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Documents authored by Richerby, David

Document
Survey
DOI: 10.4230/TGDK.1.1.12
Structural Summarization of Semantic Graphs Using Quotients

Authors: Ansgar Scherp, David Richerby, Till Blume, Michael Cochez, and Jannik Rau

Published in: TGDK, Volume 1, Issue 1 (2023): Special Issue on Trends in Graph Data and Knowledge. Transactions on Graph Data and Knowledge, Volume 1, Issue 1

Abstract
Graph summarization is the process of computing a compact version of an input graph while preserving chosen features of its structure. We consider semantic graphs where the features include edge labels and label sets associated with a vertex. Graph summaries are typically much smaller than the original graph. Applications that depend on the preserved features can perform their tasks on the summary, but much faster or with less memory overhead, while producing the same outcome as if they were applied on the original graph. In this survey, we focus on structural summaries based on quotients that organize vertices in equivalence classes of shared features. Structural summaries are particularly popular for semantic graphs and have the advantage of defining a precise graph-based output. We consider approaches and algorithms for both static and temporal graphs. A common example of quotient-based structural summaries is bisimulation, and we discuss this in detail. While there exist other surveys on graph summarization, to the best of our knowledge, we are the first to bring in a focused discussion on quotients, bisimulation, and their relation. Furthermore, structural summarization naturally connects well with formal logic due to the discrete structures considered. We complete the survey with a brief description of approaches beyond structural summaries.
Cite as

Ansgar Scherp, David Richerby, Till Blume, Michael Cochez, and Jannik Rau. Structural Summarization of Semantic Graphs Using Quotients. In Special Issue on Trends in Graph Data and Knowledge. Transactions on Graph Data and Knowledge (TGDK), Volume 1, Issue 1, pp. 12:1-12:25, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2023)

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@Article{scherp_et_al:TGDK.1.1.12,
  author =	{Scherp, Ansgar and Richerby, David and Blume, Till and Cochez, Michael and Rau, Jannik},
  title =	{{Structural Summarization of Semantic Graphs Using Quotients}},
  journal =	{Transactions on Graph Data and Knowledge},
  pages =	{12:1--12:25},
  ISSN =	{2942-7517},
  year =	{2023},
  volume =	{1},
  number =	{1},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/TGDK.1.1.12},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-194862},
  doi =		{10.4230/TGDK.1.1.12},
  annote =	{Keywords: graph summarization, quotients, stratified bisimulation}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2016.62
Amplifiers for the Moran Process

Authors: Andreas Galanis, Andreas Göbel, Leslie Ann Goldberg, John Lapinskas, and David Richerby

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 55, 43rd International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2016)

Abstract
The Moran process, as studied by Lieberman, Hauert and Nowak, is a randomised algorithm modelling the spread of genetic mutations in populations. The algorithm runs on an underlying graph where individuals correspond to vertices. Initially, one vertex (chosen uniformly at random) possesses a mutation, with fitness r > 1. All other individuals have fitness 1. During each step of the algorithm, an individual is chosen with probability proportional to its fitness, and its state (mutant or non-mutant) is passed on to an out-neighbour which is chosen uniformly at random. If the underlying graph is strongly connected then the algorithm will eventually reach fixation, in which all individuals are mutants, or extinction, in which no individuals are mutants. An infinite family of directed graphs is said to be strongly amplifying if, for every r > 1, the extinction probability tends to 0 as the number of vertices increases. Strong amplification is a rather surprising property - it means that in such graphs, the fixation probability of a uniformly-placed initial mutant tends to 1 even though the initial mutant only has a fixed selective advantage of r > 1 (independently of n). The name "strongly amplifying" comes from the fact that this selective advantage is "amplified". Strong amplifiers have received quite a bit of attention, and Lieberman et al. proposed two potentially strongly-amplifying families - superstars and metafunnels. Heuristic arguments have been published, arguing that there are infinite families of superstars that are strongly amplifying. The same has been claimed for metafunnels. We give the first rigorous proof that there is an infinite family of directed graphs that is strongly amplifying. We call the graphs in the family "megastars". When the algorithm is run on an n-vertex graph in this family, starting with a uniformly-chosen mutant, the extinction probability is roughly n^{-1/2} (up to logarithmic factors). We prove that all infinite families of superstars and metafunnels have larger extinction probabilities (as a function of n). Finally, we prove that our analysis of megastars is fairly tight - there is no infinite family of megastars such that the Moran algorithm gives a smaller extinction probability (up to logarithmic factors). Also, we provide a counterexample which clarifies the literature concerning the isothermal theorem of Lieberman et al. A full version [Galanis/Göbel/Goldberg/Lapinskas/Richerby, Preprint] containing detailed proofs is available at http://arxiv.org/abs/1512.05632. Theorem-numbering here matches the full version.
Cite as

Andreas Galanis, Andreas Göbel, Leslie Ann Goldberg, John Lapinskas, and David Richerby. Amplifiers for the Moran Process. In 43rd International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2016). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 55, pp. 62:1-62:13, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2016)

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@InProceedings{galanis_et_al:LIPIcs.ICALP.2016.62,
  author =	{Galanis, Andreas and G\"{o}bel, Andreas and Goldberg, Leslie Ann and Lapinskas, John and Richerby, David},
  title =	{{Amplifiers for the Moran Process}},
  booktitle =	{43rd International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2016)},
  pages =	{62:1--62:13},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-013-2},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2016},
  volume =	{55},
  editor =	{Chatzigiannakis, Ioannis and Mitzenmacher, Michael and Rabani, Yuval and Sangiorgi, Davide},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2016.62},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-62227},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2016.62},
  annote =	{Keywords: Moran process, randomised algorithm on graphs, evolutionary dynamics}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.APPROX-RANDOM.2014.630
Absorption Time of the Moran Process

Authors: Josep Díaz, Leslie Ann Goldberg, David Richerby, and Maria Serna

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 28, Approximation, Randomization, and Combinatorial Optimization. Algorithms and Techniques (APPROX/RANDOM 2014)

Abstract
The Moran process models the spread of mutations in populations on graphs. We investigate the absorption time of the process, which is the time taken for a mutation introduced at a randomly chosen vertex to either spread to the whole population, or to become extinct. It is known that the expected absorption time for an advantageous mutation is polynomial on an n-vertex undirected graph, which allows the behaviour of the process on undirected graphs to be analysed using the Markov chain Monte Carlo method. We show that this does not extend to directed graphs by exhibiting an infinite family of directed graphs for which the expected absorption time is exponential in the number of vertices. However, for regular directed graphs, we give the expected absorption time is blog n lower bound and an explicit quadratic upper bound. We exhibit families of graphs matching these bounds and give improved bounds for other families of graphs, based on isoperimetric number. Our results are obtained via stochastic dominations which we demonstrate by establishing a coupling in a related continuous-time model. The coupling also implies several natural domination results regarding the fixation probability of the original (discrete-time) process, resolving a conjecture of Shakarian, Roos and Johnson.
Cite as

Josep Díaz, Leslie Ann Goldberg, David Richerby, and Maria Serna. Absorption Time of the Moran Process. In Approximation, Randomization, and Combinatorial Optimization. Algorithms and Techniques (APPROX/RANDOM 2014). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 28, pp. 630-642, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2014)

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@InProceedings{diaz_et_al:LIPIcs.APPROX-RANDOM.2014.630,
  author =	{D{\'\i}az, Josep and Goldberg, Leslie Ann and Richerby, David and Serna, Maria},
  title =	{{Absorption Time of the Moran Process}},
  booktitle =	{Approximation, Randomization, and Combinatorial Optimization. Algorithms and Techniques (APPROX/RANDOM 2014)},
  pages =	{630--642},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-939897-74-3},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2014},
  volume =	{28},
  editor =	{Jansen, Klaus and Rolim, Jos\'{e} and Devanur, Nikhil R. and Moore, Cristopher},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.APPROX-RANDOM.2014.630},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-47279},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.APPROX-RANDOM.2014.630},
  annote =	{Keywords: Moran Process}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2014.350
Counting Homomorphisms to Cactus Graphs Modulo 2

Authors: Andreas Göbel, Leslie Ann Goldberg, and David Richerby

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 25, 31st International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2014)

Abstract
A homomorphism from a graph G to a graph H is a function from V(G) to V(H) that preserves edges. Many combinatorial structures that arise in mathematics and computer science can be represented naturally as graph homomorphisms and as weighted sums of graph homomorphisms. In this paper, we study the complexity of counting homomorphisms modulo 2. The complexity of modular counting was introduced by Papadimitriou and Zachos and it has been pioneered by Valiant who famously introduced a problem for which counting modulo 7 is easy but counting modulo 2 is intractable. Modular counting provides a rich setting in which to study the structure of homomorphism problems. In this case, the structure of the graph H has a big influence on the complexity of the problem. Thus, our approach is graph-theoretic. We give a complete solution for the class of cactus graphs, which are connected graphs in which every edge belongs to at most one cycle. Cactus graphs arise in many applications such as the modelling of wireless sensor networks and the comparison of genomes. We show that, for some cactus graphs H, counting homomorphisms to H modulo 2 can be done in polynomial time. For every other fixed cactus graph H, the problem is complete for the complexity class +P which is a wide complexity class to which every problem in the polynomial hierarchy can be reduced (using randomised reductions). Determining which H lead to tractable problems can be done in polynomial time. Our result builds upon the work of Faben and Jerrum, who gave a dichotomy for the case in which H is a tree.
Cite as

Andreas Göbel, Leslie Ann Goldberg, and David Richerby. Counting Homomorphisms to Cactus Graphs Modulo 2. In 31st International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2014). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 25, pp. 350-361, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2014)

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@InProceedings{gobel_et_al:LIPIcs.STACS.2014.350,
  author =	{G\"{o}bel, Andreas and Goldberg, Leslie Ann and Richerby, David},
  title =	{{Counting Homomorphisms to Cactus Graphs Modulo 2}},
  booktitle =	{31st International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2014)},
  pages =	{350--361},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-939897-65-1},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2014},
  volume =	{25},
  editor =	{Mayr, Ernst W. and Portier, Natacha},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2014.350},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-44700},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2014.350},
  annote =	{Keywords: modular counting, homomorphisms, cactus graph, graph algorithms}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2013.148
The complexity of approximating conservative counting CSPs

Authors: Xi Chen, Martin Dyer, Leslie Ann Goldberg, Mark Jerrum, Pinyan Lu, Colin McQuillan, and David Richerby

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 20, 30th International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2013)

Abstract
We study the complexity of approximation for a weighted counting constraint satisfaction problem #CSP(F). In the conservative case, where F contains all unary functions, a classification is known for the Boolean domain. We give a classification for problems with general finite domain. We define weak log-modularity and weak log-supermodularity, and show that #CSP(F) is in FP if F is weakly log-modular. Otherwise, it is at least as hard to approximate as #BIS, counting independent sets in bipartite graphs, which is believed to be intractable. We further sub-divide the #BIS-hard case. If F is weakly log-supermodular, we show that #CSP(F) is as easy as Boolean log-supermodular weighted #CSP. Otherwise, it is NP-hard to approximate. Finally, we give a trichotomy for the arity-2 case. Then, #CSP(F) is in FP, is #BIS-equivalent, or is equivalent to #SAT, the problem of approximately counting satisfying assignments of a CNF Boolean formula.
Cite as

Xi Chen, Martin Dyer, Leslie Ann Goldberg, Mark Jerrum, Pinyan Lu, Colin McQuillan, and David Richerby. The complexity of approximating conservative counting CSPs. In 30th International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2013). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 20, pp. 148-159, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2013)

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@InProceedings{chen_et_al:LIPIcs.STACS.2013.148,
  author =	{Chen, Xi and Dyer, Martin and Goldberg, Leslie Ann and Jerrum, Mark and Lu, Pinyan and McQuillan, Colin and Richerby, David},
  title =	{{The complexity of approximating conservative counting CSPs}},
  booktitle =	{30th International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2013)},
  pages =	{148--159},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-939897-50-7},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2013},
  volume =	{20},
  editor =	{Portier, Natacha and Wilke, Thomas},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2013.148},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-39303},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2013.148},
  annote =	{Keywords: counting constraint satisfaction problem, approximation, complexity}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2011.261
The #CSP Dichotomy is Decidable

Authors: Martin Dyer and David Richerby

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 9, 28th International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2011)

Abstract
Bulatov (2008) and Dyer and Richerby (2010) have established the following dichotomy for the counting constraint satisfaction problem (#CSP): for any constraint language Gamma, the problem of computing the number of satisfying assignments to constraints drawn from Gamma is either in FP or is #P-complete, depending on the structure of Gamma. The principal question left open by this research was whether the criterion of the dichotomy is decidable. We show that it is; in fact, it is in NP.
Cite as

Martin Dyer and David Richerby. The #CSP Dichotomy is Decidable. In 28th International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2011). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 9, pp. 261-272, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2011)

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@InProceedings{dyer_et_al:LIPIcs.STACS.2011.261,
  author =	{Dyer, Martin and Richerby, David},
  title =	{{The #CSP Dichotomy is Decidable}},
  booktitle =	{28th International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2011)},
  pages =	{261--272},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-939897-25-5},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2011},
  volume =	{9},
  editor =	{Schwentick, Thomas and D\"{u}rr, Christoph},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2011.261},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-30161},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2011.261},
  annote =	{Keywords: constraint satisfaction problem, counting problems, complexity dichotomy, decidability}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2010.2466
The Complexity of Approximating Bounded-Degree Boolean #CSP

Authors: Martin Dyer, Leslie Ann Goldberg, Markus Jalsenius, and David Richerby

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 5, 27th International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (2010)

Abstract
The degree of a CSP instance is the maximum number of times that a variable may appear in the scope of constraints. We consider the approximate counting problem for Boolean CSPs with bounded-degree instances, for constraint languages containing the two unary constant relations $\{0\}$ and $\{1\}$. When the maximum degree is at least $25$ we obtain a complete classification of the complexity of this problem. It is exactly solvable in polynomial-time if every relation in the constraint language is affine. It is equivalent to the problem of approximately counting independent sets in bipartite graphs if every relation can be expressed as conjunctions of $\{0\}$, $\{1\}$ and binary implication. Otherwise, there is no FPRAS unless $\NPtime = \RPtime$. For lower degree bounds, additional cases arise in which the complexity is related to the complexity of approximately counting independent sets in hypergraphs.
Cite as

Martin Dyer, Leslie Ann Goldberg, Markus Jalsenius, and David Richerby. The Complexity of Approximating Bounded-Degree Boolean #CSP. In 27th International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science. Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 5, pp. 323-334, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2010)

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@InProceedings{dyer_et_al:LIPIcs.STACS.2010.2466,
  author =	{Dyer, Martin and Goldberg, Leslie Ann and Jalsenius, Markus and Richerby, David},
  title =	{{The Complexity of Approximating Bounded-Degree Boolean #CSP}},
  booktitle =	{27th International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science},
  pages =	{323--334},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-939897-16-3},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2010},
  volume =	{5},
  editor =	{Marion, Jean-Yves and Schwentick, Thomas},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2010.2466},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-24669},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2010.2466},
  annote =	{Keywords: Boolean constraint satisfaction problem, generalized satisfiability, counting, approximation algorithms}
}
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