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Documents authored by Carle, Thomas

Document
Complete Volume
DOI: 10.4230/OASIcs.WCET.2024
OASIcs, Volume 121, WCET 2024, Complete Volume

Authors: Thomas Carle

Published in: OASIcs, Volume 121, 22nd International Workshop on Worst-Case Execution Time Analysis (WCET 2024)

Abstract
OASIcs, Volume 121, WCET 2024, Complete Volume
Cite as

22nd International Workshop on Worst-Case Execution Time Analysis (WCET 2024). Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs), Volume 121, pp. 1-88, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2024)

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@Proceedings{carle:OASIcs.WCET.2024,
  title =	{{OASIcs, Volume 121, WCET 2024, Complete Volume}},
  booktitle =	{22nd International Workshop on Worst-Case Execution Time Analysis (WCET 2024)},
  pages =	{1--88},
  series =	{Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-346-1},
  ISSN =	{2190-6807},
  year =	{2024},
  volume =	{121},
  editor =	{Carle, Thomas},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/OASIcs.WCET.2024},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-204673},
  doi =		{10.4230/OASIcs.WCET.2024},
  annote =	{Keywords: OASIcs, Volume 121, WCET 2024, Complete Volume}
}
Document
Front Matter
DOI: 10.4230/OASIcs.WCET.2024.0
Front Matter, Table of Contents, Preface, Conference Organization

Authors: Thomas Carle

Published in: OASIcs, Volume 121, 22nd International Workshop on Worst-Case Execution Time Analysis (WCET 2024)

Abstract
Front Matter, Table of Contents, Preface, Conference Organization
Cite as

22nd International Workshop on Worst-Case Execution Time Analysis (WCET 2024). Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs), Volume 121, pp. 0:i-0:x, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2024)

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@InProceedings{carle:OASIcs.WCET.2024.0,
  author =	{Carle, Thomas},
  title =	{{Front Matter, Table of Contents, Preface, Conference Organization}},
  booktitle =	{22nd International Workshop on Worst-Case Execution Time Analysis (WCET 2024)},
  pages =	{0:i--0:x},
  series =	{Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-346-1},
  ISSN =	{2190-6807},
  year =	{2024},
  volume =	{121},
  editor =	{Carle, Thomas},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/OASIcs.WCET.2024.0},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-204682},
  doi =		{10.4230/OASIcs.WCET.2024.0},
  annote =	{Keywords: Front Matter, Table of Contents, Preface, Conference Organization}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/OASIcs.WCET.2023.1
Warp-Level CFG Construction for GPU Kernel WCET Analysis

Authors: Louison Jeanmougin, Pascal Sotin, Christine Rochange, and Thomas Carle

Published in: OASIcs, Volume 114, 21th International Workshop on Worst-Case Execution Time Analysis (WCET 2023)

Abstract
We present an abstract interpretation technique to automatically build a Control Flow Graph (CFG) representation of the execution of a GPU kernel. GPUs implement an inherently parallel execution model, in which threads are grouped within so-called warps that execute in lockstep. This execution model enables the representation of the execution of the threads of a warp as a single CFG. However, thread divergence may appear within a warp and its effect must be captured explicitly within the CFG. Our method builds the CFG of a warp by applying abstract interpretation on the assembly (Nvidia SASS) code of a kernel, and by maintaining an abstract representation of which threads within the warp agree on which values. This allows the method to detect precisely the points in the program where thread divergence may occur, and avoid spurious reactivation edges in the CFG. We apply our technique on benchmark kernels as a proof-of-concept, and generate IPET systems using the resulting CFGs.
Cite as

Louison Jeanmougin, Pascal Sotin, Christine Rochange, and Thomas Carle. Warp-Level CFG Construction for GPU Kernel WCET Analysis. In 21th International Workshop on Worst-Case Execution Time Analysis (WCET 2023). Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs), Volume 114, pp. 1:1-1:13, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2023)

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@InProceedings{jeanmougin_et_al:OASIcs.WCET.2023.1,
  author =	{Jeanmougin, Louison and Sotin, Pascal and Rochange, Christine and Carle, Thomas},
  title =	{{Warp-Level CFG Construction for GPU Kernel WCET Analysis}},
  booktitle =	{21th International Workshop on Worst-Case Execution Time Analysis (WCET 2023)},
  pages =	{1:1--1:13},
  series =	{Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-293-8},
  ISSN =	{2190-6807},
  year =	{2023},
  volume =	{114},
  editor =	{W\"{a}gemann, Peter},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/OASIcs.WCET.2023.1},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-184303},
  doi =		{10.4230/OASIcs.WCET.2023.1},
  annote =	{Keywords: Graphical Processing Unit (GPU), Control Flow Graphs (CFG), Worst-Case Execution Time (WCET), Program analysis}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/OASIcs.WCET.2023.2
Validation of Processor Timing Models Using Cycle-Accurate Timing Simulators

Authors: Alban Gruin, Thomas Carle, Christine Rochange, and Pascal Sainrat

Published in: OASIcs, Volume 114, 21th International Workshop on Worst-Case Execution Time Analysis (WCET 2023)

Abstract
We propose a workflow to help find errors in the processor models that are used to prove their timing predictability. Recently, several papers have modeled processor cores using formal models that represent how instructions progress through the pipeline in each execution cycle. However, such models grow with the complexity of the cores and they are built by hand, using a description of the core, usually the HDL-level code. Such a task is error-prone, and verifying that the model actually captures the core’s timing behavior is required, otherwise the proofs become useless. Our workflow simulates the execution of benchmark applications using the HDL specification of a core in order to extract timing information as well as other relevant information (e.g. cache miss events, branch mispredictions). This information is used to replay the execution in a simulator of the core timing model, and to determine whether or not the model accurately represents the execution timing of the instructions. To avoid writing the simulator by hand for each new core, or new variation of a core, we developed a compiler that translates the timing model of a core into a C++ program. We evaluated our approach on the open source MINOTAuR core and we show how it enabled us to detect and correct errors in its model.
Cite as

Alban Gruin, Thomas Carle, Christine Rochange, and Pascal Sainrat. Validation of Processor Timing Models Using Cycle-Accurate Timing Simulators. In 21th International Workshop on Worst-Case Execution Time Analysis (WCET 2023). Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs), Volume 114, pp. 2:1-2:12, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2023)

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@InProceedings{gruin_et_al:OASIcs.WCET.2023.2,
  author =	{Gruin, Alban and Carle, Thomas and Rochange, Christine and Sainrat, Pascal},
  title =	{{Validation of Processor Timing Models Using Cycle-Accurate Timing Simulators}},
  booktitle =	{21th International Workshop on Worst-Case Execution Time Analysis (WCET 2023)},
  pages =	{2:1--2:12},
  series =	{Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-293-8},
  ISSN =	{2190-6807},
  year =	{2023},
  volume =	{114},
  editor =	{W\"{a}gemann, Peter},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/OASIcs.WCET.2023.2},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-184319},
  doi =		{10.4230/OASIcs.WCET.2023.2},
  annote =	{Keywords: Processor model, timing predictability, simulator generation}
}
Document
Artifact
DOI: 10.4230/DARTS.8.1.6
ACETONE: Predictable Programming Framework for ML Applications in Safety-Critical Systems (Artifact)

Authors: Iryna De Albuquerque Silva, Thomas Carle, Adrien Gauffriau, and Claire Pagetti

Published in: DARTS, Volume 8, Issue 1, Special Issue of the 34th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2022)

Abstract
Machine learning applications have been gaining considerable attention in the field of safety-critical systems. Nonetheless, there is up to now no accepted development process that reaches classical safety confidence levels. This is the reason why we have developed a generic programming framework called ACETONE that is compliant with safety objectives (including traceability and WCET computation) for machine learning. More practically, the framework generates C code from a detailed description of off-line trained feed-forward deep neural networks that preserves the semantics of the original trained model and for which the WCET can be assessed with OTAWA. We have compared our results with Keras2c and uTVM with static runtime on a realistic set of benchmarks.
Cite as

Iryna De Albuquerque Silva, Thomas Carle, Adrien Gauffriau, and Claire Pagetti. ACETONE: Predictable Programming Framework for ML Applications in Safety-Critical Systems (Artifact). In Special Issue of the 34th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2022). Dagstuhl Artifacts Series (DARTS), Volume 8, Issue 1, pp. 6:1-6:2, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2022)

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@Article{dealbuquerquesilva_et_al:DARTS.8.1.6,
  author =	{De Albuquerque Silva, Iryna and Carle, Thomas and Gauffriau, Adrien and Pagetti, Claire},
  title =	{{ACETONE: Predictable Programming Framework for ML Applications in Safety-Critical Systems (Artifact)}},
  pages =	{6:1--6:2},
  journal =	{Dagstuhl Artifacts Series},
  ISSN =	{2509-8195},
  year =	{2022},
  volume =	{8},
  number =	{1},
  editor =	{De Albuquerque Silva, Iryna and Carle, Thomas and Gauffriau, Adrien and Pagetti, Claire},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/DARTS.8.1.6},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-165023},
  doi =		{10.4230/DARTS.8.1.6},
  annote =	{Keywords: Real-time safety-critical systems, Worst Case Execution Time analysis, Artificial Neural Networks implementation}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ECRTS.2022.3
ACETONE: Predictable Programming Framework for ML Applications in Safety-Critical Systems

Authors: Iryna De Albuquerque Silva, Thomas Carle, Adrien Gauffriau, and Claire Pagetti

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 231, 34th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2022)

Abstract
Machine learning applications have been gaining considerable attention in the field of safety-critical systems. Nonetheless, there is up to now no accepted development process that reaches classical safety confidence levels. This is the reason why we have developed a generic programming framework called ACETONE that is compliant with safety objectives (including traceability and WCET computation) for machine learning. More practically, the framework generates C code from a detailed description of off-line trained feed-forward deep neural networks that preserves the semantics of the original trained model and for which the WCET can be assessed with OTAWA. We have compared our results with Keras2c and uTVM with static runtime on a realistic set of benchmarks.
Cite as

Iryna De Albuquerque Silva, Thomas Carle, Adrien Gauffriau, and Claire Pagetti. ACETONE: Predictable Programming Framework for ML Applications in Safety-Critical Systems. In 34th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2022). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 231, pp. 3:1-3:19, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2022)

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@InProceedings{dealbuquerquesilva_et_al:LIPIcs.ECRTS.2022.3,
  author =	{De Albuquerque Silva, Iryna and Carle, Thomas and Gauffriau, Adrien and Pagetti, Claire},
  title =	{{ACETONE: Predictable Programming Framework for ML Applications in Safety-Critical Systems}},
  booktitle =	{34th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2022)},
  pages =	{3:1--3:19},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-239-6},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2022},
  volume =	{231},
  editor =	{Maggio, Martina},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ECRTS.2022.3},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-163202},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ECRTS.2022.3},
  annote =	{Keywords: Real-time safety-critical systems, Worst Case Execution Time analysis, Artificial Neural Networks implementation}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ECRTS.2022.9
Correctness and Efficiency Criteria for the Multi-Phase Task Model

Authors: Rémi Meunier, Thomas Carle, and Thierry Monteil

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 231, 34th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2022)

Abstract
This paper investigates how the multi-phase representation of real-time tasks impacts their implementation and the precision of the interference analysis in a multi-core context. In classical scheduling and interference analyses, tasks are represented as a single phase with a duration equal to their Worst-Case Execution Time (WCET) in isolation, annotated with their worst-case number of accesses. We propose a general formal definition of a task model in which tasks are represented as a sequence of such phases: the multi-phase model. We then provide a set of general correction criteria for the implementation of tasks represented in the multi-phase model, which is agnostic of the analysis method applied on the tasks. We also use the multi-phase model on an avionics case-study and study its impact on the interference analysis. Finally, we define a set of efficiency criteria using a statistical study of the most efficient multi-phase shapes.
Cite as

Rémi Meunier, Thomas Carle, and Thierry Monteil. Correctness and Efficiency Criteria for the Multi-Phase Task Model. In 34th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2022). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 231, pp. 9:1-9:21, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2022)

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@InProceedings{meunier_et_al:LIPIcs.ECRTS.2022.9,
  author =	{Meunier, R\'{e}mi and Carle, Thomas and Monteil, Thierry},
  title =	{{Correctness and Efficiency Criteria for the Multi-Phase Task Model}},
  booktitle =	{34th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2022)},
  pages =	{9:1--9:21},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-239-6},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2022},
  volume =	{231},
  editor =	{Maggio, Martina},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ECRTS.2022.9},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-163267},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ECRTS.2022.9},
  annote =	{Keywords: Task model, Interference, Multicore architectures}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/OASIcs.WCET.2018.3
Reducing Timing Interferences in Real-Time Applications Running on Multicore Architectures

Authors: Thomas Carle and Hugues Cassé

Published in: OASIcs, Volume 63, 18th International Workshop on Worst-Case Execution Time Analysis (WCET 2018)

Abstract
We introduce a unified wcet analysis and scheduling framework for real-time applications deployed on multicore architectures. Our method does not follow a particular programming model, meaning that any piece of existing code (in particular legacy) can be re-used, and aims at reducing automatically the worst-case number of timing interferences between tasks. Our method is based on the notion of Time Interest Points (tips), which are instructions that can generate and/or suffer from timing interferences. We show how such points can be extracted from the binary code of applications and selected prior to performing the wcet analysis. We then represent real-time tasks as sequences of time intervals separated by tips, and schedule those tasks so that the overall makespan (including the potential timing penalties incurred by interferences) is minimized. This scheduling phase is performed using an Integer Linear Programming (ilp) solver. Preliminary results on state-of-the-art benchmarks show promising results and pave the way for future extensions of the model and optimizations.
Cite as

Thomas Carle and Hugues Cassé. Reducing Timing Interferences in Real-Time Applications Running on Multicore Architectures. In 18th International Workshop on Worst-Case Execution Time Analysis (WCET 2018). Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs), Volume 63, pp. 3:1-3:12, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2018)

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@InProceedings{carle_et_al:OASIcs.WCET.2018.3,
  author =	{Carle, Thomas and Cass\'{e}, Hugues},
  title =	{{Reducing Timing Interferences in Real-Time Applications Running on Multicore Architectures}},
  booktitle =	{18th International Workshop on Worst-Case Execution Time Analysis (WCET 2018)},
  pages =	{3:1--3:12},
  series =	{Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-073-6},
  ISSN =	{2190-6807},
  year =	{2018},
  volume =	{63},
  editor =	{Brandner, Florian},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/OASIcs.WCET.2018.3},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-97493},
  doi =		{10.4230/OASIcs.WCET.2018.3},
  annote =	{Keywords: Multicore architecture, WCET, Time Interest Points}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LITES-v002-i002-a001
From Dataflow Specification to Multiprocessor Partitioned Time-triggered Real-time Implementation

Authors: Thomas Carle, Dumitru Potop-Butucaru, Yves Sorel, and David Lesens

Published in: LITES, Volume 2, Issue 2 (2015). Leibniz Transactions on Embedded Systems, Volume 2, Issue 2

Abstract
Our objective is to facilitate the development of complex time-triggered systems by automating the allocation and scheduling steps. We show that full automation is possible while taking into account the elements of complexity needed by a complex embedded control system. More precisely, we consider deterministic functional specifications provided (as often in an industrial setting) by means of synchronous data-flow models with multiple modes and multiple relative periods. We first extend this functional model with an original real-time characterization that takes advantage of our time-triggered framework to provide a simpler representation of complex end-to-end flow requirements. We also extend our specifications with additional non-functional properties specifying partitioning, allocation, and preemptability constraints. Then, we provide novel algorithms for the off-line scheduling of these extended specifications onto partitioned time-triggered architectures à la ARINC 653. The main originality of our work is that it takes into account at the same time multiple complexity elements: various types of non-functional properties (real-time, partitioning, allocation, preemptability) and functional specifications with conditional execution and multiple modes. Allocation of time slots/windows to partitions can be fully or partially provided, or synthesized by our tool. Our algorithms allow the automatic allocation and scheduling onto multi-processor (distributed) systems with a global time base, taking into account communication costs. We demonstrate our technique on a model of space flight software system with strong real-time determinism requirements.
Cite as

Thomas Carle, Dumitru Potop-Butucaru, Yves Sorel, and David Lesens. From Dataflow Specification to Multiprocessor Partitioned Time-triggered Real-time Implementation. In LITES, Volume 2, Issue 2 (2015). Leibniz Transactions on Embedded Systems, Volume 2, Issue 2, pp. 01:1-01:30, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2015)

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@Article{carle_et_al:LITES-v002-i002-a001,
  author =	{Carle, Thomas and Potop-Butucaru, Dumitru and Sorel, Yves and Lesens, David},
  title =	{{From Dataflow Specification to Multiprocessor Partitioned Time-triggered Real-time Implementation}},
  journal =	{Leibniz Transactions on Embedded Systems},
  pages =	{01:1--01:30},
  ISSN =	{2199-2002},
  year =	{2015},
  volume =	{2},
  number =	{2},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LITES-v002-i002-a001},
  doi =		{10.4230/LITES-v002-i002-a001},
  annote =	{Keywords: Time-triggered, Off-line real-time scheduling, Temporal partitioning}
}
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