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Documents authored by Steiner, Raphael

Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ISAAC.2023.28
Exact Matching: Correct Parity and FPT Parameterized by Independence Number

Authors: Nicolas El Maalouly, Raphael Steiner, and Lasse Wulf

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 283, 34th International Symposium on Algorithms and Computation (ISAAC 2023)

Abstract
Given an integer k and a graph where every edge is colored either red or blue, the goal of the exact matching problem is to find a perfect matching with the property that exactly k of its edges are red. Soon after Papadimitriou and Yannakakis (JACM 1982) introduced the problem, a randomized polynomial-time algorithm solving the problem was described by Mulmuley et al. (Combinatorica 1987). Despite a lot of effort, it is still not known today whether a deterministic polynomial-time algorithm exists. This makes the exact matching problem an important candidate to test the popular conjecture that the complexity classes P and RP are equal. In a recent article (MFCS 2022), progress was made towards this goal by showing that for bipartite graphs of bounded bipartite independence number, a polynomial time algorithm exists. In terms of parameterized complexity, this algorithm was an XP-algorithm parameterized by the bipartite independence number. In this article, we introduce novel algorithmic techniques that allow us to obtain an FPT-algorithm. If the input is a general graph we show that one can at least compute a perfect matching M which has the correct number of red edges modulo 2, in polynomial time. This is motivated by our last result, in which we prove that an FPT algorithm for general graphs, parameterized by the independence number, reduces to the problem of finding in polynomial time a perfect matching M with at most k red edges and the correct number of red edges modulo 2.
Cite as

Nicolas El Maalouly, Raphael Steiner, and Lasse Wulf. Exact Matching: Correct Parity and FPT Parameterized by Independence Number. In 34th International Symposium on Algorithms and Computation (ISAAC 2023). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 283, pp. 28:1-28:18, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2023)

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@InProceedings{elmaalouly_et_al:LIPIcs.ISAAC.2023.28,
  author =	{El Maalouly, Nicolas and Steiner, Raphael and Wulf, Lasse},
  title =	{{Exact Matching: Correct Parity and FPT Parameterized by Independence Number}},
  booktitle =	{34th International Symposium on Algorithms and Computation (ISAAC 2023)},
  pages =	{28:1--28:18},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-289-1},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2023},
  volume =	{283},
  editor =	{Iwata, Satoru and Kakimura, Naonori},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ISAAC.2023.28},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-193302},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ISAAC.2023.28},
  annote =	{Keywords: Perfect Matching, Exact Matching, Independence Number, Parameterized Complexity}
}
Document
RANDOM
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.APPROX/RANDOM.2023.30
On Connectivity in Random Graph Models with Limited Dependencies

Authors: Johannes Lengler, Anders Martinsson, Kalina Petrova, Patrick Schnider, Raphael Steiner, Simon Weber, and Emo Welzl

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 275, Approximation, Randomization, and Combinatorial Optimization. Algorithms and Techniques (APPROX/RANDOM 2023)

Abstract
For any positive edge density p, a random graph in the Erdős-Rényi G_{n,p} model is connected with non-zero probability, since all edges are mutually independent. We consider random graph models in which edges that do not share endpoints are independent while incident edges may be dependent and ask: what is the minimum probability ρ(n), such that for any distribution 𝒢 (in this model) on graphs with n vertices in which each potential edge has a marginal probability of being present at least ρ(n), a graph drawn from 𝒢 is connected with non-zero probability? As it turns out, the condition "edges that do not share endpoints are independent" needs to be clarified and the answer to the question above is sensitive to the specification. In fact, we formalize this intuitive description into a strict hierarchy of five independence conditions, which we show to have at least three different behaviors for the threshold ρ(n). For each condition, we provide upper and lower bounds for ρ(n). In the strongest condition, the coloring model (which includes, e.g., random geometric graphs), we show that ρ(n) → 2-ϕ ≈ 0.38 for n → ∞, proving a conjecture by Badakhshian, Falgas-Ravry, and Sharifzadeh. This separates the coloring models from the weaker independence conditions we consider, as there we prove that ρ(n) > 0.5-o(n). In stark contrast to the coloring model, for our weakest independence condition - pairwise independence of non-adjacent edges - we show that ρ(n) lies within O(1/n²) of the threshold 1-2/n for completely arbitrary distributions.
Cite as

Johannes Lengler, Anders Martinsson, Kalina Petrova, Patrick Schnider, Raphael Steiner, Simon Weber, and Emo Welzl. On Connectivity in Random Graph Models with Limited Dependencies. In Approximation, Randomization, and Combinatorial Optimization. Algorithms and Techniques (APPROX/RANDOM 2023). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 275, pp. 30:1-30:22, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2023)

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@InProceedings{lengler_et_al:LIPIcs.APPROX/RANDOM.2023.30,
  author =	{Lengler, Johannes and Martinsson, Anders and Petrova, Kalina and Schnider, Patrick and Steiner, Raphael and Weber, Simon and Welzl, Emo},
  title =	{{On Connectivity in Random Graph Models with Limited Dependencies}},
  booktitle =	{Approximation, Randomization, and Combinatorial Optimization. Algorithms and Techniques (APPROX/RANDOM 2023)},
  pages =	{30:1--30:22},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-296-9},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2023},
  volume =	{275},
  editor =	{Megow, Nicole and Smith, Adam},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.APPROX/RANDOM.2023.30},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-188556},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.APPROX/RANDOM.2023.30},
  annote =	{Keywords: Random Graphs, Independence, Dependency, Connectivity, Threshold, Probabilistic Method}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.SoCG.2023.31
Linear Size Universal Point Sets for Classes of Planar Graphs

Authors: Stefan Felsner, Hendrik Schrezenmaier, Felix Schröder, and Raphael Steiner

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 258, 39th International Symposium on Computational Geometry (SoCG 2023)

Abstract
A finite set P of points in the plane is n-universal with respect to a class 𝒞 of planar graphs if every n-vertex graph in 𝒞 admits a crossing-free straight-line drawing with vertices at points of P. For the class of all planar graphs the best known upper bound on the size of a universal point set is quadratic and the best known lower bound is linear in n. Some classes of planar graphs are known to admit universal point sets of near linear size, however, there are no truly linear bounds for interesting classes beyond outerplanar graphs. In this paper, we show that there is a universal point set of size 2n-2 for the class of bipartite planar graphs with n vertices. The same point set is also universal for the class of n-vertex planar graphs of maximum degree 3. The point set used for the results is what we call an exploding double chain, and we prove that this point set allows planar straight-line embeddings of many more planar graphs, namely of all subgraphs of planar graphs admitting a one-sided Hamiltonian cycle. The result for bipartite graphs also implies that every n-vertex plane graph has a 1-bend drawing all whose bends and vertices are contained in a specific point set of size 4n-6, this improves a bound of 6n-10 for the same problem by Löffler and Tóth.
Cite as

Stefan Felsner, Hendrik Schrezenmaier, Felix Schröder, and Raphael Steiner. Linear Size Universal Point Sets for Classes of Planar Graphs. In 39th International Symposium on Computational Geometry (SoCG 2023). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 258, pp. 31:1-31:16, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2023)

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@InProceedings{felsner_et_al:LIPIcs.SoCG.2023.31,
  author =	{Felsner, Stefan and Schrezenmaier, Hendrik and Schr\"{o}der, Felix and Steiner, Raphael},
  title =	{{Linear Size Universal Point Sets for Classes of Planar Graphs}},
  booktitle =	{39th International Symposium on Computational Geometry (SoCG 2023)},
  pages =	{31:1--31:16},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-273-0},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2023},
  volume =	{258},
  editor =	{Chambers, Erin W. and Gudmundsson, Joachim},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.SoCG.2023.31},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-178814},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.SoCG.2023.31},
  annote =	{Keywords: Graph drawing, Universal point set, One-sided Hamiltonian, 2-page book embedding, Separating decomposition, Quadrangulation, 2-tree, Subcubic planar graph}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2022.46
Exact Matching in Graphs of Bounded Independence Number

Authors: Nicolas El Maalouly and Raphael Steiner

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 241, 47th International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2022)

Abstract
In the Exact Matching Problem (EM), we are given a graph equipped with a fixed coloring of its edges with two colors (red and blue), as well as a positive integer k. The task is then to decide whether the given graph contains a perfect matching exactly k of whose edges have color red. EM generalizes several important algorithmic problems such as perfect matching and restricted minimum weight spanning tree problems. When introducing the problem in 1982, Papadimitriou and Yannakakis conjectured EM to be NP-complete. Later however, Mulmuley et al. presented a randomized polynomial time algorithm for EM, which puts EM in RP. Given that to decide whether or not RP=P represents a big open challenge in complexity theory, this makes it unlikely for EM to be NP-complete, and in fact indicates the possibility of a deterministic polynomial time algorithm. EM remains one of the few natural combinatorial problems in RP which are not known to be contained in P, making it an interesting instance for testing the hypothesis RP=P. Despite EM being quite well-known, attempts to devise deterministic polynomial algorithms have remained illusive during the last 40 years and progress has been lacking even for very restrictive classes of input graphs. In this paper we push the frontier of positive results forward by proving that EM can be solved in deterministic polynomial time for input graphs of bounded independence number, and for bipartite input graphs of bounded bipartite independence number. This generalizes previous positive results for complete (bipartite) graphs which were the only known results for EM on dense graphs.
Cite as

Nicolas El Maalouly and Raphael Steiner. Exact Matching in Graphs of Bounded Independence Number. In 47th International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2022). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 241, pp. 46:1-46:14, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2022)

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@InProceedings{elmaalouly_et_al:LIPIcs.MFCS.2022.46,
  author =	{El Maalouly, Nicolas and Steiner, Raphael},
  title =	{{Exact Matching in Graphs of Bounded Independence Number}},
  booktitle =	{47th International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2022)},
  pages =	{46:1--46:14},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-256-3},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2022},
  volume =	{241},
  editor =	{Szeider, Stefan and Ganian, Robert and Silva, Alexandra},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2022.46},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-168447},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2022.46},
  annote =	{Keywords: Perfect Matching, Exact Matching, Independence Number, Parameterized Complexity}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.SoCG.2022.6
Edge Partitions of Complete Geometric Graphs

Authors: Oswin Aichholzer, Johannes Obenaus, Joachim Orthaber, Rosna Paul, Patrick Schnider, Raphael Steiner, Tim Taubner, and Birgit Vogtenhuber

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 224, 38th International Symposium on Computational Geometry (SoCG 2022)

Abstract
In this paper, we disprove the long-standing conjecture that any complete geometric graph on 2n vertices can be partitioned into n plane spanning trees. Our construction is based on so-called bumpy wheel sets. We fully characterize which bumpy wheels can and in particular which cannot be partitioned into plane spanning trees (or even into arbitrary plane subgraphs). Furthermore, we show a sufficient condition for generalized wheels to not admit a partition into plane spanning trees, and give a complete characterization when they admit a partition into plane spanning double stars. Finally, we initiate the study of partitions into beyond planar subgraphs, namely into k-planar and k-quasi-planar subgraphs and obtain first bounds on the number of subgraphs required in this setting.
Cite as

Oswin Aichholzer, Johannes Obenaus, Joachim Orthaber, Rosna Paul, Patrick Schnider, Raphael Steiner, Tim Taubner, and Birgit Vogtenhuber. Edge Partitions of Complete Geometric Graphs. In 38th International Symposium on Computational Geometry (SoCG 2022). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 224, pp. 6:1-6:16, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2022)

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@InProceedings{aichholzer_et_al:LIPIcs.SoCG.2022.6,
  author =	{Aichholzer, Oswin and Obenaus, Johannes and Orthaber, Joachim and Paul, Rosna and Schnider, Patrick and Steiner, Raphael and Taubner, Tim and Vogtenhuber, Birgit},
  title =	{{Edge Partitions of Complete Geometric Graphs}},
  booktitle =	{38th International Symposium on Computational Geometry (SoCG 2022)},
  pages =	{6:1--6:16},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-227-3},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2022},
  volume =	{224},
  editor =	{Goaoc, Xavier and Kerber, Michael},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.SoCG.2022.6},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-160141},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.SoCG.2022.6},
  annote =	{Keywords: edge partition, complete geometric graph, plane spanning tree, wheel set}
}
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