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Documents authored by Schreiber, Falk

Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.GD.2025.11
Towards a Better Understanding of Graph Perception in Immersive Environments

Authors: Lin Zhang, Yao Wang, Ying Zhang, Wilhelm Kerle-Malcharek, Karsten Klein, Falk Schreiber, and Andreas Bulling

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 357, 33rd International Symposium on Graph Drawing and Network Visualization (GD 2025)

Abstract
As Immersive Analytics (IA) increasingly uses Virtual Reality (VR) for stereoscopic 3D (S3D) graph visualisation, it is crucial to understand how users perceive network structures in these immersive environments. However, little is known about how humans read S3D graphs during task solving, and how gaze behaviour indicates task performance. To address this gap, we report a user study with 18 participants asked to perform three analytical tasks on S3D graph visualisations in a VR environment. Our findings reveal systematic relationships between network structural properties and gaze behaviour. Based on these insights, we contribute a comprehensive eye tracking methodology for analysing human perception in immersive environments and establish eye tracking as a valuable tool for objectively evaluating cognitive load in S3D graph visualisation.
Cite as

Lin Zhang, Yao Wang, Ying Zhang, Wilhelm Kerle-Malcharek, Karsten Klein, Falk Schreiber, and Andreas Bulling. Towards a Better Understanding of Graph Perception in Immersive Environments. In 33rd International Symposium on Graph Drawing and Network Visualization (GD 2025). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 357, pp. 11:1-11:19, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2025)

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@InProceedings{zhang_et_al:LIPIcs.GD.2025.11,
  author =	{Zhang, Lin and Wang, Yao and Zhang, Ying and Kerle-Malcharek, Wilhelm and Klein, Karsten and Schreiber, Falk and Bulling, Andreas},
  title =	{{Towards a Better Understanding of Graph Perception in Immersive Environments}},
  booktitle =	{33rd International Symposium on Graph Drawing and Network Visualization (GD 2025)},
  pages =	{11:1--11:19},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-403-1},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2025},
  volume =	{357},
  editor =	{Dujmovi\'{c}, Vida and Montecchiani, Fabrizio},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.GD.2025.11},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-249976},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.GD.2025.11},
  annote =	{Keywords: Stereoscopic 3D, Graph Visualisation, Eye Tracking, Graph Perception}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.GD.2025.37
Show Me Your Best Side: Characteristics of User-Preferred Perspectives for 3D Graph Drawings

Authors: Lucas Joos, Gavin J. Mooney, Maximilian T. Fischer, Daniel A. Keim, Falk Schreiber, Helen C. Purchase, and Karsten Klein

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 357, 33rd International Symposium on Graph Drawing and Network Visualization (GD 2025)

Abstract
The visual analysis of graphs in 3D has become increasingly popular, accelerated by the rise of immersive technology, such as augmented and virtual reality. Unlike 2D drawings, 3D graph layouts are highly viewpoint-dependent, making perspective selection critical for revealing structural and relational patterns. Despite its importance, there is limited empirical evidence guiding what constitutes an effective or preferred viewpoint from the user’s perspective. In this paper, we present a systematic investigation into user-preferred viewpoints in 3D graph visualisations. We conducted a controlled study with 23 participants in a virtual reality environment, where users selected their most and least preferred viewpoints for 36 different graphs varying in size and layout. From this data, enriched by qualitative feedback, we distil common strategies underlying viewpoint choice. We further analyse the alignment of user preferences with classical 2D aesthetic criteria (e.g., Crossings), 3D-specific measures (e.g., Node-Node Occlusion), and introduce a novel measure capturing the perceivability of a graph’s principal axes (Isometric Viewpoint Deviation). Our data-driven analysis indicates that Stress, Crossings, Gabriel Ratio, Edge-Node Overlap, and Isometric Viewpoint Deviation are key indicators of viewpoint preference. Beyond our findings, we contribute a publicly available dataset consisting of the graphs and computed aesthetic measures, supporting further research and the development of viewpoint evaluation measures for 3D graph drawing.
Cite as

Lucas Joos, Gavin J. Mooney, Maximilian T. Fischer, Daniel A. Keim, Falk Schreiber, Helen C. Purchase, and Karsten Klein. Show Me Your Best Side: Characteristics of User-Preferred Perspectives for 3D Graph Drawings. In 33rd International Symposium on Graph Drawing and Network Visualization (GD 2025). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 357, pp. 37:1-37:19, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2025)

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@InProceedings{joos_et_al:LIPIcs.GD.2025.37,
  author =	{Joos, Lucas and Mooney, Gavin J. and Fischer, Maximilian T. and Keim, Daniel A. and Schreiber, Falk and Purchase, Helen C. and Klein, Karsten},
  title =	{{Show Me Your Best Side: Characteristics of User-Preferred Perspectives for 3D Graph Drawings}},
  booktitle =	{33rd International Symposium on Graph Drawing and Network Visualization (GD 2025)},
  pages =	{37:1--37:19},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-403-1},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2025},
  volume =	{357},
  editor =	{Dujmovi\'{c}, Vida and Montecchiani, Fabrizio},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.GD.2025.37},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-250236},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.GD.2025.37},
  annote =	{Keywords: Graph Aesthetics, Immersive 3D, Node-Link Diagrams, Empirical Evaluation}
}
Document
Poster Abstract
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.GD.2025.52
Investigating Crossing Perception in 3D Graph Visualisation (Poster Abstract)

Authors: Ying Zhang, Niklas Gröne, Giuseppe Liotta, Falk Schreiber, and Karsten Klein

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 357, 33rd International Symposium on Graph Drawing and Network Visualization (GD 2025)

Abstract
Human perception and understanding of graph drawings is influenced by a variety of impact factors for which quality measures such as the number of crossings are used as a proxy indicator. For the more and more common stereoscopic 3D (S3D) graph visualisations, evidence is required to better understand graph perception and its relation to quality measures. We investigate the perception of crossing configurations in S3D graph visualisations and present the results of a study.
Cite as

Ying Zhang, Niklas Gröne, Giuseppe Liotta, Falk Schreiber, and Karsten Klein. Investigating Crossing Perception in 3D Graph Visualisation (Poster Abstract). In 33rd International Symposium on Graph Drawing and Network Visualization (GD 2025). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 357, pp. 52:1-52:5, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2025)

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@InProceedings{zhang_et_al:LIPIcs.GD.2025.52,
  author =	{Zhang, Ying and Gr\"{o}ne, Niklas and Liotta, Giuseppe and Schreiber, Falk and Klein, Karsten},
  title =	{{Investigating Crossing Perception in 3D Graph Visualisation}},
  booktitle =	{33rd International Symposium on Graph Drawing and Network Visualization (GD 2025)},
  pages =	{52:1--52:5},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-403-1},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2025},
  volume =	{357},
  editor =	{Dujmovi\'{c}, Vida and Montecchiani, Fabrizio},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.GD.2025.52},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-250381},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.GD.2025.52},
  annote =	{Keywords: Graph Perception, Stereoscopic 3D Graph Visualisation, Crossing Configurations}
}
Document
Poster Abstract
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.GD.2025.53
Edge Bundling as a Multi-Objective Optimization Problem (Poster Abstract)

Authors: Raissa dos Santos Vieira, Hugo A. D. do Nascimento, Joelma de Moura Ferreira, Les Foulds, Karsten Klein, and Falk Schreiber

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 357, 33rd International Symposium on Graph Drawing and Network Visualization (GD 2025)

Abstract
Edge bundling is a technique commonly used to reduce visual clutter and improve the comprehension of the drawings of large graphs. Here, we model edge bundling as a multi-objective optimization problem and employ clustering strategies, metaheuristic and Pareto analysis to identify non-dominated solutions for some classical graphs from the literature.
Cite as

Raissa dos Santos Vieira, Hugo A. D. do Nascimento, Joelma de Moura Ferreira, Les Foulds, Karsten Klein, and Falk Schreiber. Edge Bundling as a Multi-Objective Optimization Problem (Poster Abstract). In 33rd International Symposium on Graph Drawing and Network Visualization (GD 2025). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 357, pp. 53:1-53:5, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2025)

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@InProceedings{vieira_et_al:LIPIcs.GD.2025.53,
  author =	{Vieira, Raissa dos Santos and Nascimento, Hugo A. D. do and Ferreira, Joelma de Moura and Foulds, Les and Klein, Karsten and Schreiber, Falk},
  title =	{{Edge Bundling as a Multi-Objective Optimization Problem}},
  booktitle =	{33rd International Symposium on Graph Drawing and Network Visualization (GD 2025)},
  pages =	{53:1--53:5},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-403-1},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2025},
  volume =	{357},
  editor =	{Dujmovi\'{c}, Vida and Montecchiani, Fabrizio},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.GD.2025.53},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-250397},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.GD.2025.53},
  annote =	{Keywords: Graph Drawing, Edge Bundling, Visual Clutter, Multi-objective Optimization}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.GD.2024.16
GraphTrials: Visual Proofs of Graph Properties

Authors: Henry Förster, Felix Klesen, Tim Dwyer, Peter Eades, Seok-Hee Hong, Stephen G. Kobourov, Giuseppe Liotta, Kazuo Misue, Fabrizio Montecchiani, Alexander Pastukhov, and Falk Schreiber

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 320, 32nd International Symposium on Graph Drawing and Network Visualization (GD 2024)

Abstract
Graph and network visualization supports exploration, analysis and communication of relational data arising in many domains: from biological and social networks, to transportation and powergrid systems. With the arrival of AI-based question-answering tools, issues of trustworthiness and explainability of generated answers motivate a greater role for visualization. In the context of graphs, we see the need for visualizations that can convince a critical audience that an assertion about the graph under analysis is valid. The requirements for such representations that convey precisely one specific graph property are quite different from standard network visualization criteria which optimize general aesthetics and readability. In this paper, we aim to provide a comprehensive introduction to visual proofs of graph properties and a foundation for further research in the area. We present a framework that defines what it means to visually prove a graph property. In the process, we introduce the notion of a visual certificate, that is, a specialized faithful graph visualization that leverages the viewer’s perception, in particular, pre-attentive processing (e. g. via pop-out effects), to verify a given assertion about the represented graph. We also discuss the relationships between visual complexity, cognitive load and complexity theory, and propose a classification based on visual proof complexity. Finally, we provide examples of visual certificates for problems in different visual proof complexity classes.
Cite as

Henry Förster, Felix Klesen, Tim Dwyer, Peter Eades, Seok-Hee Hong, Stephen G. Kobourov, Giuseppe Liotta, Kazuo Misue, Fabrizio Montecchiani, Alexander Pastukhov, and Falk Schreiber. GraphTrials: Visual Proofs of Graph Properties. In 32nd International Symposium on Graph Drawing and Network Visualization (GD 2024). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 320, pp. 16:1-16:18, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2024)

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@InProceedings{forster_et_al:LIPIcs.GD.2024.16,
  author =	{F\"{o}rster, Henry and Klesen, Felix and Dwyer, Tim and Eades, Peter and Hong, Seok-Hee and Kobourov, Stephen G. and Liotta, Giuseppe and Misue, Kazuo and Montecchiani, Fabrizio and Pastukhov, Alexander and Schreiber, Falk},
  title =	{{GraphTrials: Visual Proofs of Graph Properties}},
  booktitle =	{32nd International Symposium on Graph Drawing and Network Visualization (GD 2024)},
  pages =	{16:1--16:18},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-343-0},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2024},
  volume =	{320},
  editor =	{Felsner, Stefan and Klein, Karsten},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.GD.2024.16},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-213005},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.GD.2024.16},
  annote =	{Keywords: Graph Visualization, Theory of Visualization, Visual Proof}
}
Document
Software Abstract
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.GD.2024.57
Immersive Analytics of Graphs in Virtual Reality with GAV-VR (Software Abstract)

Authors: Stefan P. Feyer, Wilhelm Kerle-Malcharek, Ying Zhang, Falk Schreiber, and Karsten Klein

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 320, 32nd International Symposium on Graph Drawing and Network Visualization (GD 2024)

Abstract
The design space for interactive graph visualisation in immersive environments creates opportunities to improve on established solutions in traditional desktop settings. Exploiting this potential requires careful analysis of achievable benefits, required tradeoffs, and disadvantages for particular designs and use-cases. GAV-VR is a modular and user-extensible framework for graph visualisation and analysis in Virtual Reality (VR). It provides the platform to easily create interactive graph visualisations, facilitating both applied graph analysis and evaluation of approaches and methods for visualisation of and interaction with graphs in VR.
Cite as

Stefan P. Feyer, Wilhelm Kerle-Malcharek, Ying Zhang, Falk Schreiber, and Karsten Klein. Immersive Analytics of Graphs in Virtual Reality with GAV-VR (Software Abstract). In 32nd International Symposium on Graph Drawing and Network Visualization (GD 2024). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 320, pp. 57:1-57:3, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2024)

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@InProceedings{feyer_et_al:LIPIcs.GD.2024.57,
  author =	{Feyer, Stefan P. and Kerle-Malcharek, Wilhelm and Zhang, Ying and Schreiber, Falk and Klein, Karsten},
  title =	{{Immersive Analytics of Graphs in Virtual Reality with GAV-VR}},
  booktitle =	{32nd International Symposium on Graph Drawing and Network Visualization (GD 2024)},
  pages =	{57:1--57:3},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-343-0},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2024},
  volume =	{320},
  editor =	{Felsner, Stefan and Klein, Karsten},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.GD.2024.57},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-213413},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.GD.2024.57},
  annote =	{Keywords: Networks, Immersive Analytics, Software}
}
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