DROPS

Volume

LIPIcs, Volume 231

34th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2022)

ECRTS 2022, July 5-8, 2022, Modena, Italy

Editors: Martina Maggio

Issue

DARTS, Volume 4, Issue 2

Special Issue of the 30th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2018)

Editors: Sebastian Altmayer and Martina Maggio

Document

DOI: 10.4230/OASIcs.NG-RES.2026.4

Efficient Design of High-Resolution Timekeeping in Real-Time Operating Systems

Authors: Federico Terraneo and Daniele Cattaneo

Published in: OASIcs, Volume 140, 7th Workshop on Next Generation Real-Time Embedded Systems (NG-RES 2026)

Abstract

High-resolution timekeeping is a desirable feature in real-time operating systems targeting microcontrollers, which traditionally has been held back due to its impact on context switch overhead. In this paper we present the design of a timing subsystem that decouples preemption from the timekeeping operation. This design, making use of 1+N hardware timers, significantly speeds up the context switch code while scaling effectively to multi-core microcontroller architectures with N cores. Preliminary experimental results on the Miosix fluid kernel show the effectiveness of the proposed design.

Cite as

Federico Terraneo and Daniele Cattaneo. Efficient Design of High-Resolution Timekeeping in Real-Time Operating Systems. In 7th Workshop on Next Generation Real-Time Embedded Systems (NG-RES 2026). Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs), Volume 140, pp. 4:1-4:15, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2026)

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@InProceedings{terraneo_et_al:OASIcs.NG-RES.2026.4,
  author =	{Terraneo, Federico and Cattaneo, Daniele},
  title =	{{Efficient Design of High-Resolution Timekeeping in Real-Time Operating Systems}},
  booktitle =	{7th Workshop on Next Generation Real-Time Embedded Systems (NG-RES 2026)},
  pages =	{4:1--4:15},
  series =	{Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-415-4},
  ISSN =	{2190-6807},
  year =	{2026},
  volume =	{140},
  editor =	{Ali, Hazem Ismail and Kurunathan, Harrison},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/OASIcs.NG-RES.2026.4},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-254228},
  doi =		{10.4230/OASIcs.NG-RES.2026.4},
  annote =	{Keywords: RTOS, Task Scheduling, Multiprocessing}
}

Document

DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ECRTS.2025.20

Detecting Low-Density Mixtures in High-Quantile Tails for pWCET Estimation

Authors: Blau Manau, Sergi Vilardell, Isabel Serra, Enrico Mezzetti, Jaume Abella, and Francisco J. Cazorla

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 335, 37th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2025)

Abstract

The variability arising from sophisticated hardware and software solutions in cutting-edge embedded products causes software to exhibit complex execution time distributions. Mixture distributions can happen, with different density (weight), as a result of inherent different features in the execution platform and multiple operational scenarios. In the context of probabilistic WCET (pWCET) analysis based on Extreme Value Theory (EVT), where identical distribution is a pre-requisite, mixtures are typically intercepted by applying stationarity tests on the full sample. Those tests, however, are instructed to detect only mixtures with sufficiently high probability (weight) and disregard low-density mixtures (which are unlikely to be preserved in the high-quantile tail of the sample) as they would prevent any form of stationarity. Nonetheless, low-density mixture distributions can persist and even exacerbate in the tail, and, when not considered, they can impair pWCET estimation in EVT-based approaches, leading to overly pessimistic or optimistic bounds. In this work, we propose TailID, an iterative point-wise approach that builds on the asymptotic convergence of the Maximum Likelihood Estimator (MLE) of the Extreme Value Index (EVI) parameter ξ to detect low-density mixture distributions on high-quantile tails and use this information to steer EVT tail selection. The benefits of the proposed method are assessed on synthetic mixture distributions and real data collected on an industrially representative embedded platform.

Cite as

Blau Manau, Sergi Vilardell, Isabel Serra, Enrico Mezzetti, Jaume Abella, and Francisco J. Cazorla. Detecting Low-Density Mixtures in High-Quantile Tails for pWCET Estimation. In 37th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2025). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 335, pp. 20:1-20:25, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2025)

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@InProceedings{manau_et_al:LIPIcs.ECRTS.2025.20,
  author =	{Manau, Blau and Vilardell, Sergi and Serra, Isabel and Mezzetti, Enrico and Abella, Jaume and Cazorla, Francisco J.},
  title =	{{Detecting Low-Density Mixtures in High-Quantile Tails for pWCET Estimation}},
  booktitle =	{37th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2025)},
  pages =	{20:1--20:25},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-377-5},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2025},
  volume =	{335},
  editor =	{Mancuso, Renato},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ECRTS.2025.20},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-235982},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ECRTS.2025.20},
  annote =	{Keywords: WCET, EVT}
}

Document

DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ECRTS.2025.18

Per-Flow Performance Guarantees in Networked Systems with Complex Feedback Structures

Authors: Anja Hamscher, Lukas Wildberger, and Jens Schmitt

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 335, 37th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2025)

Abstract

Many modern networked real-time systems encompass complex feedback structures and require stringent timing guarantees, especially bounds on the network delay. Network Calculus (NC) is a versatile methodology to compute such performance guarantees per individual flow; in particular, some fundamental results on how to deal with feedback exist. Yet, these are restricted to simple feedback structures and are mostly constrained to an analysis at the aggregate level (not per flow). In our work, we analyze more complex feedback structures than previously investigated by reducing them to canonical structures. We transform these closed-loop systems (with feedback) into open-loop systems (without feedback) and, subsequently, perform a per-flow analysis exploiting very recent NC results on per-flow performance guarantees. In a numerical experiment, we compare our new method to the current state-of-the-art which only allows for an aggregate FIFO analysis. We also compute how feedback constraints need to be allocated to ensure that a feedback system provides the same service as the system without feedback, in a sense providing for an optimal control. Furthermore, we compare different allocation strategies under a fixed budget for the feedback constraints.

Cite as

Anja Hamscher, Lukas Wildberger, and Jens Schmitt. Per-Flow Performance Guarantees in Networked Systems with Complex Feedback Structures. In 37th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2025). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 335, pp. 18:1-18:25, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2025)

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@InProceedings{hamscher_et_al:LIPIcs.ECRTS.2025.18,
  author =	{Hamscher, Anja and Wildberger, Lukas and Schmitt, Jens},
  title =	{{Per-Flow Performance Guarantees in Networked Systems with Complex Feedback Structures}},
  booktitle =	{37th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2025)},
  pages =	{18:1--18:25},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-377-5},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2025},
  volume =	{335},
  editor =	{Mancuso, Renato},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ECRTS.2025.18},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-235961},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ECRTS.2025.18},
  annote =	{Keywords: Real-Time Networks, Network Calculus, Feedback Control}
}

Document

DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ECRTS.2025.7

Period Assignment for Real-Time Cascade Control Tasks Under Stability and Schedulability Constraints

Authors: Ismail Hawila, Liliana Cucu-Grosjean, and Slim Ben Amor

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 335, 37th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2025)

Abstract

Existing results for cyber-physical systems have been proposed to merge the requirements associated to the stability of the physical components and the schedulability of the cyber components. Nevertheless, none of the existing results has studied these requirements for multiple real-time cascade control tasks where their periods choice are dependent and affect stability. In this paper, we propose a methodology to evaluate the periods of the real-time cascade control tasks that ensures stability of the physical components, then we present a co-design problem for the period choice that guarantees good performance of the physical components and schedulability of the cyber components under fixed-priority scheduling. We then evaluate this methodology on a real use-case of a drone system. Results show the importance of studying these requirements together as their relation has an impact on stable periods range.

Cite as

Ismail Hawila, Liliana Cucu-Grosjean, and Slim Ben Amor. Period Assignment for Real-Time Cascade Control Tasks Under Stability and Schedulability Constraints. In 37th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2025). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 335, pp. 7:1-7:21, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2025)

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@InProceedings{hawila_et_al:LIPIcs.ECRTS.2025.7,
  author =	{Hawila, Ismail and Cucu-Grosjean, Liliana and Ben Amor, Slim},
  title =	{{Period Assignment for Real-Time Cascade Control Tasks Under Stability and Schedulability Constraints}},
  booktitle =	{37th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2025)},
  pages =	{7:1--7:21},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-377-5},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2025},
  volume =	{335},
  editor =	{Mancuso, Renato},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ECRTS.2025.7},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-235858},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ECRTS.2025.7},
  annote =	{Keywords: Real-time Systems, Cascade Control, Physical Stability, Control Performance}
}

Document

DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ECRTS.2023.14

Consensual Resilient Control: Stateless Recovery of Stateful Controllers

Authors: Aleksandar Matovic, Rafal Graczyk, Federico Lucchetti, and Marcus Völp

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 262, 35th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2023)

Abstract

Safety-critical systems have to absorb accidental and malicious faults to obtain high mean-times-to-failures (MTTFs). Traditionally, this is achieved through re-execution or replication. However, both techniques come with significant overheads, in particular when cold-start effects are considered. Such effects occur after replicas resume from checkpoints or from their initial state. This work aims at improving on the performance of control-task replication by leveraging an inherent stability of many plants to tolerate occasional control-task deadline misses and suggests masking faults just with a detection quorum. To make this possible, we have to eliminate cold-start effects to allow replicas to rejuvenate during each control cycle. We do so, by systematically turning stateful controllers into instants that can be recovered in a stateless manner. We highlight the mechanisms behind this transformation, how it achieves consensual resilient control, and demonstrate on the example of an inverted pendulum how accidental and maliciously-induced faults can be absorbed, even if control tasks run in less predictable environments.

Cite as

Aleksandar Matovic, Rafal Graczyk, Federico Lucchetti, and Marcus Völp. Consensual Resilient Control: Stateless Recovery of Stateful Controllers. In 35th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2023). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 262, pp. 14:1-14:27, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2023)

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@InProceedings{matovic_et_al:LIPIcs.ECRTS.2023.14,
  author =	{Matovic, Aleksandar and Graczyk, Rafal and Lucchetti, Federico and V\"{o}lp, Marcus},
  title =	{{Consensual Resilient Control: Stateless Recovery of Stateful Controllers}},
  booktitle =	{35th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2023)},
  pages =	{14:1--14:27},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-280-8},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2023},
  volume =	{262},
  editor =	{Papadopoulos, Alessandro V.},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ECRTS.2023.14},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-180430},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ECRTS.2023.14},
  annote =	{Keywords: resilience, control, replication}
}

Document

Invited Talk

DOI: 10.4230/OASIcs.NG-RES.2023.1

Control Systems in the Presence of Computational Problems (Invited Talk)

Authors: Martina Maggio

Published in: OASIcs, Volume 108, Fourth Workshop on Next Generation Real-Time Embedded Systems (NG-RES 2023)

Abstract

Feedback control is a central enabling technology in a wide range of applications. Control systems are at the core of energy distribution infrastructure, regulate the behaviour of engines in vehicles, and are embedded in household appliances like washing machines. Control is centred around the feedback mechanism. Sensors provide information about the current state of the physical environment. This is used to compute suitable control actions to fulfil performance requirements, that are then implemented by actuators. For example, adaptive cruise control systems use measurements from a range of sensors to determine how to adjust the throttle to automatically regulate the vehicle’s speed, while maintaining a safe distance from vehicles ahead. Control actions are often calculated using hardware and software. Hence, the computation of the new control signals is subject to accidental faults, systematic issues, and software bugs. In practice, these computational problems are often ignored. But when can this be done safely? This talk will introduce a framework for analyzing the behaviour of control software subject to computational problems. The focus will be on the development of tools that can certify when control software is able to fulfil the system requirements, despite the presence of computational problems.

Cite as

Martina Maggio. Control Systems in the Presence of Computational Problems (Invited Talk). In Fourth Workshop on Next Generation Real-Time Embedded Systems (NG-RES 2023). Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs), Volume 108, p. 1:1, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2023)

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@InProceedings{maggio:OASIcs.NG-RES.2023.1,
  author =	{Maggio, Martina},
  title =	{{Control Systems in the Presence of Computational Problems}},
  booktitle =	{Fourth Workshop on Next Generation Real-Time Embedded Systems (NG-RES 2023)},
  pages =	{1:1--1:1},
  series =	{Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-268-6},
  ISSN =	{2190-6807},
  year =	{2023},
  volume =	{108},
  editor =	{Terraneo, Federico and Cattaneo, Daniele},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/OASIcs.NG-RES.2023.1},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-177320},
  doi =		{10.4230/OASIcs.NG-RES.2023.1},
  annote =	{Keywords: control systems, fault tolerance}
}

Document

Complete Volume

DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ECRTS.2022

LIPIcs, Volume 231, ECRTS 2022, Complete Volume

Authors: Martina Maggio

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 231, 34th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2022)

Abstract

LIPIcs, Volume 231, ECRTS 2022, Complete Volume

Cite as

34th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2022). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 231, pp. 1-470, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2022)

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@Proceedings{maggio:LIPIcs.ECRTS.2022,
  title =	{{LIPIcs, Volume 231, ECRTS 2022, Complete Volume}},
  booktitle =	{34th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2022)},
  pages =	{1--470},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-239-6},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2022},
  volume =	{231},
  editor =	{Maggio, Martina},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ECRTS.2022},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-163161},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ECRTS.2022},
  annote =	{Keywords: LIPIcs, Volume 231, ECRTS 2022, Complete Volume}
}

Document

Front Matter

DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ECRTS.2022.0

Front Matter, Table of Contents, Preface, Conference Organization

Authors: Martina Maggio

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 231, 34th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2022)

Abstract

Front Matter, Table of Contents, Preface, Conference Organization

Cite as

34th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2022). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 231, pp. 0:i-0:x, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2022)

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@InProceedings{maggio:LIPIcs.ECRTS.2022.0,
  author =	{Maggio, Martina},
  title =	{{Front Matter, Table of Contents, Preface, Conference Organization}},
  booktitle =	{34th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2022)},
  pages =	{0:i--0:x},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-239-6},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2022},
  volume =	{231},
  editor =	{Maggio, Martina},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ECRTS.2022.0},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-163176},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ECRTS.2022.0},
  annote =	{Keywords: Front Matter, Table of Contents, Preface, Conference Organization}
}

Document

DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ECRTS.2022.1

Industrial Challenge 2022: A High-Performance Real-Time Case Study on Arm

Authors: Matteo Andreozzi, Giacomo Gabrielli, Balaji Venu, and Giacomo Travaglini

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 231, 34th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2022)

Abstract

High-performance real-time systems are becoming increasingly common in several application domains, including automotive, robotics, and embedded. To meet the growing performance requirements of the emerging applications, these systems often adopt a heterogeneous System-on-Chip hardware architecture comprising multiple high-performance CPUs and one or more domain-specific accelerators. At the same time, the applications running on these systems are subject to stringent real-time and safety requirements. Due to the non-deterministic execution model of the compute elements involved and the co-location of the workloads, which leads to contention of the shared hardware resources, designing and orchestrating such applications is particularly challenging. In fact, the demand for novel methodologies, tools, and best practices to assist application designers working on high-performance real-time systems has never been stronger. To stimulate innovation in this area, this document outlines an industrial case study from the automotive domain targeting an Arm-based hardware platform. The selected application is an augmented reality head-up display, which can be considered a representative example of a high-performance real-time use case. This case study will serve as the basis for a (multi-year) challenge involving real-time and embedded systems researchers across academia and industry that will be kicked off at the 34superscript{th} Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS) 2022.

Cite as

Matteo Andreozzi, Giacomo Gabrielli, Balaji Venu, and Giacomo Travaglini. Industrial Challenge 2022: A High-Performance Real-Time Case Study on Arm. In 34th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2022). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 231, pp. 1:1-1:15, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2022)

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@InProceedings{andreozzi_et_al:LIPIcs.ECRTS.2022.1,
  author =	{Andreozzi, Matteo and Gabrielli, Giacomo and Venu, Balaji and Travaglini, Giacomo},
  title =	{{Industrial Challenge 2022: A High-Performance Real-Time Case Study on Arm}},
  booktitle =	{34th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2022)},
  pages =	{1:1--1:15},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-239-6},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2022},
  volume =	{231},
  editor =	{Maggio, Martina},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ECRTS.2022.1},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-163186},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ECRTS.2022.1},
  annote =	{Keywords: real-time, worst-case execution time}
}

Document

DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ECRTS.2022.2

RTScale: Sensitivity-Aware Adaptive Image Scaling for Real-Time Object Detection

Authors: Seonyeong Heo, Shinnung Jeong, and Hanjun Kim

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 231, 34th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2022)

Abstract

Real-time object detection is crucial in autonomous driving. To avoid catastrophic accidents, an autonomous car should detect objects with multiple cameras and make decisions within a certain time limit. Object detection systems can meet the real-time constraint by dynamically downsampling input images to proper scales according to their time budget. However, simply applying the same scale to all the images from multiple cameras can cause unnecessary accuracy loss because downsampling can incur a significant accuracy loss for some images. To reduce the accuracy loss while meeting the real-time constraint, this work proposes RTScale, a new adaptive real-time image scaling scheme that applies different scales to different images reflecting their sensitivities to the scaling and time budget. RTScale infers the sensitivities of multiple images from multiple cameras and determines an appropriate image scale for each image considering the real-time constraint. This work evaluates object detection accuracy and latency with RTScale for two driving datasets. The evaluation results show that RTScale can meet real-time constraints with minimal accuracy loss.

Cite as

Seonyeong Heo, Shinnung Jeong, and Hanjun Kim. RTScale: Sensitivity-Aware Adaptive Image Scaling for Real-Time Object Detection. In 34th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2022). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 231, pp. 2:1-2:22, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2022)

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@InProceedings{heo_et_al:LIPIcs.ECRTS.2022.2,
  author =	{Heo, Seonyeong and Jeong, Shinnung and Kim, Hanjun},
  title =	{{RTScale: Sensitivity-Aware Adaptive Image Scaling for Real-Time Object Detection}},
  booktitle =	{34th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2022)},
  pages =	{2:1--2:22},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-239-6},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2022},
  volume =	{231},
  editor =	{Maggio, Martina},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ECRTS.2022.2},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-163199},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ECRTS.2022.2},
  annote =	{Keywords: Real-time object detection, Dynamic neural network execution, Adaptive image scaling, Autonomous driving, Self-driving cars}
}

Document

DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ECRTS.2022.3

ACETONE: Predictable Programming Framework for ML Applications in Safety-Critical Systems

Authors: Iryna De Albuquerque Silva, Thomas Carle, Adrien Gauffriau, and Claire Pagetti

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 231, 34th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2022)

Abstract

Machine learning applications have been gaining considerable attention in the field of safety-critical systems. Nonetheless, there is up to now no accepted development process that reaches classical safety confidence levels. This is the reason why we have developed a generic programming framework called ACETONE that is compliant with safety objectives (including traceability and WCET computation) for machine learning. More practically, the framework generates C code from a detailed description of off-line trained feed-forward deep neural networks that preserves the semantics of the original trained model and for which the WCET can be assessed with OTAWA. We have compared our results with Keras2c and uTVM with static runtime on a realistic set of benchmarks.

Cite as

Iryna De Albuquerque Silva, Thomas Carle, Adrien Gauffriau, and Claire Pagetti. ACETONE: Predictable Programming Framework for ML Applications in Safety-Critical Systems. In 34th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2022). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 231, pp. 3:1-3:19, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2022)

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@InProceedings{dealbuquerquesilva_et_al:LIPIcs.ECRTS.2022.3,
  author =	{De Albuquerque Silva, Iryna and Carle, Thomas and Gauffriau, Adrien and Pagetti, Claire},
  title =	{{ACETONE: Predictable Programming Framework for ML Applications in Safety-Critical Systems}},
  booktitle =	{34th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2022)},
  pages =	{3:1--3:19},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-239-6},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2022},
  volume =	{231},
  editor =	{Maggio, Martina},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ECRTS.2022.3},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-163202},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ECRTS.2022.3},
  annote =	{Keywords: Real-time safety-critical systems, Worst Case Execution Time analysis, Artificial Neural Networks implementation}
}

Document

DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ECRTS.2022.4

Using Quantile Regression in Neural Networks for Contention Prediction in Multicore Processors

Authors: Axel Brando, Isabel Serra, Enrico Mezzetti, Jaume Abella, and Francisco J. Cazorla

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 231, 34th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2022)

Abstract

The development of multicore-based embedded real-time systems is a complex process that encompasses several phases. During the software design and development phases (DDP), and prior to the validation phase, key decisions are taken that cover several aspects of the system under development, from hardware selection and configuration, to the identification and mapping of software functions to the processing nodes. The timing dimension steers a large fraction of those decisions as the correctness of the final system ultimately depends on the implemented functions being able to execute within the allotted time budgets. Early execution time figures already in the DDP are thus needed to prevent flawed design decisions resulting in timing misbehavior being intercepted at the timing analysis step in the advanced development phases, when rolling back to different design decisions is extremely onerous. Multicore timing interference compounds this situation as it has been shown to largely impact execution time of tasks and, therefore, must be factored in when deriving early timing bounds. To effectively prevent misconfigurations while preserving resource efficiency, early timing estimates, typically derived from previous projects or early versions of the software functions, should conservatively and tightly overestimate the timing requirements of the final system configuration including multicore contention. In this work, we show that multi-linear regression (MLR) models and neural network (NN) models can be used to predict the impact of multicore contention on tasks' execution time and hence, derive contention-aware early time budgets, as soon as a release (binary) of the application is available. However, those techniques widely used in the mainstream domain minimize the average/mean case and the predicted impact of contention frequently underestimates the impact that can potentially arise at run time. In order to cover this gap, we propose the use of quantile regression neural networks (QRNN), which are specifically designed to predict the desired high quantile. QRNN reduces the number of underestimations compared to MLR and NN models while containing the overestimation by preserving the high quality prediction. For a set of workloads composed by representative kernels running on a NXP T2080 processor, QRNN reduces the number of underestimations to 8.8% compared to 46.8% and 31.3% for MLR and NN models respectively, while keeping the average over estimation in 1%. QRNN exposes a parameter, the target quantile, that allows controlling the behavior of the predictions so it adapts to user’s needs.

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Axel Brando, Isabel Serra, Enrico Mezzetti, Jaume Abella, and Francisco J. Cazorla. Using Quantile Regression in Neural Networks for Contention Prediction in Multicore Processors. In 34th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2022). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 231, pp. 4:1-4:25, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2022)

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@InProceedings{brando_et_al:LIPIcs.ECRTS.2022.4,
  author =	{Brando, Axel and Serra, Isabel and Mezzetti, Enrico and Abella, Jaume and Cazorla, Francisco J.},
  title =	{{Using Quantile Regression in Neural Networks for Contention Prediction in Multicore Processors}},
  booktitle =	{34th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2022)},
  pages =	{4:1--4:25},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-239-6},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2022},
  volume =	{231},
  editor =	{Maggio, Martina},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ECRTS.2022.4},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-163213},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ECRTS.2022.4},
  annote =	{Keywords: Neural Networks, Quantile Prediction, Multicore Contention}
}

Document

DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ECRTS.2022.5

A Formal Link Between Response Time Analysis and Network Calculus

Authors: Pierre Roux, Sophie Quinton, and Marc Boyer

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 231, 34th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2022)

Abstract

Classical Response Time Analysis (RTA) and Network Calculus (NC) are two major formalisms used for the verification of real-time properties. We offer mathematical links between these two different theories. Based on these links, we then prove the equivalence of various key notions in both frameworks. This enables specialists of both formalisms to get increase confidence on their models, or even, like the authors, to discover errors in theorems by investigating apparent discrepancies between some notions expected to be equivalent. The presented mathematical results are all mechanically checked with the interactive theorem prover Coq, building on existing formalizations of RTA and NC. Establishing such a link between NC and RTA paves the way for improved real-time analyses obtained by combining both theories to enjoy their respective strengths (e.g., multicore analyses for RTA or clock drifts for NC).

Cite as

Pierre Roux, Sophie Quinton, and Marc Boyer. A Formal Link Between Response Time Analysis and Network Calculus. In 34th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2022). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 231, pp. 5:1-5:22, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2022)

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@InProceedings{roux_et_al:LIPIcs.ECRTS.2022.5,
  author =	{Roux, Pierre and Quinton, Sophie and Boyer, Marc},
  title =	{{A Formal Link Between Response Time Analysis and Network Calculus}},
  booktitle =	{34th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2022)},
  pages =	{5:1--5:22},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-239-6},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2022},
  volume =	{231},
  editor =	{Maggio, Martina},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ECRTS.2022.5},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-163224},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ECRTS.2022.5},
  annote =	{Keywords: Response Time Analysis, Network Calculus, dense time, discrete time, response time, formal proof, Coq}
}

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