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Documents authored by Mukhopadhyay, Partha

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DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ITCS.2023.6
On Identity Testing and Noncommutative Rank Computation over the Free Skew Field

Authors: V. Arvind, Abhranil Chatterjee, Utsab Ghosal, Partha Mukhopadhyay, and C. Ramya

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 251, 14th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS 2023)

Abstract
The identity testing of rational formulas (RIT) in the free skew field efficiently reduces to computing the rank of a matrix whose entries are linear polynomials in noncommuting variables [Hrubeš and Wigderson, 2015]. This rank computation problem has deterministic polynomial-time white-box algorithms [Ankit Garg et al., 2016; Ivanyos et al., 2018] and a randomized polynomial-time algorithm in the black-box setting [Harm Derksen and Visu Makam, 2017]. In this paper, we propose a new approach for efficient derandomization of black-box RIT. Additionally, we obtain results for matrix rank computation over the free skew field and construct efficient linear pencil representations for a new class of rational expressions. More precisely, we show: - Under the hardness assumption that the ABP (algebraic branching program) complexity of every polynomial identity for the k×k matrix algebra is 2^Ω(k) [Andrej Bogdanov and Hoeteck Wee, 2005], we obtain a subexponential-time black-box RIT algorithm for rational formulas of inversion height almost logarithmic in the size of the formula. This can be seen as the first "hardness implies derandomization" type theorem for rational formulas. - We show that the noncommutative rank of any matrix over the free skew field whose entries have small linear pencil representations can be computed in deterministic polynomial time. While an efficient rank computation was known for matrices with noncommutative formulas as entries [Ankit Garg et al., 2020], we obtain the first deterministic polynomial-time algorithms for rank computation of matrices whose entries are noncommutative ABPs or rational formulas. - Motivated by the definition given by Bergman [George M Bergman, 1976], we define a new class of rational functions where a rational function of inversion height at most h is defined as a composition of a noncommutative r-skewed circuit (equivalently an ABP) with inverses of rational functions of this class of inversion height at most h-1 which are also disjoint. We obtain a polynomial-size linear pencil representation for this class which gives a white-box deterministic polynomial-time identity testing algorithm for the class.
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V. Arvind, Abhranil Chatterjee, Utsab Ghosal, Partha Mukhopadhyay, and C. Ramya. On Identity Testing and Noncommutative Rank Computation over the Free Skew Field. In 14th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS 2023). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 251, pp. 6:1-6:23, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2023)

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@InProceedings{arvind_et_al:LIPIcs.ITCS.2023.6,
  author =	{Arvind, V. and Chatterjee, Abhranil and Ghosal, Utsab and Mukhopadhyay, Partha and Ramya, C.},
  title =	{{On Identity Testing and Noncommutative Rank Computation over the Free Skew Field}},
  booktitle =	{14th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS 2023)},
  pages =	{6:1--6:23},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-263-1},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2023},
  volume =	{251},
  editor =	{Tauman Kalai, Yael},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ITCS.2023.6},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-175093},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ITCS.2023.6},
  annote =	{Keywords: Algebraic Complexity, Identity Testing, Non-commutative rank}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2022.12
Robustly Separating the Arithmetic Monotone Hierarchy via Graph Inner-Product

Authors: Arkadev Chattopadhyay, Utsab Ghosal, and Partha Mukhopadhyay

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 250, 42nd IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2022)

Abstract
We establish an ε-sensitive hierarchy separation for monotone arithmetic computations. The notion of ε-sensitive monotone lower bounds was recently introduced by Hrubeš [Pavel Hrubeš, 2020]. We show the following: - There exists a monotone polynomial over n variables in VNP that cannot be computed by 2^o(n) size monotone circuits in an ε-sensitive way as long as ε ≥ 2^(-Ω(n)). - There exists a polynomial over n variables that can be computed by polynomial size monotone circuits but cannot be computed by any monotone arithmetic branching program (ABP) of n^o(log n) size, even in an ε-sensitive fashion as long as ε ≥ n^(-Ω(log n)). - There exists a polynomial over n variables that can be computed by polynomial size monotone ABPs but cannot be computed in n^o(log n) size by monotone formulas even in an ε-sensitive way, when ε ≥ n^(-Ω(log n)). - There exists a polynomial over n variables that can be computed by width-4 polynomial size monotone arithmetic branching programs (ABPs) but cannot be computed in 2^o(n^{1/d}) size by monotone, unbounded fan-in formulas of product depth d even in an ε-sensitive way, when ε ≥ 2^(-Ω(n^{1/d})). This yields an ε-sensitive separation of constant-depth monotone formulas and constant-width monotone ABPs. The novel feature of our separations is that in each case the polynomial exhibited is obtained from a graph inner-product polynomial by choosing an appropriate graph topology. The closely related graph inner-product Boolean function for expander graphs was invented by Hayes [Thomas P. Hayes, 2011], also independently by Pitassi [Toniann Pitassi, 2009], in the context of best-partition multiparty communication complexity.
Cite as

Arkadev Chattopadhyay, Utsab Ghosal, and Partha Mukhopadhyay. Robustly Separating the Arithmetic Monotone Hierarchy via Graph Inner-Product. In 42nd IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2022). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 250, pp. 12:1-12:20, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2022)

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@InProceedings{chattopadhyay_et_al:LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2022.12,
  author =	{Chattopadhyay, Arkadev and Ghosal, Utsab and Mukhopadhyay, Partha},
  title =	{{Robustly Separating the Arithmetic Monotone Hierarchy via Graph Inner-Product}},
  booktitle =	{42nd IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2022)},
  pages =	{12:1--12:20},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-261-7},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2022},
  volume =	{250},
  editor =	{Dawar, Anuj and Guruswami, Venkatesan},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2022.12},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-174045},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2022.12},
  annote =	{Keywords: Algebraic Complexity, Discrepancy, Lower Bounds, Monotone Computations}
}
Document
RANDOM
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.APPROX/RANDOM.2022.23
Black-Box Identity Testing of Noncommutative Rational Formulas of Inversion Height Two in Deterministic Quasipolynomial Time

Authors: V. Arvind, Abhranil Chatterjee, and Partha Mukhopadhyay

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 245, Approximation, Randomization, and Combinatorial Optimization. Algorithms and Techniques (APPROX/RANDOM 2022)

Abstract
Hrubeš and Wigderson [Hrubeš and Wigderson, 2015] initiated the complexity-theoretic study of noncommutative formulas with inverse gates. They introduced the Rational Identity Testing (RIT) problem which is to decide whether a noncommutative rational formula computes zero in the free skew field. In the white-box setting, there are deterministic polynomial-time algorithms due to Garg, Gurvits, Oliveira, and Wigderson [Ankit Garg et al., 2016] and Ivanyos, Qiao, and Subrahmanyam [Ivanyos et al., 2018]. A central open problem in this area is to design an efficient deterministic black-box identity testing algorithm for rational formulas. In this paper, we solve this for the first nested inverse case. More precisely, we obtain a deterministic quasipolynomial-time black-box RIT algorithm for noncommutative rational formulas of inversion height two via a hitting set construction. Several new technical ideas are involved in the hitting set construction, including concepts from matrix coefficient realization theory [Volčič, 2018] and properties of cyclic division algebras [T.Y. Lam, 2001]. En route to the proof, an important step is to embed the hitting set of Forbes and Shpilka for noncommutative formulas [Michael A. Forbes and Amir Shpilka, 2013] inside a cyclic division algebra of small index.
Cite as

V. Arvind, Abhranil Chatterjee, and Partha Mukhopadhyay. Black-Box Identity Testing of Noncommutative Rational Formulas of Inversion Height Two in Deterministic Quasipolynomial Time. In Approximation, Randomization, and Combinatorial Optimization. Algorithms and Techniques (APPROX/RANDOM 2022). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 245, pp. 23:1-23:22, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2022)

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@InProceedings{arvind_et_al:LIPIcs.APPROX/RANDOM.2022.23,
  author =	{Arvind, V. and Chatterjee, Abhranil and Mukhopadhyay, Partha},
  title =	{{Black-Box Identity Testing of Noncommutative Rational Formulas of Inversion Height Two in Deterministic Quasipolynomial Time}},
  booktitle =	{Approximation, Randomization, and Combinatorial Optimization. Algorithms and Techniques (APPROX/RANDOM 2022)},
  pages =	{23:1--23:22},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-249-5},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2022},
  volume =	{245},
  editor =	{Chakrabarti, Amit and Swamy, Chaitanya},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.APPROX/RANDOM.2022.23},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-171451},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.APPROX/RANDOM.2022.23},
  annote =	{Keywords: Rational Identity Testing, Black-box Derandomization, Cyclic Division Algebra, Matrix coefficient realization theory}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ITCS.2022.39
Monotone Complexity of Spanning Tree Polynomial Re-Visited

Authors: Arkadev Chattopadhyay, Rajit Datta, Utsab Ghosal, and Partha Mukhopadhyay

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 215, 13th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS 2022)

Abstract
We prove two results that shed new light on the monotone complexity of the spanning tree polynomial, a classic polynomial in algebraic complexity and beyond. First, we show that the spanning tree polynomials having n variables and defined over constant-degree expander graphs, have monotone arithmetic complexity 2^{Ω(n)}. This yields the first strongly exponential lower bound on monotone arithmetic circuit complexity for a polynomial in VP. Before this result, strongly exponential size monotone lower bounds were known only for explicit polynomials in VNP [S. B. Gashkov and I. S. Sergeev, 2012; Ran Raz and Amir Yehudayoff, 2011; Srikanth Srinivasan, 2020; Bruno Pasqualotto Cavalar et al., 2020; Pavel Hrubeš and Amir Yehudayoff, 2021]. Recently, Hrubeš [Pavel Hrubeš, 2020] initiated a program to prove lower bounds against general arithmetic circuits by proving ε-sensitive lower bounds for monotone arithmetic circuits for a specific range of values for ε ∈ (0,1). The first ε-sensitive lower bound was just proved for a family of polynomials inside VNP by Chattopadhyay, Datta and Mukhopadhyay [Arkadev Chattopadhyay et al., 2021]. We consider the spanning tree polynomial ST_n defined over the complete graph of n vertices and show that the polynomials F_{n-1,n} - ε⋅ ST_{n} and F_{n-1,n} + ε⋅ ST_{n}, defined over (n-1)n variables, have monotone circuit complexity 2^{Ω(n)} if ε ≥ 2^{- Ω(n)} and F_{n-1,n} := ∏_{i = 2}ⁿ (x_{i,1} + ⋯ + x_{i,n}) is the complete set-multilinear polynomial. This provides the first ε-sensitive exponential lower bound for a family of polynomials inside VP. En-route, we consider a problem in 2-party, best partition communication complexity of deciding whether two sets of oriented edges distributed among Alice and Bob form a spanning tree or not. We prove that there exists a fixed distribution, under which the problem has low discrepancy with respect to every nearly-balanced partition. This result could be of interest beyond algebraic complexity. Our two results, thus, are incomparable generalizations of the well known result by Jerrum and Snir [Mark Jerrum and Marc Snir, 1982] which showed that the spanning tree polynomial, defined over complete graphs with n vertices (so the number of variables is (n-1)n), has monotone complexity 2^{Ω(n)}. In particular, the first result is an optimal lower bound and the second result can be thought of as a robust version of the earlier monotone lower bound for the spanning tree polynomial.
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Arkadev Chattopadhyay, Rajit Datta, Utsab Ghosal, and Partha Mukhopadhyay. Monotone Complexity of Spanning Tree Polynomial Re-Visited. In 13th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS 2022). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 215, pp. 39:1-39:21, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2022)

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@InProceedings{chattopadhyay_et_al:LIPIcs.ITCS.2022.39,
  author =	{Chattopadhyay, Arkadev and Datta, Rajit and Ghosal, Utsab and Mukhopadhyay, Partha},
  title =	{{Monotone Complexity of Spanning Tree Polynomial Re-Visited}},
  booktitle =	{13th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS 2022)},
  pages =	{39:1--39:21},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-217-4},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2022},
  volume =	{215},
  editor =	{Braverman, Mark},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ITCS.2022.39},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-156356},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ITCS.2022.39},
  annote =	{Keywords: Spanning Tree Polynomial, Monotone Computation, Lower Bounds, Communication Complexity}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2021.10
Equivalence Testing of Weighted Automata over Partially Commutative Monoids

Authors: V. Arvind, Abhranil Chatterjee, Rajit Datta, and Partha Mukhopadhyay

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 202, 46th International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2021)

Abstract
Motivated by equivalence testing of k-tape automata, we study the equivalence testing of weighted automata in the more general setting, over partially commutative monoids (in short, pc monoids), and show efficient algorithms in some special cases, exploiting the structure of the underlying non-commutation graph of the monoid. Specifically, if the edge clique cover number of the non-commutation graph of the pc monoid is a constant, we obtain a deterministic quasi-polynomial time algorithm for equivalence testing. As a corollary, we obtain the first deterministic quasi-polynomial time algorithms for equivalence testing of k-tape weighted automata and for equivalence testing of deterministic k-tape automata for constant k. Prior to this, the best complexity upper bound for these k-tape automata problems were randomized polynomial-time, shown by Worrell [James Worrell, 2013]. Finding a polynomial-time deterministic algorithm for equivalence testing of deterministic k-tape automata for constant k has been open for several years [Emily P. Friedman and Sheila A. Greibach, 1982] and our results make progress. We also consider pc monoids for which the non-commutation graphs have an edge cover consisting of at most k cliques and star graphs for any constant k. We obtain a randomized polynomial-time algorithm for equivalence testing of weighted automata over such monoids. Our results are obtained by designing efficient zero-testing algorithms for weighted automata over such pc monoids.
Cite as

V. Arvind, Abhranil Chatterjee, Rajit Datta, and Partha Mukhopadhyay. Equivalence Testing of Weighted Automata over Partially Commutative Monoids. In 46th International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2021). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 202, pp. 10:1-10:15, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2021)

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@InProceedings{arvind_et_al:LIPIcs.MFCS.2021.10,
  author =	{Arvind, V. and Chatterjee, Abhranil and Datta, Rajit and Mukhopadhyay, Partha},
  title =	{{Equivalence Testing of Weighted Automata over Partially Commutative Monoids}},
  booktitle =	{46th International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2021)},
  pages =	{10:1--10:15},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-201-3},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2021},
  volume =	{202},
  editor =	{Bonchi, Filippo and Puglisi, Simon J.},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2021.10},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-144503},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2021.10},
  annote =	{Keywords: Weighted Automata, Automata Equivalence, Partially Commutative Monoid}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2020.10
A Special Case of Rational Identity Testing and the Brešar-Klep Theorem

Authors: V. Arvind, Abhranil Chatterjee, Rajit Datta, and Partha Mukhopadhyay

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 170, 45th International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2020)

Abstract
We explore a special case of rational identity testing and algorithmic versions of two theorems on noncommutative polynomials, namely, Amitsur's theorem [S.A Amitsur, 1966] and the Brešar-Klep theorem [Brešar and Klep, 2008] when the input polynomial is given by an algebraic branching program (ABP). Let f be a degree-d n-variate noncommutative polynomial in the free ring Q<x_1,x_2,...,x_n> over rationals. 1) We consider the following special case of rational identity testing: Given a noncommutative ABP as white-box, whose edge labels are linear forms or inverses of linear forms, we show a deterministic polynomial-time algorithm to decide if the rational function computed by it is equivalent to zero in the free skew field Q<(X)>. Given black-box access to the ABP, we give a deterministic quasi-polynomial time algorithm for this problem. 2) Amitsur's theorem implies that if a noncommutative polynomial f is nonzero on k x k matrices then, in fact, f(M_1,M_2,...,M_n) is invertible for some matrix tuple (M_1,M_2,...,M_n) in (M_k(ℚ))^n. While a randomized polynomial time algorithm to find such (M_1,M_2,...,M_n) given black-box access to f is simple, we obtain a deterministic s^{O(log d)} time algorithm for the problem with black-box access to f, where s is the minimum ABP size for f and d is the degree of f. 3) The Brešar-Klep Theorem states that the span of the range of any noncommutative polynomial f on k x k matrices over Q is one of the following: zero, scalar multiples of I_k, trace-zero matrices in M_k(Q), or all of M_k(Q). We obtain a deterministic polynomial-time algorithm to decide which case occurs, given white-box access to an ABP for f. We also give a deterministic s^{O(log d)} time algorithm given black-box access to an ABP of size s for f. Our algorithms work when k >= d. Our techniques are based on some automata theory combined with known techniques for noncommutative ABP identity testing [Ran Raz and Amir Shpilka, 2005; Michael A. Forbes and Amir Shpilka, 2013].
Cite as

V. Arvind, Abhranil Chatterjee, Rajit Datta, and Partha Mukhopadhyay. A Special Case of Rational Identity Testing and the Brešar-Klep Theorem. In 45th International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2020). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 170, pp. 10:1-10:14, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2020)

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@InProceedings{arvind_et_al:LIPIcs.MFCS.2020.10,
  author =	{Arvind, V. and Chatterjee, Abhranil and Datta, Rajit and Mukhopadhyay, Partha},
  title =	{{A Special Case of Rational Identity Testing and the Bre\v{s}ar-Klep Theorem}},
  booktitle =	{45th International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2020)},
  pages =	{10:1--10:14},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-159-7},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2020},
  volume =	{170},
  editor =	{Esparza, Javier and Kr\'{a}l', Daniel},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2020.10},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-126807},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2020.10},
  annote =	{Keywords: Rational identity testing, ABP with inverses, Bre\v{s}ar-Klep Theorem, Invertible image, Amitsur’s theorem}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2019.9
Fast Exact Algorithms Using Hadamard Product of Polynomials

Authors: V. Arvind, Abhranil Chatterjee, Rajit Datta, and Partha Mukhopadhyay

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 150, 39th IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2019)

Abstract
Let C be an arithmetic circuit of poly(n) size given as input that computes a polynomial f in F[X], where X={x_1,x_2,...,x_n} and F is any field where the field arithmetic can be performed efficiently. We obtain new algorithms for the following two problems first studied by Koutis and Williams [Ioannis Koutis, 2008; Ryan Williams, 2009; Ioannis Koutis and Ryan Williams, 2016]. - (k,n)-MLC: Compute the sum of the coefficients of all degree-k multilinear monomials in the polynomial f. - k-MMD: Test if there is a nonzero degree-k multilinear monomial in the polynomial f. Our algorithms are based on the fact that the Hadamard product f o S_{n,k}, is the degree-k multilinear part of f, where S_{n,k} is the k^{th} elementary symmetric polynomial. - For (k,n)-MLC problem, we give a deterministic algorithm of run time O^*(n^(k/2+c log k)) (where c is a constant), answering an open question of Koutis and Williams [Ioannis Koutis and Ryan Williams, 2016]. As corollaries, we show O^*(binom{n}{downarrow k/2})-time exact counting algorithms for several combinatorial problems: k-Tree, t-Dominating Set, m-Dimensional k-Matching. - For k-MMD problem, we give a randomized algorithm of run time 4.32^k * poly(n,k). Our algorithm uses only poly(n,k) space. This matches the run time of a recent algorithm [Cornelius Brand et al., 2018] for k-MMD which requires exponential (in k) space. Other results include fast deterministic algorithms for (k,n)-MLC and k-MMD problems for depth three circuits.
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V. Arvind, Abhranil Chatterjee, Rajit Datta, and Partha Mukhopadhyay. Fast Exact Algorithms Using Hadamard Product of Polynomials. In 39th IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2019). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 150, pp. 9:1-9:14, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2019)

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@InProceedings{arvind_et_al:LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2019.9,
  author =	{Arvind, V. and Chatterjee, Abhranil and Datta, Rajit and Mukhopadhyay, Partha},
  title =	{{Fast Exact Algorithms Using Hadamard Product of Polynomials}},
  booktitle =	{39th IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2019)},
  pages =	{9:1--9:14},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-131-3},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2019},
  volume =	{150},
  editor =	{Chattopadhyay, Arkadev and Gastin, Paul},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2019.9},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-115711},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2019.9},
  annote =	{Keywords: Hadamard Product, Multilinear Monomial Detection and Counting, Rectangular Permanent, Symmetric Polynomial}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ISAAC.2019.38
On Explicit Branching Programs for the Rectangular Determinant and Permanent Polynomials

Authors: V. Arvind, Abhranil Chatterjee, Rajit Datta, and Partha Mukhopadhyay

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 149, 30th International Symposium on Algorithms and Computation (ISAAC 2019)

Abstract
We study the arithmetic circuit complexity of some well-known family of polynomials through the lens of parameterized complexity. Our main focus is on the construction of explicit algebraic branching programs (ABP) for determinant and permanent polynomials of the rectangular symbolic matrix in both commutative and noncommutative settings. The main results are: - We show an explicit O^*(binom{n}{downarrow k/2})-size ABP construction for noncommutative permanent polynomial of k x n symbolic matrix. We obtain this via an explicit ABP construction of size O^*(binom{n}{downarrow k/2}) for S_{n,k}^*, noncommutative symmetrized version of the elementary symmetric polynomial S_{n,k}. - We obtain an explicit O^*(2^k)-size ABP construction for the commutative rectangular determinant polynomial of the k x n symbolic matrix. - In contrast, we show that evaluating the rectangular noncommutative determinant over rational matrices is #W[1]-hard.
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V. Arvind, Abhranil Chatterjee, Rajit Datta, and Partha Mukhopadhyay. On Explicit Branching Programs for the Rectangular Determinant and Permanent Polynomials. In 30th International Symposium on Algorithms and Computation (ISAAC 2019). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 149, pp. 38:1-38:13, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2019)

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@InProceedings{arvind_et_al:LIPIcs.ISAAC.2019.38,
  author =	{Arvind, V. and Chatterjee, Abhranil and Datta, Rajit and Mukhopadhyay, Partha},
  title =	{{On Explicit Branching Programs for the Rectangular Determinant and Permanent Polynomials}},
  booktitle =	{30th International Symposium on Algorithms and Computation (ISAAC 2019)},
  pages =	{38:1--38:13},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-130-6},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2019},
  volume =	{149},
  editor =	{Lu, Pinyan and Zhang, Guochuan},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ISAAC.2019.38},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-115340},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ISAAC.2019.38},
  annote =	{Keywords: Determinant, Permanent, Parameterized Complexity, Branching Programs}
}
Document
RANDOM
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.APPROX-RANDOM.2019.57
Efficient Black-Box Identity Testing for Free Group Algebras

Authors: V. Arvind, Abhranil Chatterjee, Rajit Datta, and Partha Mukhopadhyay

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 145, Approximation, Randomization, and Combinatorial Optimization. Algorithms and Techniques (APPROX/RANDOM 2019)

Abstract
Hrubeš and Wigderson [Pavel Hrubeš and Avi Wigderson, 2014] initiated the study of noncommutative arithmetic circuits with division computing a noncommutative rational function in the free skew field, and raised the question of rational identity testing. For noncommutative formulas with inverses the problem can be solved in deterministic polynomial time in the white-box model [Ankit Garg et al., 2016; Ivanyos et al., 2018]. It can be solved in randomized polynomial time in the black-box model [Harm Derksen and Visu Makam, 2017], where the running time is polynomial in the size of the formula. The complexity of identity testing of noncommutative rational functions, in general, remains open for noncommutative circuits with inverses. We solve the problem for a natural special case. We consider expressions in the free group algebra F(X,X^{-1}) where X={x_1, x_2, ..., x_n}. Our main results are the following. 1) Given a degree d expression f in F(X,X^{-1}) as a black-box, we obtain a randomized poly(n,d) algorithm to check whether f is an identically zero expression or not. The technical contribution is an Amitsur-Levitzki type theorem [A. S. Amitsur and J. Levitzki, 1950] for F(X, X^{-1}). This also yields a deterministic identity testing algorithm (and even an expression reconstruction algorithm) that is polynomial time in the sparsity of the input expression. 2) Given an expression f in F(X,X^{-1}) of degree D and sparsity s, as black-box, we can check whether f is identically zero or not in randomized poly(n,log s, log D) time. This yields a randomized polynomial-time algorithm when D and s are exponential in n.
Cite as

V. Arvind, Abhranil Chatterjee, Rajit Datta, and Partha Mukhopadhyay. Efficient Black-Box Identity Testing for Free Group Algebras. In Approximation, Randomization, and Combinatorial Optimization. Algorithms and Techniques (APPROX/RANDOM 2019). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 145, pp. 57:1-57:16, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2019)

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@InProceedings{arvind_et_al:LIPIcs.APPROX-RANDOM.2019.57,
  author =	{Arvind, V. and Chatterjee, Abhranil and Datta, Rajit and Mukhopadhyay, Partha},
  title =	{{Efficient Black-Box Identity Testing for Free Group Algebras}},
  booktitle =	{Approximation, Randomization, and Combinatorial Optimization. Algorithms and Techniques (APPROX/RANDOM 2019)},
  pages =	{57:1--57:16},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-125-2},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2019},
  volume =	{145},
  editor =	{Achlioptas, Dimitris and V\'{e}gh, L\'{a}szl\'{o} A.},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.APPROX-RANDOM.2019.57},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-112723},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.APPROX-RANDOM.2019.57},
  annote =	{Keywords: Rational identity testing, Free group algebra, Noncommutative computation, Randomized algorithms}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2018.7
Univariate Ideal Membership Parameterized by Rank, Degree, and Number of Generators

Authors: V. Arvind, Abhranil Chatterjee, Rajit Datta, and Partha Mukhopadhyay

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 122, 38th IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2018)

Abstract
Let F[X] be the polynomial ring over the variables X={x_1,x_2, ..., x_n}. An ideal I= <p_1(x_1), ..., p_n(x_n)> generated by univariate polynomials {p_i(x_i)}_{i=1}^n is a univariate ideal. We study the ideal membership problem for the univariate ideals and show the following results. - Let f(X) in F[l_1, ..., l_r] be a (low rank) polynomial given by an arithmetic circuit where l_i : 1 <= i <= r are linear forms, and I=<p_1(x_1), ..., p_n(x_n)> be a univariate ideal. Given alpha in F^n, the (unique) remainder f(X) mod I can be evaluated at alpha in deterministic time d^{O(r)} * poly(n), where d=max {deg(f),deg(p_1)...,deg(p_n)}. This yields a randomized n^{O(r)} algorithm for minimum vertex cover in graphs with rank-r adjacency matrices. It also yields an n^{O(r)} algorithm for evaluating the permanent of a n x n matrix of rank r, over any field F. Over Q, an algorithm of similar run time for low rank permanent is due to Barvinok [Barvinok, 1996] via a different technique. - Let f(X)in F[X] be given by an arithmetic circuit of degree k (k treated as fixed parameter) and I=<p_1(x_1), ..., p_n(x_n)>. We show that in the special case when I=<x_1^{e_1}, ..., x_n^{e_n}>, we obtain a randomized O^*(4.08^k) algorithm that uses poly(n,k) space. - Given f(X)in F[X] by an arithmetic circuit and I=<p_1(x_1), ..., p_k(x_k)>, membership testing is W[1]-hard, parameterized by k. The problem is MINI[1]-hard in the special case when I=<x_1^{e_1}, ..., x_k^{e_k}>.
Cite as

V. Arvind, Abhranil Chatterjee, Rajit Datta, and Partha Mukhopadhyay. Univariate Ideal Membership Parameterized by Rank, Degree, and Number of Generators. In 38th IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2018). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 122, pp. 7:1-7:18, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2018)

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@InProceedings{arvind_et_al:LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2018.7,
  author =	{Arvind, V. and Chatterjee, Abhranil and Datta, Rajit and Mukhopadhyay, Partha},
  title =	{{Univariate Ideal Membership Parameterized by Rank, Degree, and Number of Generators}},
  booktitle =	{38th IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2018)},
  pages =	{7:1--7:18},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-093-4},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2018},
  volume =	{122},
  editor =	{Ganguly, Sumit and Pandya, Paritosh},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2018.7},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-99068},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2018.7},
  annote =	{Keywords: Combinatorial Nullstellensatz, Ideal Membership, Parametric Hardness, Low Rank Permanent}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2017.38
Efficient Identity Testing and Polynomial Factorization in Nonassociative Free Rings

Authors: Vikraman Arvind, Rajit Datta, Partha Mukhopadhyay, and S. Raja

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 83, 42nd International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2017)

Abstract
In this paper we study arithmetic computations in the nonassociative, and noncommutative free polynomial ring F{X}. Prior to this work, nonassociative arithmetic computation was considered by Hrubes, Wigderson, and Yehudayoff, and they showed lower bounds and proved completeness results. We consider Polynomial Identity Testing and Polynomial Factorization in F{X} and show the following results. 1. Given an arithmetic circuit C computing a polynomial f in F{X} of degree d, we give a deterministic polynomial algorithm to decide if f is identically zero. Our result is obtained by a suitable adaptation of the PIT algorithm of Raz and Shpilka for noncommutative ABPs. 2. Given an arithmetic circuit C computing a polynomial f in F{X} of degree d, we give an efficient deterministic algorithm to compute circuits for the irreducible factors of f in polynomial time when F is the field of rationals. Over finite fields of characteristic p, our algorithm runs in time polynomial in input size and p.
Cite as

Vikraman Arvind, Rajit Datta, Partha Mukhopadhyay, and S. Raja. Efficient Identity Testing and Polynomial Factorization in Nonassociative Free Rings. In 42nd International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2017). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 83, pp. 38:1-38:13, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2017)

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@InProceedings{arvind_et_al:LIPIcs.MFCS.2017.38,
  author =	{Arvind, Vikraman and Datta, Rajit and Mukhopadhyay, Partha and Raja, S.},
  title =	{{Efficient Identity Testing and Polynomial Factorization in  Nonassociative Free Rings}},
  booktitle =	{42nd International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2017)},
  pages =	{38:1--38:13},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-046-0},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2017},
  volume =	{83},
  editor =	{Larsen, Kim G. and Bodlaender, Hans L. and Raskin, Jean-Francois},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2017.38},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-80690},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2017.38},
  annote =	{Keywords: Circuits, Nonassociative, Noncommutative, Polynomial Identity Testing, Factorization}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2014.239
Depth-4 Lower Bounds, Determinantal Complexity: A Unified Approach

Authors: Suryajith Chillara and Partha Mukhopadhyay

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 25, 31st International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2014)

Abstract
Tavenas has recently proved that any n^{O(1)}-variate and degree n polynomial in VP can be computed by a depth-4 SigmaPi^[O(sqrt{n})]SigmaPi^{[sqrt{n}]} circuit of size 2^{O(n^{1/2}.log(n))} [Tavenas, 2013]. So, to prove that VP is not equal to VNP it is sufficient to show that an explicit polynomial in VNP of degree n requires 2^{omega(n^{1/2}.log(n))} size depth-4 circuits. Soon after Tavenas' result, for two different explicit polynomials, depth-4 circuit size lower bounds of 2^{Omega(n^{1/2}.log(n))} have been proved (see [Kayal, Saha, and Saptharishi, 2013] and [Fournier et al., 2013]). In particular, using combinatorial design [Kayal et al., 2013] construct an explicit polynomial in VNP that requires depth-4 circuits of size 2^{Omega(n^{1/2}.log(n))} and [Fournier et al., 2013] show that the iterated matrix multiplication polynomial (which is in VP) also requires 2^{Omega(n^{1/2}.log(n))} size depth-4 circuits. In this paper, we identify a simple combinatorial property such that any polynomial f that satisfies this property would achieve a similar depth-4 circuit size lower bound. In particular, it does not matter whether f is in VP or in VNP. As a result, we get a simple unified lower bound analysis for the above mentioned polynomials. Another goal of this paper is to compare our current knowledge of the depth-4 circuit size lower bounds and the determinantal complexity lower bounds. Currently the best known determinantal complexity lower bound is Omega(n^2) for Permanent of a nxn matrix (which is a n^2-variate and degree n polynomial) [Cai, Chen, and Li, 2008]. We prove that the determinantal complexity of the iterated matrix multiplication polynomial is Omega(dn) where d is the number of matrices and n is the dimension of the matrices. So for d=n, we get that the iterated matrix multiplication polynomial achieves the current best known lower bounds in both fronts: depth-4 circuit size and determinantal complexity. Our result also settles the determinantal complexity of the iterated matrix multiplication polynomial to Theta(dn). To the best of our knowledge, a Theta(n) bound for the determinantal complexity for the iterated matrix multiplication polynomial was known only for any constant d>1 [Jansen, 2011].
Cite as

Suryajith Chillara and Partha Mukhopadhyay. Depth-4 Lower Bounds, Determinantal Complexity: A Unified Approach. In 31st International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2014). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 25, pp. 239-250, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2014)

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@InProceedings{chillara_et_al:LIPIcs.STACS.2014.239,
  author =	{Chillara, Suryajith and Mukhopadhyay, Partha},
  title =	{{Depth-4 Lower Bounds, Determinantal Complexity: A Unified Approach}},
  booktitle =	{31st International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2014)},
  pages =	{239--250},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-939897-65-1},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2014},
  volume =	{25},
  editor =	{Mayr, Ernst W. and Portier, Natacha},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2014.239},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-44610},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2014.239},
  annote =	{Keywords: Arithmetic Circuits, Determinantal Complexity, Depth-4 Lower Bounds}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2009.1801
Quantum Query Complexity of Multilinear Identity Testing

Authors: Vikraman Arvind and Partha Mukhopadhyay

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 3, 26th International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (2009)

Abstract
Motivated by the quantum algorithm for testing commutativity of black-box groups (Magniez and Nayak, 2007), we study the following problem: Given a black-box finite ring by an additive generating set and a multilinear polynomial over that ring, also accessed as a black-box function (we allow the indeterminates of the polynomial to be commuting or noncommuting), we study the problem of testing if the polynomial is an \emph{identity} for the given ring. We give a quantum algorithm with query complexity sub-linear in the number of generators for the ring, when the number of indeterminates of the input polynomial is small (ideally a constant). Towards a lower bound, we also show a reduction from a version of the collision problem (which is well studied in quantum computation) to a variant of this problem.
Cite as

Vikraman Arvind and Partha Mukhopadhyay. Quantum Query Complexity of Multilinear Identity Testing. In 26th International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science. Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 3, pp. 87-98, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2009)

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@InProceedings{arvind_et_al:LIPIcs.STACS.2009.1801,
  author =	{Arvind, Vikraman and Mukhopadhyay, Partha},
  title =	{{Quantum Query Complexity of Multilinear Identity Testing}},
  booktitle =	{26th International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science},
  pages =	{87--98},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-939897-09-5},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2009},
  volume =	{3},
  editor =	{Albers, Susanne and Marion, Jean-Yves},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2009.1801},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-18014},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2009.1801},
  annote =	{Keywords: Quantum algorithm, Identity testing, Query complexity, Multilinear polynomials}
}
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