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Documents authored by Dinitz, Michael

Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.DISC.2024.19
Parallel Set Cover and Hypergraph Matching via Uniform Random Sampling

Authors: Laxman Dhulipala, Michael Dinitz, Jakub Łącki, and Slobodan Mitrović

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 319, 38th International Symposium on Distributed Computing (DISC 2024)

Abstract
The SetCover problem has been extensively studied in many different models of computation, including parallel and distributed settings. From an approximation point of view, there are two standard guarantees: an O(log Δ)-approximation (where Δ is the maximum set size) and an O(f)-approximation (where f is the maximum number of sets containing any given element). In this paper, we introduce a new, surprisingly simple, model-independent approach to solving SetCover in unweighted graphs. We obtain multiple improved algorithms in the MPC and CRCW PRAM models. First, in the MPC model with sublinear space per machine, our algorithms can compute an O(f) approximation to SetCover in Ô(√{log Δ} + log f) rounds and a O(log Δ) approximation in O(log^{3/2} n) rounds. Moreover, in the PRAM model, we give a O(f) approximate algorithm using linear work and O(log n) depth. All these bounds improve the existing round complexity/depth bounds by a log^{Ω(1)} n factor. Moreover, our approach leads to many other new algorithms, including improved algorithms for the HypergraphMatching problem in the MPC model, as well as simpler SetCover algorithms that match the existing bounds.
Cite as

Laxman Dhulipala, Michael Dinitz, Jakub Łącki, and Slobodan Mitrović. Parallel Set Cover and Hypergraph Matching via Uniform Random Sampling. In 38th International Symposium on Distributed Computing (DISC 2024). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 319, pp. 19:1-19:23, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2024)

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@InProceedings{dhulipala_et_al:LIPIcs.DISC.2024.19,
  author =	{Dhulipala, Laxman and Dinitz, Michael and {\L}\k{a}cki, Jakub and Mitrovi\'{c}, Slobodan},
  title =	{{Parallel Set Cover and Hypergraph Matching via Uniform Random Sampling}},
  booktitle =	{38th International Symposium on Distributed Computing (DISC 2024)},
  pages =	{19:1--19:23},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-352-2},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2024},
  volume =	{319},
  editor =	{Alistarh, Dan},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.DISC.2024.19},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-212453},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.DISC.2024.19},
  annote =	{Keywords: approximate maximum matching, set cover, hypergraph matching, PRAM, massively parallel computation}
}
Document
APPROX
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.APPROX/RANDOM.2024.3
Degrees and Network Design: New Problems and Approximations

Authors: Michael Dinitz, Guy Kortsarz, and Shi Li

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 317, Approximation, Randomization, and Combinatorial Optimization. Algorithms and Techniques (APPROX/RANDOM 2024)

Abstract
While much of network design focuses mostly on cost (number or weight of edges), node degrees have also played an important role. They have traditionally either appeared as an objective, to minimize the maximum degree (e.g., the Minimum Degree Spanning Tree problem), or as constraints that might be violated to give bicriteria approximations (e.g., the Minimum Cost Degree Bounded Spanning Tree problem). We extend the study of degrees in network design in two ways. First, we introduce and study a new variant of the Survivable Network Design Problem where in addition to the traditional objective of minimizing the cost of the chosen edges, we add a constraint that the 𝓁_p-norm of the node degree vector is bounded by an input parameter. This interpolates between the classical settings of maximum degree (the 𝓁_∞-norm) and the number of edges (the 𝓁₁-degree), and has natural applications in distributed systems and VLSI design. We give a constant bicriteria approximation in both measures using convex programming. Second, we provide a polylogarithmic bicriteria approximation for the Degree Bounded Group Steiner problem on bounded treewidth graphs, solving an open problem from [Guy Kortsarz and Zeev Nutov, 2022] and [X. Guo et al., 2022].
Cite as

Michael Dinitz, Guy Kortsarz, and Shi Li. Degrees and Network Design: New Problems and Approximations. In Approximation, Randomization, and Combinatorial Optimization. Algorithms and Techniques (APPROX/RANDOM 2024). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 317, pp. 3:1-3:17, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2024)

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@InProceedings{dinitz_et_al:LIPIcs.APPROX/RANDOM.2024.3,
  author =	{Dinitz, Michael and Kortsarz, Guy and Li, Shi},
  title =	{{Degrees and Network Design: New Problems and Approximations}},
  booktitle =	{Approximation, Randomization, and Combinatorial Optimization. Algorithms and Techniques (APPROX/RANDOM 2024)},
  pages =	{3:1--3:17},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-348-5},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2024},
  volume =	{317},
  editor =	{Kumar, Amit and Ron-Zewi, Noga},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.APPROX/RANDOM.2024.3},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-209969},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.APPROX/RANDOM.2024.3},
  annote =	{Keywords: Network Design, Degrees}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ITCS.2023.20
Epic Fail: Emulators Can Tolerate Polynomially Many Edge Faults for Free

Authors: Greg Bodwin, Michael Dinitz, and Yasamin Nazari

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 251, 14th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS 2023)

Abstract
A t-emulator of a graph G is a graph H that approximates its pairwise shortest path distances up to multiplicative t error. We study fault tolerant t-emulators, under the model recently introduced by Bodwin, Dinitz, and Nazari [ITCS 2022] for vertex failures. In this paper we consider the version for edge failures, and show that they exhibit surprisingly different behavior. In particular, our main result is that, for (2k-1)-emulators with k odd, we can tolerate a polynomial number of edge faults for free. For example: for any n-node input graph, we construct a 5-emulator (k = 3) on O(n^{4/3}) edges that is robust to f = O(n^{2/9}) edge faults. It is well known that Ω(n^{4/3}) edges are necessary even if the 5-emulator does not need to tolerate any faults. Thus we pay no extra cost in the size to gain this fault tolerance. We leave open the precise range of free fault tolerance for odd k, and whether a similar phenomenon can be proved for even k.
Cite as

Greg Bodwin, Michael Dinitz, and Yasamin Nazari. Epic Fail: Emulators Can Tolerate Polynomially Many Edge Faults for Free. In 14th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS 2023). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 251, pp. 20:1-20:22, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2023)

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@InProceedings{bodwin_et_al:LIPIcs.ITCS.2023.20,
  author =	{Bodwin, Greg and Dinitz, Michael and Nazari, Yasamin},
  title =	{{Epic Fail: Emulators Can Tolerate Polynomially Many Edge Faults for Free}},
  booktitle =	{14th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS 2023)},
  pages =	{20:1--20:22},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-263-1},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2023},
  volume =	{251},
  editor =	{Tauman Kalai, Yael},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ITCS.2023.20},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-175231},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ITCS.2023.20},
  annote =	{Keywords: Emulators, Fault Tolerance, Girth Conjecture}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.DISC.2022.18
Smoothed Analysis of Information Spreading in Dynamic Networks

Authors: Michael Dinitz, Jeremy Fineman, Seth Gilbert, and Calvin Newport

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 246, 36th International Symposium on Distributed Computing (DISC 2022)

Abstract
The best known solutions for k-message broadcast in dynamic networks of size n require Ω(nk) rounds. In this paper, we see if these bounds can be improved by smoothed analysis. To do so, we study perhaps the most natural randomized algorithm for disseminating tokens in this setting: at every time step, choose a token to broadcast randomly from the set of tokens you know. We show that with even a small amount of smoothing (i.e., one random edge added per round), this natural strategy solves k-message broadcast in Õ(n+k³) rounds, with high probability, beating the best known bounds for k = o(√n) and matching the Ω(n+k) lower bound for static networks for k = O(n^{1/3}) (ignoring logarithmic factors). In fact, the main result we show is even stronger and more general: given 𝓁-smoothing (i.e., 𝓁 random edges added per round), this simple strategy terminates in O(kn^{2/3}log^{1/3}(n)𝓁^{-1/3}) rounds. We then prove this analysis close to tight with an almost-matching lower bound. To better understand the impact of smoothing on information spreading, we next turn our attention to static networks, proving a tight bound of Õ(k√n) rounds to solve k-message broadcast, which is better than what our strategy can achieve in the dynamic setting. This confirms the intuition that although smoothed analysis reduces the difficulties induced by changing graph structures, it does not eliminate them altogether. Finally, we apply tools developed to support our smoothed analysis to prove an optimal result for k-message broadcast in so-called well-mixed networks in the absence of smoothing. By comparing this result to an existing lower bound for well-mixed networks, we establish a formal separation between oblivious and strongly adaptive adversaries with respect to well-mixed token spreading, partially resolving an open question on the impact of adversary strength on the k-message broadcast problem.
Cite as

Michael Dinitz, Jeremy Fineman, Seth Gilbert, and Calvin Newport. Smoothed Analysis of Information Spreading in Dynamic Networks. In 36th International Symposium on Distributed Computing (DISC 2022). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 246, pp. 18:1-18:22, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2022)

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@InProceedings{dinitz_et_al:LIPIcs.DISC.2022.18,
  author =	{Dinitz, Michael and Fineman, Jeremy and Gilbert, Seth and Newport, Calvin},
  title =	{{Smoothed Analysis of Information Spreading in Dynamic Networks}},
  booktitle =	{36th International Symposium on Distributed Computing (DISC 2022)},
  pages =	{18:1--18:22},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-255-6},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2022},
  volume =	{246},
  editor =	{Scheideler, Christian},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.DISC.2022.18},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-172094},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.DISC.2022.18},
  annote =	{Keywords: Smoothed Analysis, Dynamic networks, Gossip}
}
Document
Brief Announcement
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.DISC.2022.42
Brief Announcement: Minimizing Congestion in Hybrid Demand-Aware Network Topologies

Authors: Wenkai Dai, Michael Dinitz, Klaus-Tycho Foerster, and Stefan Schmid

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 246, 36th International Symposium on Distributed Computing (DISC 2022)

Abstract
Emerging reconfigurable optical communication technologies enable demand-aware networks: networks whose static topology can be enhanced with demand-aware links optimized towards the traffic pattern the network serves. This paper studies the algorithmic problem of how to jointly optimize the topology and the routing in such demand-aware networks, to minimize congestion. We investigate this problem along two dimensions: (1) whether flows are splittable or unsplittable, and (2) whether routing on the hybrid topology is segregated or not, i.e., whether or not flows either have to use exclusively either the static network or the demand-aware connections. For splittable and segregated routing, we show that the problem is 2-approximable in general, but APX-hard even for uniform demands induced by a bipartite demand graph. For unsplittable and segregated routing, we show an upper bound of O(log m/ log log m) and a lower bound of Ω(log m/ log log m) for polynomial-time approximation algorithms, where m is the number of static links. Under splittable (resp., unsplittable) and non-segregated routing, even for demands of a single source (resp., destination), the problem cannot be approximated better than Ω(c_{max}/c_{min}) unless P=NP, where c_{max} (resp., c_{min}) denotes the maximum (resp., minimum) capacity. It is still NP-hard for uniform capacities, but can be solved efficiently for a single commodity and uniform capacities.
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Wenkai Dai, Michael Dinitz, Klaus-Tycho Foerster, and Stefan Schmid. Brief Announcement: Minimizing Congestion in Hybrid Demand-Aware Network Topologies. In 36th International Symposium on Distributed Computing (DISC 2022). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 246, pp. 42:1-42:3, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2022)

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@InProceedings{dai_et_al:LIPIcs.DISC.2022.42,
  author =	{Dai, Wenkai and Dinitz, Michael and Foerster, Klaus-Tycho and Schmid, Stefan},
  title =	{{Brief Announcement: Minimizing Congestion in Hybrid Demand-Aware Network Topologies}},
  booktitle =	{36th International Symposium on Distributed Computing (DISC 2022)},
  pages =	{42:1--42:3},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-255-6},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2022},
  volume =	{246},
  editor =	{Scheideler, Christian},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.DISC.2022.42},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-172330},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.DISC.2022.42},
  annote =	{Keywords: Congestion, Reconfigurable Networks, Algorithms, Complexity}
}
Document
APPROX
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.APPROX/RANDOM.2022.41
Relative Survivable Network Design

Authors: Michael Dinitz, Ama Koranteng, and Guy Kortsarz

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 245, Approximation, Randomization, and Combinatorial Optimization. Algorithms and Techniques (APPROX/RANDOM 2022)

Abstract
One of the most important and well-studied settings for network design is edge-connectivity requirements. This encompasses uniform demands such as the Minimum k-Edge-Connected Spanning Subgraph problem (k-ECSS), as well as nonuniform demands such as the Survivable Network Design problem. A weakness of these formulations, though, is that we are not able to ask for fault-tolerance larger than the connectivity. Taking inspiration from recent definitions and progress in graph spanners, we introduce and study new variants of these problems under a notion of relative fault-tolerance. Informally, we require not that two nodes are connected if there are a bounded number of faults (as in the classical setting), but that two nodes are connected if there are a bounded number of faults and the two nodes are connected in the underlying graph post-faults. That is, the subgraph we build must "behave" identically to the underlying graph with respect to connectivity after bounded faults. We define and introduce these problems, and provide the first approximation algorithms: a (1+4/k)-approximation for the unweighted relative version of k-ECSS, a 2-approximation for the weighted relative version of k-ECSS, and a 27/4-approximation for the special case of Relative Survivable Network Design with only a single demand with a connectivity requirement of 3. To obtain these results, we introduce a number of technical ideas that may of independent interest. First, we give a generalization of Jain’s iterative rounding analysis that works even when the cut-requirement function is not weakly supermodular, but instead satisfies a weaker definition we introduce and term local weak supermodularity. Second, we prove a structure theorem and design an approximation algorithm utilizing a new decomposition based on important separators, which are structures commonly used in fixed-parameter algorithms that have not commonly been used in approximation algorithms.
Cite as

Michael Dinitz, Ama Koranteng, and Guy Kortsarz. Relative Survivable Network Design. In Approximation, Randomization, and Combinatorial Optimization. Algorithms and Techniques (APPROX/RANDOM 2022). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 245, pp. 41:1-41:19, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2022)

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@InProceedings{dinitz_et_al:LIPIcs.APPROX/RANDOM.2022.41,
  author =	{Dinitz, Michael and Koranteng, Ama and Kortsarz, Guy},
  title =	{{Relative Survivable Network Design}},
  booktitle =	{Approximation, Randomization, and Combinatorial Optimization. Algorithms and Techniques (APPROX/RANDOM 2022)},
  pages =	{41:1--41:19},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-249-5},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2022},
  volume =	{245},
  editor =	{Chakrabarti, Amit and Swamy, Chaitanya},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.APPROX/RANDOM.2022.41},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-171632},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.APPROX/RANDOM.2022.41},
  annote =	{Keywords: Fault Tolerance, Network Design}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ITCS.2022.25
Vertex Fault-Tolerant Emulators

Authors: Greg Bodwin, Michael Dinitz, and Yasamin Nazari

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 215, 13th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS 2022)

Abstract
A k-spanner of a graph G is a sparse subgraph that preserves its shortest path distances up to a multiplicative stretch factor of k, and a k-emulator is similar but not required to be a subgraph of G. A classic theorem by Althöfer et al. [Disc. Comp. Geom. '93] and Thorup and Zwick [JACM '05] shows that, despite the extra flexibility available to emulators, the size/stretch tradeoffs for spanners and emulators are equivalent. Our main result is that this equivalence in tradeoffs no longer holds in the commonly-studied setting of graphs with vertex failures. That is: we introduce a natural definition of vertex fault-tolerant emulators, and then we show a three-way tradeoff between size, stretch, and fault-tolerance for these emulators that polynomially surpasses the tradeoff known to be optimal for spanners. We complement our emulator upper bound with a lower bound construction that is essentially tight (within log n factors of the upper bound) when the stretch is 2k-1 and k is either a fixed odd integer or 2. We also show constructions of fault-tolerant emulators with additive error, demonstrating that these also enjoy significantly improved tradeoffs over those available for fault-tolerant additive spanners.
Cite as

Greg Bodwin, Michael Dinitz, and Yasamin Nazari. Vertex Fault-Tolerant Emulators. In 13th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS 2022). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 215, pp. 25:1-25:22, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2022)

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@InProceedings{bodwin_et_al:LIPIcs.ITCS.2022.25,
  author =	{Bodwin, Greg and Dinitz, Michael and Nazari, Yasamin},
  title =	{{Vertex Fault-Tolerant Emulators}},
  booktitle =	{13th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS 2022)},
  pages =	{25:1--25:22},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-217-4},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2022},
  volume =	{215},
  editor =	{Braverman, Mark},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ITCS.2022.25},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-156217},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ITCS.2022.25},
  annote =	{Keywords: Emulators, Fault Tolerance, Girth Conjecture}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.OPODIS.2019.35
Massively Parallel Approximate Distance Sketches

Authors: Michael Dinitz and Yasamin Nazari

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 153, 23rd International Conference on Principles of Distributed Systems (OPODIS 2019)

Abstract
Data structures that allow efficient distance estimation (distance oracles, distance sketches, etc.) have been extensively studied, and are particularly well studied in centralized models and classical distributed models such as CONGEST. We initiate their study in newer (and arguably more realistic) models of distributed computation: the Congested Clique model and the Massively Parallel Computation (MPC) model. We provide efficient constructions in both of these models, but our core results are for MPC. In MPC we give two main results: an algorithm that constructs stretch/space optimal distance sketches but takes a (small) polynomial number of rounds, and an algorithm that constructs distance sketches with worse stretch but that only takes polylogarithmic rounds. Along the way, we show that other useful combinatorial structures can also be computed in MPC. In particular, one key component we use to construct distance sketches are an MPC construction of the hopsets of [Elkin and Neiman, 2016]. This result has additional applications such as the first polylogarithmic time algorithm for constant approximate single-source shortest paths for weighted graphs in the low memory MPC setting.
Cite as

Michael Dinitz and Yasamin Nazari. Massively Parallel Approximate Distance Sketches. In 23rd International Conference on Principles of Distributed Systems (OPODIS 2019). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 153, pp. 35:1-35:17, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2020)

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@InProceedings{dinitz_et_al:LIPIcs.OPODIS.2019.35,
  author =	{Dinitz, Michael and Nazari, Yasamin},
  title =	{{Massively Parallel Approximate Distance Sketches}},
  booktitle =	{23rd International Conference on Principles of Distributed Systems (OPODIS 2019)},
  pages =	{35:1--35:17},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-133-7},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2020},
  volume =	{153},
  editor =	{Felber, Pascal and Friedman, Roy and Gilbert, Seth and Miller, Avery},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.OPODIS.2019.35},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-118216},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.OPODIS.2019.35},
  annote =	{Keywords: Distance Sketches, Massively Parallel Computation, Distance Oracles, Single-Source Shortest Paths}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.DISC.2019.14
The Capacity of Smartphone Peer-To-Peer Networks

Authors: Michael Dinitz, Magnús M. Halldórsson, Calvin Newport, and Alex Weaver

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 146, 33rd International Symposium on Distributed Computing (DISC 2019)

Abstract
We study three capacity problems in the mobile telephone model, a network abstraction that models the peer-to-peer communication capabilities implemented in most commodity smartphone operating systems. The capacity of a network expresses how much sustained throughput can be maintained for a set of communication demands, and is therefore a fundamental bound on the usefulness of a network. Because of this importance, wireless network capacity has been active area of research for the last two decades. The three capacity problems that we study differ in the structure of the communication demands. The first problem is pairwise capacity, where the demands are (source, destination) pairs. Pairwise capacity is one of the most classical definitions, as it was analyzed in the seminal paper of Gupta and Kumar on wireless network capacity. The second problem we study is broadcast capacity, in which a single source must deliver packets to all other nodes in the network. Finally, we turn our attention to all-to-all capacity, in which all nodes must deliver packets to all other nodes. In all three of these problems we characterize the optimal achievable throughput for any given network, and design algorithms which asymptotically match this performance. We also study these problems in networks generated randomly by a process introduced by Gupta and Kumar, and fully characterize their achievable throughput. Interestingly, the techniques that we develop for all-to-all capacity also allow us to design a one-shot gossip algorithm that runs within a polylogarithmic factor of optimal in every graph. This largely resolves an open question from previous work on the one-shot gossip problem in this model.
Cite as

Michael Dinitz, Magnús M. Halldórsson, Calvin Newport, and Alex Weaver. The Capacity of Smartphone Peer-To-Peer Networks. In 33rd International Symposium on Distributed Computing (DISC 2019). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 146, pp. 14:1-14:17, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2019)

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@InProceedings{dinitz_et_al:LIPIcs.DISC.2019.14,
  author =	{Dinitz, Michael and Halld\'{o}rsson, Magn\'{u}s M. and Newport, Calvin and Weaver, Alex},
  title =	{{The Capacity of Smartphone Peer-To-Peer Networks}},
  booktitle =	{33rd International Symposium on Distributed Computing (DISC 2019)},
  pages =	{14:1--14:17},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-126-9},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2019},
  volume =	{146},
  editor =	{Suomela, Jukka},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.DISC.2019.14},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-113218},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.DISC.2019.14},
  annote =	{Keywords: Capacity, Wireless, Mobile Telephone, Throughput}
}
Document
Brief Announcement
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.DISC.2019.42
Brief Announcement: Massively Parallel Approximate Distance Sketches

Authors: Michael Dinitz and Yasamin Nazari

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 146, 33rd International Symposium on Distributed Computing (DISC 2019)

Abstract
Data structures that allow efficient distance estimation have been extensively studied both in centralized models and classical distributed models. We initiate their study in newer (and arguably more realistic) models of distributed computation: the Congested Clique model and the Massively Parallel Computation (MPC) model. In MPC we give two main results: an algorithm that constructs stretch/space optimal distance sketches but takes a (small) polynomial number of rounds, and an algorithm that constructs distance sketches with worse stretch but that only takes polylogarithmic rounds. Along the way, we show that other useful combinatorial structures can also be computed in MPC. In particular, one key component we use is an MPC construction of the hopsets of Elkin and Neiman (2016). This result has additional applications such as the first polylogarithmic time algorithm for constant approximate single-source shortest paths for weighted graphs in the low memory MPC setting.
Cite as

Michael Dinitz and Yasamin Nazari. Brief Announcement: Massively Parallel Approximate Distance Sketches. In 33rd International Symposium on Distributed Computing (DISC 2019). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 146, pp. 42:1-42:3, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2019)

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@InProceedings{dinitz_et_al:LIPIcs.DISC.2019.42,
  author =	{Dinitz, Michael and Nazari, Yasamin},
  title =	{{Brief Announcement: Massively Parallel Approximate Distance Sketches}},
  booktitle =	{33rd International Symposium on Distributed Computing (DISC 2019)},
  pages =	{42:1--42:3},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-126-9},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2019},
  volume =	{146},
  editor =	{Suomela, Jukka},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.DISC.2019.42},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-113491},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.DISC.2019.42},
  annote =	{Keywords: Distance Sketches, Massively Parallel Computation, Congested Clique}
}
Document
APPROX
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.APPROX-RANDOM.2019.11
Approximating the Norms of Graph Spanners

Authors: Eden Chlamtáč, Michael Dinitz, and Thomas Robinson

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 145, Approximation, Randomization, and Combinatorial Optimization. Algorithms and Techniques (APPROX/RANDOM 2019)

Abstract
The l_p-norm of the degree vector was recently introduced by [Chlamtáč, Dinitz, Robinson ICALP '19] as a new cost metric for graph spanners, as it interpolates between two traditional notions of cost (the sparsity l_1 and the max degree l_infty) and is well-motivated from applications. We study this from an approximation algorithms point of view, analyzing old algorithms and designing new algorithms for this new context, as well as providing hardness results. Our main results are for the l_2-norm and stretch 3, where we give a tight analysis of the greedy algorithm and a new algorithm specifically tailored to this setting which gives an improved approximation ratio.
Cite as

Eden Chlamtáč, Michael Dinitz, and Thomas Robinson. Approximating the Norms of Graph Spanners. In Approximation, Randomization, and Combinatorial Optimization. Algorithms and Techniques (APPROX/RANDOM 2019). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 145, pp. 11:1-11:22, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2019)

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@InProceedings{chlamtac_et_al:LIPIcs.APPROX-RANDOM.2019.11,
  author =	{Chlamt\'{a}\v{c}, Eden and Dinitz, Michael and Robinson, Thomas},
  title =	{{Approximating the Norms of Graph Spanners}},
  booktitle =	{Approximation, Randomization, and Combinatorial Optimization. Algorithms and Techniques (APPROX/RANDOM 2019)},
  pages =	{11:1--11:22},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-125-2},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2019},
  volume =	{145},
  editor =	{Achlioptas, Dimitris and V\'{e}gh, L\'{a}szl\'{o} A.},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.APPROX-RANDOM.2019.11},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-112261},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.APPROX-RANDOM.2019.11},
  annote =	{Keywords: Spanners, Approximations}
}
Document
Track A: Algorithms, Complexity and Games
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2019.40
The Norms of Graph Spanners

Authors: Eden Chlamtáč, Michael Dinitz, and Thomas Robinson

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 132, 46th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2019)

Abstract
A t-spanner of a graph G is a subgraph H in which all distances are preserved up to a multiplicative t factor. A classical result of Althöfer et al. is that for every integer k and every graph G, there is a (2k-1)-spanner of G with at most O(n^{1+1/k}) edges. But for some settings the more interesting notion is not the number of edges, but the degrees of the nodes. This spurred interest in and study of spanners with small maximum degree. However, this is not necessarily a robust enough objective: we would like spanners that not only have small maximum degree, but also have "few" nodes of "large" degree. To interpolate between these two extremes, in this paper we initiate the study of graph spanners with respect to the l_p-norm of their degree vector, thus simultaneously modeling the number of edges (the l_1-norm) and the maximum degree (the l_{infty}-norm). We give precise upper bounds for all ranges of p and stretch t: we prove that the greedy (2k-1)-spanner has l_p norm of at most max(O(n), O(n^{{k+p}/{kp}})), and that this bound is tight (assuming the Erdős girth conjecture). We also study universal lower bounds, allowing us to give "generic" guarantees on the approximation ratio of the greedy algorithm which generalize and interpolate between the known approximations for the l_1 and l_{infty} norm. Finally, we show that at least in some situations, the l_p norm behaves fundamentally differently from l_1 or l_{infty}: there are regimes (p=2 and stretch 3 in particular) where the greedy spanner has a provably superior approximation to the generic guarantee.
Cite as

Eden Chlamtáč, Michael Dinitz, and Thomas Robinson. The Norms of Graph Spanners. In 46th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2019). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 132, pp. 40:1-40:15, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2019)

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@InProceedings{chlamtac_et_al:LIPIcs.ICALP.2019.40,
  author =	{Chlamt\'{a}\v{c}, Eden and Dinitz, Michael and Robinson, Thomas},
  title =	{{The Norms of Graph Spanners}},
  booktitle =	{46th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2019)},
  pages =	{40:1--40:15},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-109-2},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2019},
  volume =	{132},
  editor =	{Baier, Christel and Chatzigiannakis, Ioannis and Flocchini, Paola and Leonardi, Stefano},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2019.40},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-106163},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2019.40},
  annote =	{Keywords: spanners, approximations}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2018.33
Characterizing Demand Graphs for (Fixed-Parameter) Shallow-Light Steiner Network

Authors: Amy Babay, Michael Dinitz, and Zeyu Zhang

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 122, 38th IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2018)

Abstract
We consider the Shallow-Light Steiner Network problem from a fixed-parameter perspective. Given a graph G, a distance bound L, and p pairs of vertices (s_1,t_1),...,(s_p,t_p), the objective is to find a minimum-cost subgraph G' such that s_i and t_i have distance at most L in G' (for every i in [p]). Our main result is on the fixed-parameter tractability of this problem for parameter p. We exactly characterize the demand structures that make the problem "easy", and give FPT algorithms for those cases. In all other cases, we show that the problem is W[1]-hard. We also extend our results to handle general edge lengths and costs, precisely characterizing which demands allow for good FPT approximation algorithms and which demands remain W[1]-hard even to approximate.
Cite as

Amy Babay, Michael Dinitz, and Zeyu Zhang. Characterizing Demand Graphs for (Fixed-Parameter) Shallow-Light Steiner Network. In 38th IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2018). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 122, pp. 33:1-33:22, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2018)

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@InProceedings{babay_et_al:LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2018.33,
  author =	{Babay, Amy and Dinitz, Michael and Zhang, Zeyu},
  title =	{{Characterizing Demand Graphs for (Fixed-Parameter) Shallow-Light Steiner Network}},
  booktitle =	{38th IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2018)},
  pages =	{33:1--33:22},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-093-4},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2018},
  volume =	{122},
  editor =	{Ganguly, Sumit and Pandya, Paritosh},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2018.33},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-99329},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2018.33},
  annote =	{Keywords: fixed-parameter tractable, network design, shallow-light steiner network, demand graphs}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2018.71
Large Low-Diameter Graphs are Good Expanders

Authors: Michael Dinitz, Michael Schapira, and Gal Shahaf

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 112, 26th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2018)

Abstract
We revisit the classical question of the relationship between the diameter of a graph and its expansion properties. One direction is well understood: expander graphs exhibit essentially the lowest possible diameter. We focus on the reverse direction, showing that "sufficiently large" graphs of fixed diameter and degree must be "good" expanders. We prove this statement for various definitions of "sufficiently large" (multiplicative/additive factor from the largest possible size), for different forms of expansion (edge, vertex, and spectral expansion), and for both directed and undirected graphs. A recurring theme is that the lower the diameter of the graph and (more importantly) the larger its size, the better the expansion guarantees. Aside from inherent theoretical interest, our motivation stems from the domain of network design. Both low-diameter networks and expanders are prominent approaches to designing high-performance networks in parallel computing, HPC, datacenter networking, and beyond. Our results establish that these two approaches are, in fact, inextricably intertwined. We leave the reader with many intriguing questions for future research.
Cite as

Michael Dinitz, Michael Schapira, and Gal Shahaf. Large Low-Diameter Graphs are Good Expanders. In 26th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2018). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 112, pp. 71:1-71:15, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2018)

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@InProceedings{dinitz_et_al:LIPIcs.ESA.2018.71,
  author =	{Dinitz, Michael and Schapira, Michael and Shahaf, Gal},
  title =	{{Large Low-Diameter Graphs are Good Expanders}},
  booktitle =	{26th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2018)},
  pages =	{71:1--71:15},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-081-1},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2018},
  volume =	{112},
  editor =	{Azar, Yossi and Bast, Hannah and Herman, Grzegorz},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2018.71},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-95348},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2018.71},
  annote =	{Keywords: Network design, Expander graphs, Spectral graph theory}
}
Document
Brief Announcement
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2018.104
Brief Announcement: Characterizing Demand Graphs for (Fixed-Parameter) Shallow-Light Steiner Network

Authors: Amy Babay, Michael Dinitz, and Zeyu Zhang

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 107, 45th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2018)

Abstract
We consider the Shallow-Light Steiner Network problem from a fixed-parameter perspective. Given a graph G, a distance bound L, and p pairs of vertices {(s_i,t_i)}_{i in [p]}, the objective is to find a minimum-cost subgraph G' such that s_i and t_i have distance at most L in G' (for every i in [p]). Our main result is on the fixed-parameter tractability of this problem for parameter p. We exactly characterize the demand structures that make the problem "easy", and give FPT algorithms for those cases. In all other cases, we show that the problem is W[1]-hard. We also extend our results to handle general edge lengths and costs, precisely characterizing which demands allow for good FPT approximation algorithms and which demands remain W[1]-hard even to approximate.
Cite as

Amy Babay, Michael Dinitz, and Zeyu Zhang. Brief Announcement: Characterizing Demand Graphs for (Fixed-Parameter) Shallow-Light Steiner Network. In 45th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2018). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 107, pp. 104:1-104:4, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2018)

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@InProceedings{babay_et_al:LIPIcs.ICALP.2018.104,
  author =	{Babay, Amy and Dinitz, Michael and Zhang, Zeyu},
  title =	{{Brief Announcement: Characterizing Demand Graphs for (Fixed-Parameter) Shallow-Light Steiner Network}},
  booktitle =	{45th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2018)},
  pages =	{104:1--104:4},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-076-7},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2018},
  volume =	{107},
  editor =	{Chatzigiannakis, Ioannis and Kaklamanis, Christos and Marx, D\'{a}niel and Sannella, Donald},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2018.104},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-91083},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2018.104},
  annote =	{Keywords: Shallow-Light, Steiner Network, Fixed-Parameter Tractability}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.OPODIS.2017.5
Distributed Distance-Bounded Network Design Through Distributed Convex Programming

Authors: Michael Dinitz and Yasamin Nazari

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 95, 21st International Conference on Principles of Distributed Systems (OPODIS 2017)

Abstract
Solving linear programs is often a challenging task in distributed settings. While there are good algorithms for solving packing and covering linear programs in a distributed manner (Kuhn et al. 2006), this is essentially the only class of linear programs for which such an algorithm is known. In this work we provide a distributed algorithm for solving a different class of convex programs which we call “distance-bounded network design convex programs”. These can be thought of as relaxations of network design problems in which the connectivity requirement includes a distance constraint (most notably, graph spanners). Our algorithm runs in O((D/ε) log n) rounds in the LOCAL model and with high probability finds a (1+ε)-approximation to the optimal LP solution for any 0 < ε ≤ 1, where D is the largest distance constraint. While solving linear programs in a distributed setting is interesting in its own right, this class of convex programs is particularly important because solving them is often a crucial step when designing approximation algorithms. Hence we almost immediately obtain new and improved distributed approximation algorithms for a variety of network design problems, including Basic 3- and 4-Spanner, Directed k-Spanner, Lowest Degree k-Spanner, and Shallow-Light Steiner Network Design with a spanning demand graph. Our algorithms do not require any “heavy” computation and essentially match the best-known centralized approximation algorithms, while previous approaches which do not use heavy computation give approximations which are worse than the best-known centralized bounds.
Cite as

Michael Dinitz and Yasamin Nazari. Distributed Distance-Bounded Network Design Through Distributed Convex Programming. In 21st International Conference on Principles of Distributed Systems (OPODIS 2017). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 95, pp. 5:1-5:19, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2018)

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@InProceedings{dinitz_et_al:LIPIcs.OPODIS.2017.5,
  author =	{Dinitz, Michael and Nazari, Yasamin},
  title =	{{Distributed Distance-Bounded Network Design Through Distributed Convex Programming}},
  booktitle =	{21st International Conference on Principles of Distributed Systems (OPODIS 2017)},
  pages =	{5:1--5:19},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-061-3},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2018},
  volume =	{95},
  editor =	{Aspnes, James and Bessani, Alysson and Felber, Pascal and Leit\~{a}o, Jo\~{a}o},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.OPODIS.2017.5},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-86262},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.OPODIS.2017.5},
  annote =	{Keywords: distributed algorithms, approximation algorithms, convex programming}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ITCS.2017.52
Approximating Approximate Distance Oracles

Authors: Michael Dinitz and Zeyu Zhang

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 67, 8th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS 2017)

Abstract
Given a finite metric space (V,d), an approximate distance oracle is a data structure which, when queried on two points u,v \in V, returns an approximation to the the actual distance between u and v which is within some bounded stretch factor of the true distance. There has been significant work on the tradeoff between the important parameters of approximate distance oracles (and in particular between the size, stretch, and query time), but in this paper we take a different point of view, that of per-instance optimization. If we are given an particular input metric space and stretch bound, can we find the smallest possible approximate distance oracle for that particular input? Since this question is not even well-defined, we restrict our attention to well-known classes of approximate distance oracles, and study whether we can optimize over those classes. In particular, we give an O(\log n)-approximation to the problem of finding the smallest stretch 3 Thorup-Zwick distance oracle, as well as the problem of finding the smallest P\v{a}tra\c{s}cu-Roditty distance oracle. We also prove a matching \Omega(\log n) lower bound for both problems, and an \Omega(n^{\frac{1}{k}-\frac{1}{2^{k-1}}}) integrality gap for the more general stretch (2k-1) Thorup-Zwick distance oracle. We also consider the problem of approximating the best TZ or PR approximate distance oracle with outliers, and show that more advanced techniques (SDP relaxations in particular) allow us to optimize even in the presence of outliers.
Cite as

Michael Dinitz and Zeyu Zhang. Approximating Approximate Distance Oracles. In 8th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS 2017). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 67, pp. 52:1-52:14, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2017)

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@InProceedings{dinitz_et_al:LIPIcs.ITCS.2017.52,
  author =	{Dinitz, Michael and Zhang, Zeyu},
  title =	{{Approximating Approximate Distance Oracles}},
  booktitle =	{8th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS 2017)},
  pages =	{52:1--52:14},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-029-3},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2017},
  volume =	{67},
  editor =	{Papadimitriou, Christos H.},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ITCS.2017.52},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-81692},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ITCS.2017.52},
  annote =	{Keywords: distance oracles, approximation algorithms}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.APPROX-RANDOM.2016.2
Computing Approximate PSD Factorizations

Authors: Amitabh Basu, Michael Dinitz, and Xin Li

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 60, Approximation, Randomization, and Combinatorial Optimization. Algorithms and Techniques (APPROX/RANDOM 2016)

Abstract
We give an algorithm for computing approximate PSD factorizations of nonnegative matrices. The running time of the algorithm is polynomial in the dimensions of the input matrix, but exponential in the PSD rank and the approximation error. The main ingredient is an exact factorization algorithm when the rows and columns of the factors are constrained to lie in a general polyhedron. This strictly generalizes nonnegative matrix factorizations which can be captured by letting this polyhedron to be the nonnegative orthant.
Cite as

Amitabh Basu, Michael Dinitz, and Xin Li. Computing Approximate PSD Factorizations. In Approximation, Randomization, and Combinatorial Optimization. Algorithms and Techniques (APPROX/RANDOM 2016). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 60, pp. 2:1-2:12, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2016)

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@InProceedings{basu_et_al:LIPIcs.APPROX-RANDOM.2016.2,
  author =	{Basu, Amitabh and Dinitz, Michael and Li, Xin},
  title =	{{Computing Approximate PSD Factorizations}},
  booktitle =	{Approximation, Randomization, and Combinatorial Optimization. Algorithms and Techniques (APPROX/RANDOM 2016)},
  pages =	{2:1--2:12},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-018-7},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2016},
  volume =	{60},
  editor =	{Jansen, Klaus and Mathieu, Claire and Rolim, Jos\'{e} D. P. and Umans, Chris},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.APPROX-RANDOM.2016.2},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-66258},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.APPROX-RANDOM.2016.2},
  annote =	{Keywords: PSD rank, PSD factorizations}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.APPROX-RANDOM.2016.6
The Densest k-Subhypergraph Problem

Authors: Eden Chlamtac, Michael Dinitz, Christian Konrad, Guy Kortsarz, and George Rabanca

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 60, Approximation, Randomization, and Combinatorial Optimization. Algorithms and Techniques (APPROX/RANDOM 2016)

Abstract
The Densest k-Subgraph (DkS) problem, and its corresponding minimization problem Smallest p-Edge Subgraph (SpES), have come to play a central role in approximation algorithms. This is due both to their practical importance, and their usefulness as a tool for solving and establishing approximation bounds for other problems. These two problems are not well understood, and it is widely believed that they do not an admit a subpolynomial approximation ratio (although the best known hardness results do not rule this out). In this paper we generalize both DkS and SpES from graphs to hypergraphs. We consider the Densest k-Subhypergraph problem (given a hypergraph (V, E), find a subset W subseteq V of k vertices so as to maximize the number of hyperedges contained in W) and define the Minimum p-Union problem (given a hypergraph, choose p of the hyperedges so as to minimize the number of vertices in their union). We focus in particular on the case where all hyperedges have size 3, as this is the simplest non-graph setting. For this case we provide an O(n^{4(4-sqrt{3})/13 + epsilon}) <= O(n^{0.697831+epsilon})-approximation (for arbitrary constant epsilon > 0) for Densest k-Subhypergraph and an ~O(n^{2/5})-approximation for Minimum p-Union. We also give an O(sqrt{m})-approximation for Minimum p-Union in general hypergraphs. Finally, we examine the interesting special case of interval hypergraphs (instances where the vertices are a subset of the natural numbers and the hyperedges are intervals of the line) and prove that both problems admit an exact polynomial time solution on these instances.
Cite as

Eden Chlamtac, Michael Dinitz, Christian Konrad, Guy Kortsarz, and George Rabanca. The Densest k-Subhypergraph Problem. In Approximation, Randomization, and Combinatorial Optimization. Algorithms and Techniques (APPROX/RANDOM 2016). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 60, pp. 6:1-6:19, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2016)

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@InProceedings{chlamtac_et_al:LIPIcs.APPROX-RANDOM.2016.6,
  author =	{Chlamtac, Eden and Dinitz, Michael and Konrad, Christian and Kortsarz, Guy and Rabanca, George},
  title =	{{The Densest k-Subhypergraph Problem}},
  booktitle =	{Approximation, Randomization, and Combinatorial Optimization. Algorithms and Techniques (APPROX/RANDOM 2016)},
  pages =	{6:1--6:19},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-018-7},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2016},
  volume =	{60},
  editor =	{Jansen, Klaus and Mathieu, Claire and Rolim, Jos\'{e} D. P. and Umans, Chris},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.APPROX-RANDOM.2016.6},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-66298},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.APPROX-RANDOM.2016.6},
  annote =	{Keywords: Hypergraphs, Approximation algorithms}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.APPROX-RANDOM.2015.738
Towards Resistance Sparsifiers

Authors: Michael Dinitz, Robert Krauthgamer, and Tal Wagner

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 40, Approximation, Randomization, and Combinatorial Optimization. Algorithms and Techniques (APPROX/RANDOM 2015)

Abstract
We study resistance sparsification of graphs, in which the goal is to find a sparse subgraph (with reweighted edges) that approximately preserves the effective resistances between every pair of nodes. We show that every dense regular expander admits a (1+epsilon)-resistance sparsifier of size ~O(n/epsilon), and conjecture this bound holds for all graphs on n nodes. In comparison, spectral sparsification is a strictly stronger notion and requires Omega(n/epsilon^2) edges even on the complete graph. Our approach leads to the following structural question on graphs: Does every dense regular expander contain a sparse regular expander as a subgraph? Our main technical contribution, which may of independent interest, is a positive answer to this question in a certain setting of parameters. Combining this with a recent result of von Luxburg, Radl, and Hein (JMLR, 2014) leads to the aforementioned resistance sparsifiers.
Cite as

Michael Dinitz, Robert Krauthgamer, and Tal Wagner. Towards Resistance Sparsifiers. In Approximation, Randomization, and Combinatorial Optimization. Algorithms and Techniques (APPROX/RANDOM 2015). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 40, pp. 738-755, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2015)

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@InProceedings{dinitz_et_al:LIPIcs.APPROX-RANDOM.2015.738,
  author =	{Dinitz, Michael and Krauthgamer, Robert and Wagner, Tal},
  title =	{{Towards Resistance Sparsifiers}},
  booktitle =	{Approximation, Randomization, and Combinatorial Optimization. Algorithms and Techniques (APPROX/RANDOM 2015)},
  pages =	{738--755},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-939897-89-7},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2015},
  volume =	{40},
  editor =	{Garg, Naveen and Jansen, Klaus and Rao, Anup and Rolim, Jos\'{e} D. P.},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.APPROX-RANDOM.2015.738},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-53334},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.APPROX-RANDOM.2015.738},
  annote =	{Keywords: edge sparsification, spectral sparsifier, graph expansion, effective resistance, commute time}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.APPROX-RANDOM.2014.80
Lowest Degree k-Spanner: Approximation and Hardness

Authors: Eden Chlamtác and Michael Dinitz

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 28, Approximation, Randomization, and Combinatorial Optimization. Algorithms and Techniques (APPROX/RANDOM 2014)

Abstract
A k-spanner is a subgraph in which distances are approximately preserved, up to some given stretch factor k. We focus on the following problem: Given a graph and a value k, can we find a k-spanner that minimizes the maximum degree? While reasonably strong bounds are known for some spanner problems, they almost all involve minimizing the total number of edges. Switching the objective to the degree introduces significant new challenges, and currently the only known approximation bound is an O~(Delta^(3-2*sqrt(2)))-approximation for the special case when k = 2 [Chlamtac, Dinitz, Krauthgamer FOCS 2012] (where Delta is the maximum degree in the input graph). In this paper we give the first non-trivial algorithm and polynomial-factor hardness of approximation for the case of general k. Specifically, we give an LP-based O~(Delta^((1-1/k)^2) )-approximation and prove that it is hard to approximate the optimum to within Delta^Omega(1/k) when the graph is undirected, and to within Delta^Omega(1) when it is directed.
Cite as

Eden Chlamtác and Michael Dinitz. Lowest Degree k-Spanner: Approximation and Hardness. In Approximation, Randomization, and Combinatorial Optimization. Algorithms and Techniques (APPROX/RANDOM 2014). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 28, pp. 80-95, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2014)

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@InProceedings{chlamtac_et_al:LIPIcs.APPROX-RANDOM.2014.80,
  author =	{Chlamt\'{a}c, Eden and Dinitz, Michael},
  title =	{{Lowest Degree k-Spanner: Approximation and Hardness}},
  booktitle =	{Approximation, Randomization, and Combinatorial Optimization. Algorithms and Techniques (APPROX/RANDOM 2014)},
  pages =	{80--95},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-939897-74-3},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2014},
  volume =	{28},
  editor =	{Jansen, Klaus and Rolim, Jos\'{e} and Devanur, Nikhil R. and Moore, Cristopher},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.APPROX-RANDOM.2014.80},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-46894},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.APPROX-RANDOM.2014.80},
  annote =	{Keywords: Graph spanners, approximation algorithms, hardness of approximation}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.APPROX-RANDOM.2014.115
Improved Approximation Algorithm for Steiner k-Forest with Nearly Uniform Weights

Authors: Michael Dinitz, Guy Kortsarz, and Zeev Nutov

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 28, Approximation, Randomization, and Combinatorial Optimization. Algorithms and Techniques (APPROX/RANDOM 2014)

Abstract
In the Steiner k-Forest problem we are given an edge weighted graph, a collection D of node pairs, and an integer k \leq |D|. The goal is to find a minimum cost subgraph that connects at least k pairs. The best known ratio for this problem is min{O(sqrt{n}),O(sqrt{k})} [Gupta et al., 2008]. In [Gupta et al., 2008] it is also shown that ratio rho for Steiner k-Forest implies ratio O(rho log^2 n) for the Dial-a-Ride problem: given an edge weighted graph and a set of items with a source and a destination each, find a minimum length tour to move each object from its source to destination, but carrying at most k objects at a time. The only other algorithm known for Dial-a-Ride, besides the one resulting from [Gupta et al., 2008], has ratio O(sqrt{n}) [Charikar and Raghavachari, 1998]. We obtain ratio n^{0.448} for Steiner k-Forest and Dial-a-Ride with unit weights, breaking the O(sqrt{n}) ratio barrier for this natural special case. We also show that if the maximum weight of an edge is O(n^{epsilon}), then one can achieve ratio O(n^{(1+epsilon) 0.448}), which is less than sqrt{n} if epsilon is small enough. To prove our main result we consider the following generalization of the Minimum k-Edge Subgraph (Mk-ES) problem, which we call Min-Cost l-Edge-Profit Subgraph (MCl-EPS): Given a graph G=(V,E) with edge-profits p={p_e: e in E} and node-costs c={c_v: v in V}, and a lower profit bound l, find a minimum node-cost subgraph of G of edge profit at least l. The Mk-ES problem is a special case of MCl-EPS with unit node costs and unit edge profits. The currently best known ratio for Mk-ES is n^{3-2*sqrt{2} + epsilon} (note that 3-2*sqrt{2} < 0.1716). We extend this ratio to MCl-EPS for arbitrary node weights and edge profits that are polynomial in n, which may be of independent interest.
Cite as

Michael Dinitz, Guy Kortsarz, and Zeev Nutov. Improved Approximation Algorithm for Steiner k-Forest with Nearly Uniform Weights. In Approximation, Randomization, and Combinatorial Optimization. Algorithms and Techniques (APPROX/RANDOM 2014). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 28, pp. 115-127, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2014)

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@InProceedings{dinitz_et_al:LIPIcs.APPROX-RANDOM.2014.115,
  author =	{Dinitz, Michael and Kortsarz, Guy and Nutov, Zeev},
  title =	{{Improved Approximation Algorithm for Steiner k-Forest with Nearly Uniform Weights}},
  booktitle =	{Approximation, Randomization, and Combinatorial Optimization. Algorithms and Techniques (APPROX/RANDOM 2014)},
  pages =	{115--127},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-939897-74-3},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2014},
  volume =	{28},
  editor =	{Jansen, Klaus and Rolim, Jos\'{e} and Devanur, Nikhil R. and Moore, Cristopher},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.APPROX-RANDOM.2014.115},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-46925},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.APPROX-RANDOM.2014.115},
  annote =	{Keywords: k-Steiner Forest; Uniform weights; Densest k-Subgraph; Approximation algorithms}
}
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