, Deduction, Artificial Intelligence}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/DagSemProc.05261.1
05261 Abstracts Collection – Multi-Version Program Analysis

Authors: Thomas Ball, Stephan Diehl, David Notkin, and Andreas Zeller

Published in: Dagstuhl Seminar Proceedings, Volume 5261, Multi-Version Program Analysis (2006)

Abstract
From 26.06.05 to 01.07.05, the Dagstuhl Seminar 05261 ``Multi-Version Program Analysis'' was held in the International Conference and Research Center (IBFI), Schloss Dagstuhl. During the seminar, several participants presented their current research, and ongoing work and open problems were discussed. Abstracts of the presentations given during the seminar as well as abstracts of seminar results and ideas are put together in this paper. The first section describes the seminar topics and goals in general. Links to extended abstracts or full papers are provided, if available.
Cite as

Thomas Ball, Stephan Diehl, David Notkin, and Andreas Zeller. 05261 Abstracts Collection – Multi-Version Program Analysis. In Multi-Version Program Analysis. Dagstuhl Seminar Proceedings, Volume 5261, pp. 1-10, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2006)

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@InProceedings{ball_et_al:DagSemProc.05261.1,
  author =	{Ball, Thomas and Diehl, Stephan and Notkin, David and Zeller, Andreas},
  title =	{{05261 Abstracts Collection – Multi-Version Program Analysis}},
  booktitle =	{Multi-Version Program Analysis},
  pages =	{1--10},
  series =	{Dagstuhl Seminar Proceedings (DagSemProc)},
  ISSN =	{1862-4405},
  year =	{2006},
  volume =	{5261},
  editor =	{Thomas Ball and Stephan Diehl and David Notkin and Andreas Zeller},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/DagSemProc.05261.1},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-5600},
  doi =		{10.4230/DagSemProc.05261.1},
  annote =	{Keywords: Software engineering, data mining, software processes, software archives, version control, bug database, experimentation, measurement, verification}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/DagSemProc.05261.2
05261 Summary – Multi-Version Program Analysis

Authors: Thomas Ball, Stephan Diehl, David Notkin, and Andreas Zeller

Published in: Dagstuhl Seminar Proceedings, Volume 5261, Multi-Version Program Analysis (2006)

Abstract
Change is an inevitable part of successful software systems. Software changes induce costs, as they force people to repeat earlier assessments. On the other hand, knowing about software changes can also bring benefits, as changes are artifacts that can be analyzed. In the last years, researchers have begun to analyze software together with its change history. There is a huge amount of historical information that can be extracted, abstracted, and leveraged: - Knowing about earlier versions and their properties can lead to incremental assessments. - Analyzing the history of a product can tell how changes in software are related to other changes and features. - Relating properties to changes can help focusing on changes that cause specific properties. In this Dagstuhl seminar, researchers that analyze software and its history have met and discussed for a full week, exchanging their ideas, and combining and integrating the techniques to build a greater whole. Clearly, understanding history can play a major role when it comes to understand software systems.
Cite as

Thomas Ball, Stephan Diehl, David Notkin, and Andreas Zeller. 05261 Summary – Multi-Version Program Analysis. In Multi-Version Program Analysis. Dagstuhl Seminar Proceedings, Volume 5261, pp. 1-2, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2006)

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@InProceedings{ball_et_al:DagSemProc.05261.2,
  author =	{Ball, Thomas and Diehl, Stephan and Notkin, David and Zeller, Andreas},
  title =	{{05261 Summary – Multi-Version Program Analysis}},
  booktitle =	{Multi-Version Program Analysis},
  pages =	{1--2},
  series =	{Dagstuhl Seminar Proceedings (DagSemProc)},
  ISSN =	{1862-4405},
  year =	{2006},
  volume =	{5261},
  editor =	{Thomas Ball and Stephan Diehl and David Notkin and Andreas Zeller},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/DagSemProc.05261.2},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-5591},
  doi =		{10.4230/DagSemProc.05261.2},
  annote =	{Keywords: Software engineering, data minig, software processes, software archives, version control, bug database, experimantation, measurement, verification}
}

Ball, Marshall

Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ITC.2022.7
A Note on the Complexity of Private Simultaneous Messages with Many Parties

Authors: Marshall Ball and Tim Randolph

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 230, 3rd Conference on Information-Theoretic Cryptography (ITC 2022)

Abstract
For k = ω(log n), we prove a Ω(k²n / log(kn)) lower bound on private simultaneous messages (PSM) with k parties who receive n-bit inputs. This extends the Ω(n) lower bound due to Appelbaum, Holenstein, Mishra and Shayevitz [Journal of Cryptology, 2019] to the many-party (k = ω(log n)) setting. It is the first PSM lower bound that increases quadratically with the number of parties, and moreover the first unconditional, explicit bound that grows with both k and n. This note extends the work of Ball, Holmgren, Ishai, Liu, and Malkin [ITCS 2020], who prove communication complexity lower bounds on decomposable randomized encodings (DREs), which correspond to the special case of k-party PSMs with n = 1. To give a concise and readable introduction to the method, we focus our presentation on perfect PSM schemes.
Cite as

Marshall Ball and Tim Randolph. A Note on the Complexity of Private Simultaneous Messages with Many Parties. In 3rd Conference on Information-Theoretic Cryptography (ITC 2022). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 230, pp. 7:1-7:12, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2022)

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@InProceedings{ball_et_al:LIPIcs.ITC.2022.7,
  author =	{Ball, Marshall and Randolph, Tim},
  title =	{{A Note on the Complexity of Private Simultaneous Messages with Many Parties}},
  booktitle =	{3rd Conference on Information-Theoretic Cryptography (ITC 2022)},
  pages =	{7:1--7:12},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-238-9},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2022},
  volume =	{230},
  editor =	{Dachman-Soled, Dana},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ITC.2022.7},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-164855},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ITC.2022.7},
  annote =	{Keywords: Secure computation, Private Simultaneous Messages}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ITCS.2022.12
Randomness Extraction from Somewhat Dependent Sources

Authors: Marshall Ball, Oded Goldreich, and Tal Malkin

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 215, 13th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS 2022)

Abstract
We initiate a comprehensive study of the question of randomness extractions from two somewhat dependent sources of defective randomness. Specifically, we present three natural models, which are based on different natural perspectives on the notion of bounded dependency between a pair of distributions. Going from the more restricted model to the less restricted one, our models and main results are as follows. 1) Bounded dependence as bounded coordination: Here we consider pairs of distributions that arise from independent random processes that are applied to the outcome of a single global random source, which may be viewed as a mechanism of coordination (which is adversarial from our perspective). We show that if the min-entropy of each of the two outcomes is larger than the length of the global source, then extraction is possible (and is, in fact, feasible). We stress that the extractor has no access to the global random source nor to the internal randomness that the two processes use, but rather gets only the two dependent outcomes. This model is equivalent to a setting in which the two outcomes are generated by two independent sources, but then each outcome is modified based on limited leakage (equiv., communication) between the two sources. (Here this leakage is measured in terms of the number of bits that were communicated, but in the next model we consider the actual influence of this leakage.) 2) Bounded dependence as bounded cross influence: Here we consider pairs of outcomes that are produced by a pair of sources such that each source has bounded (worst-case) influence on the outcome of the other source. We stress that the extractor has no access to the randomness that the two processes use, but rather gets only the two dependent outcomes. We show that, while (proper) randomness extraction is impossible in this case, randomness condensing is possible and feasible; specifically, the randomness deficiency of condensing is linear in our measure of cross influence, and this upper bound is tight. We also discuss various applications of such condensers, including for cryptography, standard randomized algorithms, and sublinear-time algorithms, while pointing out their benefit over using a seeded (single-source) extractor. 3) Bounded dependence as bounded mutual information: Due to the average-case nature of mutual information, here there is a trade-off between the error (or deviation) probability of the extracted output and its randomness deficiency. Loosely speaking, for joint distributions of mutual information t, we can condense with randomness deficiency O(t/ε) and error ε, and this trade-off is optimal. All positive results are obtained by using a standard two-source extractor (or condenser) as a black-box.
Cite as

Marshall Ball, Oded Goldreich, and Tal Malkin. Randomness Extraction from Somewhat Dependent Sources. In 13th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS 2022). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 215, pp. 12:1-12:14, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2022)

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@InProceedings{ball_et_al:LIPIcs.ITCS.2022.12,
  author =	{Ball, Marshall and Goldreich, Oded and Malkin, Tal},
  title =	{{Randomness Extraction from Somewhat Dependent Sources}},
  booktitle =	{13th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS 2022)},
  pages =	{12:1--12:14},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-217-4},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2022},
  volume =	{215},
  editor =	{Braverman, Mark},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ITCS.2022.12},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-156081},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ITCS.2022.12},
  annote =	{Keywords: Randomness Extraction, min-entropy, mutual information, two-source extractors, two-source condenser}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ITC.2021.12
Linear Threshold Secret-Sharing with Binary Reconstruction

Authors: Marshall Ball, Alper Çakan, and Tal Malkin

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 199, 2nd Conference on Information-Theoretic Cryptography (ITC 2021)

Abstract
Motivated in part by applications in lattice-based cryptography, we initiate the study of the size of linear threshold (`t-out-of-n') secret-sharing where the linear reconstruction function is restricted to coefficients in {0,1}. We also study the complexity of such schemes with the additional requirement that the joint distribution of the shares of any unauthorized set of parties is not only independent of the secret, but also uniformly distributed. We prove upper and lower bounds on the share size of such schemes, where the size is measured by the total number of field elements distributed to the parties. We prove our results by defining and investigating an equivalent variant of Karchmer and Wigderson’s Monotone Span Programs [CCC, 1993]. One ramification of our results is that a natural variant of Shamir’s classic scheme [Comm. of ACM, 1979], where bit-decomposition is applied to each share, is optimal for when the underlying field has characteristic 2. Another ramification is that schemes obtained from monotone formulae are optimal for certain threshold values when the field’s characteristic is any constant. For schemes with the uniform distribution requirement, we show that they must use Ω(nlog n) field elements, for all thresholds 2 < t < n and regardless of the field. Moreover, this is tight up to constant factors for the special cases where any t = n-1 parties can reconstruct, as well as for any threshold when the field characteristic is 2.
Cite as

Marshall Ball, Alper Çakan, and Tal Malkin. Linear Threshold Secret-Sharing with Binary Reconstruction. In 2nd Conference on Information-Theoretic Cryptography (ITC 2021). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 199, pp. 12:1-12:22, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2021)

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@InProceedings{ball_et_al:LIPIcs.ITC.2021.12,
  author =	{Ball, Marshall and \c{C}akan, Alper and Malkin, Tal},
  title =	{{Linear Threshold Secret-Sharing with Binary Reconstruction}},
  booktitle =	{2nd Conference on Information-Theoretic Cryptography (ITC 2021)},
  pages =	{12:1--12:22},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-197-9},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2021},
  volume =	{199},
  editor =	{Tessaro, Stefano},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ITC.2021.12},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-143313},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ITC.2021.12},
  annote =	{Keywords: Secret sharing, Span programs, Lattice-based cryptography}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.CCC.2021.14
Communication Complexity with Defective Randomness

Authors: Marshall Ball, Oded Goldreich, and Tal Malkin

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 200, 36th Computational Complexity Conference (CCC 2021)

Abstract
Starting with the two standard model of randomized communication complexity, we study the communication complexity of functions when the protocol has access to a defective source of randomness. Specifically, we consider both the public-randomness and private-randomness cases, while replacing the commonly postulated perfect randomness with distributions over 𝓁 bit strings that have min-entropy at least k ≤ 𝓁. We present general upper and lower bounds on the communication complexity in these cases, where the bounds are typically linear in 𝓁-k and also depend on the size of the fooling set for the function being computed and on its standard randomized complexity.
Cite as

Marshall Ball, Oded Goldreich, and Tal Malkin. Communication Complexity with Defective Randomness. In 36th Computational Complexity Conference (CCC 2021). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 200, pp. 14:1-14:10, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2021)

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@InProceedings{ball_et_al:LIPIcs.CCC.2021.14,
  author =	{Ball, Marshall and Goldreich, Oded and Malkin, Tal},
  title =	{{Communication Complexity with Defective Randomness}},
  booktitle =	{36th Computational Complexity Conference (CCC 2021)},
  pages =	{14:1--14:10},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-193-1},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2021},
  volume =	{200},
  editor =	{Kabanets, Valentine},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.CCC.2021.14},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-142886},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.CCC.2021.14},
  annote =	{Keywords: Randomized Communication Complexity, Randomness Extraction, Min-Entropy}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ITCS.2020.80
Limits to Non-Malleability

Authors: Marshall Ball, Dana Dachman-Soled, Mukul Kulkarni, and Tal Malkin

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 151, 11th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS 2020)

Abstract
There have been many successes in constructing explicit non-malleable codes for various classes of tampering functions in recent years, and strong existential results are also known. In this work we ask the following question: When can we rule out the existence of a non-malleable code for a tampering class ℱ? First, we start with some classes where positive results are well-known, and show that when these classes are extended in a natural way, non-malleable codes are no longer possible. Specifically, we show that no non-malleable codes exist for any of the following tampering classes: - Functions that change d/2 symbols, where d is the distance of the code; - Functions where each input symbol affects only a single output symbol; - Functions where each of the n output bits is a function of n-log n input bits. Furthermore, we rule out constructions of non-malleable codes for certain classes ℱ via reductions to the assumption that a distributional problem is hard for ℱ, that make black-box use of the tampering functions in the proof. In particular, this yields concrete obstacles for the construction of efficient codes for NC, even assuming average-case variants of P ⊈ NC.
Cite as

Marshall Ball, Dana Dachman-Soled, Mukul Kulkarni, and Tal Malkin. Limits to Non-Malleability. In 11th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS 2020). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 151, pp. 80:1-80:32, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2020)

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@InProceedings{ball_et_al:LIPIcs.ITCS.2020.80,
  author =	{Ball, Marshall and Dachman-Soled, Dana and Kulkarni, Mukul and Malkin, Tal},
  title =	{{Limits to Non-Malleability}},
  booktitle =	{11th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS 2020)},
  pages =	{80:1--80:32},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-134-4},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2020},
  volume =	{151},
  editor =	{Vidick, Thomas},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ITCS.2020.80},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-117657},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ITCS.2020.80},
  annote =	{Keywords: non-malleable codes, black-box impossibility, tamper-resilient cryptogtaphy, average-case hardness}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ITCS.2020.81
Cryptography from Information Loss

Authors: Marshall Ball, Elette Boyle, Akshay Degwekar, Apoorvaa Deshpande, Alon Rosen, Vinod Vaikuntanathan, and Prashant Nalini Vasudevan

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 151, 11th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS 2020)

Abstract
Reductions between problems, the mainstay of theoretical computer science, efficiently map an instance of one problem to an instance of another in such a way that solving the latter allows solving the former. The subject of this work is "lossy" reductions, where the reduction loses some information about the input instance. We show that such reductions, when they exist, have interesting and powerful consequences for lifting hardness into "useful" hardness, namely cryptography. Our first, conceptual, contribution is a definition of lossy reductions in the language of mutual information. Roughly speaking, our definition says that a reduction C is t-lossy if, for any distribution X over its inputs, the mutual information I(X;C(X)) ≤ t. Our treatment generalizes a variety of seemingly related but distinct notions such as worst-case to average-case reductions, randomized encodings (Ishai and Kushilevitz, FOCS 2000), homomorphic computations (Gentry, STOC 2009), and instance compression (Harnik and Naor, FOCS 2006). We then proceed to show several consequences of lossy reductions: 1. We say that a language L has an f-reduction to a language L' for a Boolean function f if there is a (randomized) polynomial-time algorithm C that takes an m-tuple of strings X = (x_1,…,x_m), with each x_i ∈ {0,1}^n, and outputs a string z such that with high probability, L'(z) = f(L(x_1),L(x_2),…,L(x_m)). Suppose a language L has an f-reduction C to L' that is t-lossy. Our first result is that one-way functions exist if L is worst-case hard and one of the following conditions holds: - f is the OR function, t ≤ m/100, and L' is the same as L - f is the Majority function, and t ≤ m/100 - f is the OR function, t ≤ O(m log n), and the reduction has no error This improves on the implications that follow from combining (Drucker, FOCS 2012) with (Ostrovsky and Wigderson, ISTCS 1993) that result in auxiliary-input one-way functions. 2. Our second result is about the stronger notion of t-compressing f-reductions - reductions that only output t bits. We show that if there is an average-case hard language L that has a t-compressing Majority reduction to some language for t=m/100, then there exist collision-resistant hash functions. This improves on the result of (Harnik and Naor, STOC 2006), whose starting point is a cryptographic primitive (namely, one-way functions) rather than average-case hardness, and whose assumption is a compressing OR-reduction of SAT (which is now known to be false unless the polynomial hierarchy collapses). Along the way, we define a non-standard one-sided notion of average-case hardness, which is the notion of hardness used in the second result above, that may be of independent interest.
Cite as

Marshall Ball, Elette Boyle, Akshay Degwekar, Apoorvaa Deshpande, Alon Rosen, Vinod Vaikuntanathan, and Prashant Nalini Vasudevan. Cryptography from Information Loss. In 11th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS 2020). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 151, pp. 81:1-81:27, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2020)

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@InProceedings{ball_et_al:LIPIcs.ITCS.2020.81,
  author =	{Ball, Marshall and Boyle, Elette and Degwekar, Akshay and Deshpande, Apoorvaa and Rosen, Alon and Vaikuntanathan, Vinod and Vasudevan, Prashant Nalini},
  title =	{{Cryptography from Information Loss}},
  booktitle =	{11th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS 2020)},
  pages =	{81:1--81:27},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-134-4},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2020},
  volume =	{151},
  editor =	{Vidick, Thomas},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ITCS.2020.81},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-117667},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ITCS.2020.81},
  annote =	{Keywords: Compression, Information Loss, One-Way Functions, Reductions, Generic Constructions}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ITCS.2020.86
On the Complexity of Decomposable Randomized Encodings, Or: How Friendly Can a Garbling-Friendly PRF Be?

Authors: Marshall Ball, Justin Holmgren, Yuval Ishai, Tianren Liu, and Tal Malkin

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 151, 11th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS 2020)

Abstract
Garbling schemes, also known as decomposable randomized encodings (DRE), have found many applications in cryptography. However, despite a large body of work on constructing such schemes, very little is known about their limitations. We initiate a systematic study of the DRE complexity of Boolean functions, obtaining the following main results: - Near-quadratic lower bounds. We use a classical lower bound technique of Nečiporuk [Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR '66] to show an Ω(n²/log n) lower bound on the size of any DRE for many explicit Boolean functions. For some natural functions, we obtain a corresponding upper bound, thus settling their DRE complexity up to polylogarithmic factors. Prior to our work, no superlinear lower bounds were known, even for non-explicit functions. - Garbling-friendly PRFs. We show that any exponentially secure PRF has Ω(n²/log n) DRE size, and present a plausible candidate for a "garbling-optimal" PRF that nearly meets this bound. This candidate establishes a barrier for super-quadratic DRE lower bounds via natural proof techniques. In contrast, we show a candidate for a weak PRF with near-exponential security and linear DRE size. Our results establish several qualitative separations, including near-quadratic separations between computational and information-theoretic DRE size of Boolean functions, and between DRE size of weak vs. strong PRFs.
Cite as

Marshall Ball, Justin Holmgren, Yuval Ishai, Tianren Liu, and Tal Malkin. On the Complexity of Decomposable Randomized Encodings, Or: How Friendly Can a Garbling-Friendly PRF Be?. In 11th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS 2020). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 151, pp. 86:1-86:22, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2020)

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@InProceedings{ball_et_al:LIPIcs.ITCS.2020.86,
  author =	{Ball, Marshall and Holmgren, Justin and Ishai, Yuval and Liu, Tianren and Malkin, Tal},
  title =	{{On the Complexity of Decomposable Randomized Encodings, Or: How Friendly Can a Garbling-Friendly PRF Be?}},
  booktitle =	{11th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS 2020)},
  pages =	{86:1--86:22},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-134-4},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2020},
  volume =	{151},
  editor =	{Vidick, Thomas},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ITCS.2020.86},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-117714},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ITCS.2020.86},
  annote =	{Keywords: Randomized Encoding, Private Simultaneous Messages}
}
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