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Documents authored by van der Hoog, Ivor

Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2024.70
Dynamic Embeddings of Dynamic Single-Source Upward Planar Graphs

Authors: Ivor van der Hoog, Irene Parada, and Eva Rotenberg

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 308, 32nd Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2024)

Abstract
A directed graph G is upward planar if it admits a planar embedding where each edge is y-monotone. Unlike planarity testing, upward planarity testing is NP-hard except in restricted cases, such as when the graph has the single-source property (i.e., each connected component has one source). In this paper, we present a dynamic data structure for maintaining an upward combinatorial embedding ℰ→(G) of a single-source upward planar graph subject to edge deletions, edge contractions, directed edge insertions across a face, and single-source-preserving vertex splits through specified corners (i.e., the gaps between pairs of consecutive edges that share a vertex and a face). We furthermore support changes to the embedding ℰ→(G) in the form of subgraph flips that mirror or slide the placement of a subgraph that is connected to the rest of the graph via at most two vertices. Updates that are incompatible with the current upward planar embedding are identified and rejected. All update operations are supported as long as the graph remains upward planar. In addition, we support queries that can tell whether two vertices can be connected with a directed edge while the graph remains single-source (we call these uplinkability queries). If a pair of vertices are not uplinkable, we facilitate one-flip-linkable queries: These point to a flip that makes them uplinkable, if any such flip exists. We dynamically maintain a linear-size data structure on G which supports incidence queries between a vertex and a face, and uplinkability queries for vertex pairs. We support all updates and queries in O(log² n) worst-case time.
Cite as

Ivor van der Hoog, Irene Parada, and Eva Rotenberg. Dynamic Embeddings of Dynamic Single-Source Upward Planar Graphs. In 32nd Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2024). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 308, pp. 70:1-70:18, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2024)

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@InProceedings{vanderhoog_et_al:LIPIcs.ESA.2024.70,
  author =	{van der Hoog, Ivor and Parada, Irene and Rotenberg, Eva},
  title =	{{Dynamic Embeddings of Dynamic Single-Source Upward Planar Graphs}},
  booktitle =	{32nd Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2024)},
  pages =	{70:1--70:18},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-338-6},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2024},
  volume =	{308},
  editor =	{Chan, Timothy and Fischer, Johannes and Iacono, John and Herman, Grzegorz},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2024.70},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-211410},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2024.70},
  annote =	{Keywords: dynamic graphs, data structures, computational geometry, graph drawing, graph algorithms, upward planarity}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2024.63
Fully-Adaptive Dynamic Connectivity of Square Intersection Graphs

Authors: Ivor van der Hoog, André Nusser, Eva Rotenberg, and Frank Staals

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 306, 49th International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2024)

Abstract
A classical problem in computational geometry and graph algorithms is: given a dynamic set 𝒮 of geometric shapes in the plane, efficiently maintain the connectivity of the intersection graph of 𝒮. Previous papers studied the setting where, before the updates, the data structure receives some parameter P. Then, updates could insert and delete disks as long as at all times the disks have a diameter that lies in a fixed range [1/P, 1]. As a consequence of that prerequisite, the aspect ratio ψ (i.e. the ratio between the largest and smallest diameter) of the disks would at all times satisfy ψ ≤ P. The state-of-the-art for storing disks in a dynamic connectivity data structure is a data structure that uses O(Pn) space and that has amortized O(P log⁴ n) expected amortized update time. Connectivity queries between disks are supported in O(log n / log log n) time. In the dynamic setting, one wishes for a more flexible data structure in which disks of any diameter may arrive and leave, independent of their diameter, changing the aspect ratio freely. Ideally, the aspect ratio should merely be part of the analysis. We restrict our attention to axis-aligned squares, and study fully-dynamic square intersection graph connectivity. Our result is fully-adaptive to the aspect ratio, spending time proportional to the current aspect ratio ψ, as opposed to some previously given maximum P. Our focus on squares allows us to simplify and streamline the connectivity pipeline from previous work. When n is the number of squares and ψ is the aspect ratio after insertion (or before deletion), our data structure answers connectivity queries in O(log n / log log n) time. We can update connectivity information in O(ψ log⁴ n + log⁶ n) amortized time. We also improve space usage from O(P ⋅ n log n) to O(n log³ n log ψ) - while generalizing to a fully-adaptive aspect ratio - which yields a space usage that is near-linear in n for any polynomially bounded ψ.
Cite as

Ivor van der Hoog, André Nusser, Eva Rotenberg, and Frank Staals. Fully-Adaptive Dynamic Connectivity of Square Intersection Graphs. In 49th International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2024). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 306, pp. 63:1-63:17, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2024)

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@InProceedings{vanderhoog_et_al:LIPIcs.MFCS.2024.63,
  author =	{van der Hoog, Ivor and Nusser, Andr\'{e} and Rotenberg, Eva and Staals, Frank},
  title =	{{Fully-Adaptive Dynamic Connectivity of Square Intersection Graphs}},
  booktitle =	{49th International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2024)},
  pages =	{63:1--63:17},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-335-5},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2024},
  volume =	{306},
  editor =	{Kr\'{a}lovi\v{c}, Rastislav and Ku\v{c}era, Anton{\'\i}n},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2024.63},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-206197},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2024.63},
  annote =	{Keywords: Computational geometry, planar geometry, data structures, geometric intersection graphs, fully-dynamic algorithms}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.FUN.2024.3
Snake in Optimal Space and Time

Authors: Philip Bille, Martín Farach-Colton, Inge Li Gørtz, and Ivor van der Hoog

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 291, 12th International Conference on Fun with Algorithms (FUN 2024)

Abstract
We revisit the classic game of Snake and ask the basic data structural question: how many bits does it take to represent the state of a snake game so that it can be updated in constant time? Our main result is a data structure that uses optimal space (within constant factors). To achieve our results, we introduce several interesting data structural techniques, including a decomposition technique for the problem, a tabulation scheme for encoding small subproblems, and a dynamic memory allocation scheme.
Cite as

Philip Bille, Martín Farach-Colton, Inge Li Gørtz, and Ivor van der Hoog. Snake in Optimal Space and Time. In 12th International Conference on Fun with Algorithms (FUN 2024). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 291, pp. 3:1-3:15, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2024)

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@InProceedings{bille_et_al:LIPIcs.FUN.2024.3,
  author =	{Bille, Philip and Farach-Colton, Mart{\'\i}n and G{\o}rtz, Inge Li and van der Hoog, Ivor},
  title =	{{Snake in Optimal Space and Time}},
  booktitle =	{12th International Conference on Fun with Algorithms (FUN 2024)},
  pages =	{3:1--3:15},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-314-0},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2024},
  volume =	{291},
  editor =	{Broder, Andrei Z. and Tamir, Tami},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.FUN.2024.3},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-199118},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.FUN.2024.3},
  annote =	{Keywords: Data structure, Snake, Nokia, String Algorithms}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.SoCG.2023.40
Worst-Case Deterministic Fully-Dynamic Biconnectivity in Changeable Planar Embeddings

Authors: Jacob Holm, Ivor van der Hoog, and Eva Rotenberg

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 258, 39th International Symposium on Computational Geometry (SoCG 2023)

Abstract
We study dynamic planar graphs with n vertices, subject to edge deletion, edge contraction, edge insertion across a face, and the splitting of a vertex in specified corners. We dynamically maintain a combinatorial embedding of such a planar graph, subject to connectivity and 2-vertex-connectivity (biconnectivity) queries between pairs of vertices. Whenever a query pair is connected and not biconnected, we find the first and last cutvertex separating them. Additionally, we allow local changes to the embedding by flipping the embedding of a subgraph that is connected by at most two vertices to the rest of the graph. We support all queries and updates in deterministic, worst-case, O(log² n) time, using an O(n)-sized data structure.
Cite as

Jacob Holm, Ivor van der Hoog, and Eva Rotenberg. Worst-Case Deterministic Fully-Dynamic Biconnectivity in Changeable Planar Embeddings. In 39th International Symposium on Computational Geometry (SoCG 2023). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 258, pp. 40:1-40:18, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2023)

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@InProceedings{holm_et_al:LIPIcs.SoCG.2023.40,
  author =	{Holm, Jacob and van der Hoog, Ivor and Rotenberg, Eva},
  title =	{{Worst-Case Deterministic Fully-Dynamic Biconnectivity in Changeable Planar Embeddings}},
  booktitle =	{39th International Symposium on Computational Geometry (SoCG 2023)},
  pages =	{40:1--40:18},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-273-0},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2023},
  volume =	{258},
  editor =	{Chambers, Erin W. and Gudmundsson, Joachim},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.SoCG.2023.40},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-178909},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.SoCG.2023.40},
  annote =	{Keywords: dynamic graphs, planarity, connectivity}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ISAAC.2022.58
Segment Visibility Counting Queries in Polygons

Authors: Kevin Buchin, Bram Custers, Ivor van der Hoog, Maarten Löffler, Aleksandr Popov, Marcel Roeloffzen, and Frank Staals

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 248, 33rd International Symposium on Algorithms and Computation (ISAAC 2022)

Abstract
Let P be a simple polygon with n vertices, and let A be a set of m points or line segments inside P. We develop data structures that can efficiently count the objects from A that are visible to a query point or a query segment. Our main aim is to obtain fast, O(polylog nm), query times, while using as little space as possible. In case the query is a single point, a simple visibility-polygon-based solution achieves O(log nm) query time using O(nm²) space. In case A also contains only points, we present a smaller, O(n + m^{2+ε} log n)-space, data structure based on a hierarchical decomposition of the polygon. Building on these results, we tackle the case where the query is a line segment and A contains only points. The main complication here is that the segment may intersect multiple regions of the polygon decomposition, and that a point may see multiple such pieces. Despite these issues, we show how to achieve O(log n log nm) query time using only O(nm^{2+ε} + n²) space. Finally, we show that we can even handle the case where the objects in A are segments with the same bounds.
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Kevin Buchin, Bram Custers, Ivor van der Hoog, Maarten Löffler, Aleksandr Popov, Marcel Roeloffzen, and Frank Staals. Segment Visibility Counting Queries in Polygons. In 33rd International Symposium on Algorithms and Computation (ISAAC 2022). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 248, pp. 58:1-58:16, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2022)

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@InProceedings{buchin_et_al:LIPIcs.ISAAC.2022.58,
  author =	{Buchin, Kevin and Custers, Bram and van der Hoog, Ivor and L\"{o}ffler, Maarten and Popov, Aleksandr and Roeloffzen, Marcel and Staals, Frank},
  title =	{{Segment Visibility Counting Queries in Polygons}},
  booktitle =	{33rd International Symposium on Algorithms and Computation (ISAAC 2022)},
  pages =	{58:1--58:16},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-258-7},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2022},
  volume =	{248},
  editor =	{Bae, Sang Won and Park, Heejin},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ISAAC.2022.58},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-173431},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ISAAC.2022.58},
  annote =	{Keywords: Visibility, Data Structure, Polygons, Complexity}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2022.29
Efficient Fréchet Distance Queries for Segments

Authors: Maike Buchin, Ivor van der Hoog, Tim Ophelders, Lena Schlipf, Rodrigo I. Silveira, and Frank Staals

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 244, 30th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2022)

Abstract
We study the problem of constructing a data structure that can store a two-dimensional polygonal curve P, such that for any query segment ab one can efficiently compute the Fréchet distance between P and ab. First we present a data structure of size O(n log n) that can compute the Fréchet distance between P and a horizontal query segment ab in O(log n) time, where n is the number of vertices of P. In comparison to prior work, this significantly reduces the required space. We extend the type of queries allowed, as we allow a query to be a horizontal segment ab together with two points s, t ∈ P (not necessarily vertices), and ask for the Fréchet distance between ab and the curve of P in between s and t. Using O(nlog²n) storage, such queries take O(log³ n) time, simplifying and significantly improving previous results. We then generalize our results to query segments of arbitrary orientation. We present an O(nk^{3+ε}+n²) size data structure, where k ∈ [1,n] is a parameter the user can choose, and ε > 0 is an arbitrarily small constant, such that given any segment ab and two points s, t ∈ P we can compute the Fréchet distance between ab and the curve of P in between s and t in O((n/k)log²n+log⁴ n) time. This is the first result that allows efficient exact Fréchet distance queries for arbitrarily oriented segments. We also present two applications of our data structure. First, we show that our data structure allows us to compute a local δ-simplification (with respect to the Fréchet distance) of a polygonal curve in O(n^{5/2+ε}) time, improving a previous O(n³) time algorithm. Second, we show that we can efficiently find a translation of an arbitrary query segment ab that minimizes the Fréchet distance with respect to a subcurve of P.
Cite as

Maike Buchin, Ivor van der Hoog, Tim Ophelders, Lena Schlipf, Rodrigo I. Silveira, and Frank Staals. Efficient Fréchet Distance Queries for Segments. In 30th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2022). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 244, pp. 29:1-29:14, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2022)

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@InProceedings{buchin_et_al:LIPIcs.ESA.2022.29,
  author =	{Buchin, Maike and van der Hoog, Ivor and Ophelders, Tim and Schlipf, Lena and Silveira, Rodrigo I. and Staals, Frank},
  title =	{{Efficient Fr\'{e}chet Distance Queries for Segments}},
  booktitle =	{30th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2022)},
  pages =	{29:1--29:14},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-247-1},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2022},
  volume =	{244},
  editor =	{Chechik, Shiri and Navarro, Gonzalo and Rotenberg, Eva and Herman, Grzegorz},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2022.29},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-169671},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2022.29},
  annote =	{Keywords: Computational Geometry, Data Structures, Fr\'{e}chet distance}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.SoCG.2022.36
On the Discrete Fréchet Distance in a Graph

Authors: Anne Driemel, Ivor van der Hoog, and Eva Rotenberg

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 224, 38th International Symposium on Computational Geometry (SoCG 2022)

Abstract
The Fréchet distance is a well-studied similarity measure between curves that is widely used throughout computer science. Motivated by applications where curves stem from paths and walks on an underlying graph (such as a road network), we define and study the Fréchet distance for paths and walks on graphs. When provided with a distance oracle of G with O(1) query time, the classical quadratic-time dynamic program can compute the Fréchet distance between two walks P and Q in a graph G in O(|P|⋅|Q|) time. We show that there are situations where the graph structure helps with computing Fréchet distance: when the graph G is planar, we apply existing (approximate) distance oracles to compute a (1+ε)-approximation of the Fréchet distance between any shortest path P and any walk Q in O(|G|log|G|/√ε+|P|+|Q|/ε) time. We generalise this result to near-shortest paths, i.e. κ-straight paths, as we show how to compute a (1+ε)-approximation between a κ-straight path P and any walk Q in O(|G|log|G|/√ε+|P|+(κ|Q|)/ε) time. Our algorithmic results hold for both the strong and the weak discrete Fréchet distance over the shortest path metric in G. Finally, we show that additional assumptions on the input, such as our assumption on path straightness, are indeed necessary to obtain truly subquadratic running time. We provide a conditional lower bound showing that the Fréchet distance, or even its 1.01-approximation, between arbitrary paths in a weighted planar graph cannot be computed in O((|P|⋅|Q|)^{1-δ}) time for any δ > 0 unless the Orthogonal Vector Hypothesis fails. For walks, this lower bound holds even when G is planar, unit-weight and has O(1) vertices.
Cite as

Anne Driemel, Ivor van der Hoog, and Eva Rotenberg. On the Discrete Fréchet Distance in a Graph. In 38th International Symposium on Computational Geometry (SoCG 2022). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 224, pp. 36:1-36:18, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2022)

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@InProceedings{driemel_et_al:LIPIcs.SoCG.2022.36,
  author =	{Driemel, Anne and van der Hoog, Ivor and Rotenberg, Eva},
  title =	{{On the Discrete Fr\'{e}chet Distance in a Graph}},
  booktitle =	{38th International Symposium on Computational Geometry (SoCG 2022)},
  pages =	{36:1--36:18},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-227-3},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2022},
  volume =	{224},
  editor =	{Goaoc, Xavier and Kerber, Michael},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.SoCG.2022.36},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-160448},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.SoCG.2022.36},
  annote =	{Keywords: Fr\'{e}chet, graphs, planar, complexity analysis}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.SWAT.2020.23
Trajectory Visibility

Authors: Patrick Eades, Ivor van der Hoog, Maarten Löffler, and Frank Staals

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 162, 17th Scandinavian Symposium and Workshops on Algorithm Theory (SWAT 2020)

Abstract
We study the problem of testing whether there exists a time at which two entities moving along different piece-wise linear trajectories among polygonal obstacles are mutually visible. We study several variants, depending on whether or not the obstacles form a simple polygon, trajectories may intersect the polygon edges, and both or only one of the entities are moving. For constant complexity trajectories contained in a simple polygon with n vertices, we provide an 𝒪(n) time algorithm to test if there is a time at which the entities can see each other. If the polygon contains holes, we present an 𝒪(n log n) algorithm. We show that this is tight. We then consider storing the obstacles in a data structure, such that queries consisting of two line segments can be efficiently answered. We show that for all variants it is possible to answer queries in sublinear time using polynomial space and preprocessing time. As a critical intermediate step, we provide an efficient solution to a problem of independent interest: preprocess a convex polygon such that we can efficiently test intersection with a quadratic curve segment. If the obstacles form a simple polygon, this allows us to answer visibility queries in 𝒪(n³/4log³ n) time using 𝒪(nlog⁵ n) space. For more general obstacles the query time is 𝒪(log^k n), for a constant but large value k, using 𝒪(n^{3k}) space. We provide more efficient solutions when one of the entities remains stationary.
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Patrick Eades, Ivor van der Hoog, Maarten Löffler, and Frank Staals. Trajectory Visibility. In 17th Scandinavian Symposium and Workshops on Algorithm Theory (SWAT 2020). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 162, pp. 23:1-23:22, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2020)

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@InProceedings{eades_et_al:LIPIcs.SWAT.2020.23,
  author =	{Eades, Patrick and van der Hoog, Ivor and L\"{o}ffler, Maarten and Staals, Frank},
  title =	{{Trajectory Visibility}},
  booktitle =	{17th Scandinavian Symposium and Workshops on Algorithm Theory (SWAT 2020)},
  pages =	{23:1--23:22},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-150-4},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2020},
  volume =	{162},
  editor =	{Albers, Susanne},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.SWAT.2020.23},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-122701},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.SWAT.2020.23},
  annote =	{Keywords: trajectories, visibility, data structures, semi-algebraic range searching}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.SoCG.2019.42
Preprocessing Ambiguous Imprecise Points

Authors: Ivor van der Hoog, Irina Kostitsyna, Maarten Löffler, and Bettina Speckmann

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 129, 35th International Symposium on Computational Geometry (SoCG 2019)

Abstract
Let R = {R_1, R_2, ..., R_n} be a set of regions and let X = {x_1, x_2, ..., x_n} be an (unknown) point set with x_i in R_i. Region R_i represents the uncertainty region of x_i. We consider the following question: how fast can we establish order if we are allowed to preprocess the regions in R? The preprocessing model of uncertainty uses two consecutive phases: a preprocessing phase which has access only to R followed by a reconstruction phase during which a desired structure on X is computed. Recent results in this model parametrize the reconstruction time by the ply of R, which is the maximum overlap between the regions in R. We introduce the ambiguity A(R) as a more fine-grained measure of the degree of overlap in R. We show how to preprocess a set of d-dimensional disks in O(n log n) time such that we can sort X (if d=1) and reconstruct a quadtree on X (if d >= 1 but constant) in O(A(R)) time. If A(R) is sub-linear, then reporting the result dominates the running time of the reconstruction phase. However, we can still return a suitable data structure representing the result in O(A(R)) time. In one dimension, {R} is a set of intervals and the ambiguity is linked to interval entropy, which in turn relates to the well-studied problem of sorting under partial information. The number of comparisons necessary to find the linear order underlying a poset P is lower-bounded by the graph entropy of P. We show that if P is an interval order, then the ambiguity provides a constant-factor approximation of the graph entropy. This gives a lower bound of Omega(A(R)) in all dimensions for the reconstruction phase (sorting or any proximity structure), independent of any preprocessing; hence our result is tight. Finally, our results imply that one can approximate the entropy of interval graphs in O(n log n) time, improving the O(n^{2.5}) bound by Cardinal et al.
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Ivor van der Hoog, Irina Kostitsyna, Maarten Löffler, and Bettina Speckmann. Preprocessing Ambiguous Imprecise Points. In 35th International Symposium on Computational Geometry (SoCG 2019). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 129, pp. 42:1-42:16, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2019)

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@InProceedings{vanderhoog_et_al:LIPIcs.SoCG.2019.42,
  author =	{van der Hoog, Ivor and Kostitsyna, Irina and L\"{o}ffler, Maarten and Speckmann, Bettina},
  title =	{{Preprocessing Ambiguous Imprecise Points}},
  booktitle =	{35th International Symposium on Computational Geometry (SoCG 2019)},
  pages =	{42:1--42:16},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-104-7},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2019},
  volume =	{129},
  editor =	{Barequet, Gill and Wang, Yusu},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.SoCG.2019.42},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-104460},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.SoCG.2019.42},
  annote =	{Keywords: preprocessing, imprecise points, entropy, sorting, proximity structures}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.SoCG.2018.45
Dynamic Smooth Compressed Quadtrees

Authors: Ivor van der Hoog, Elena Khramtcova, and Maarten Löffler

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 99, 34th International Symposium on Computational Geometry (SoCG 2018)

Abstract
We introduce dynamic smooth (a.k.a. balanced) compressed quadtrees with worst-case constant time updates in constant dimensions. We distinguish two versions of the problem. First, we show that quadtrees as a space-division data structure can be made smooth and dynamic subject to split and merge operations on the quadtree cells. Second, we show that quadtrees used to store a set of points in R^d can be made smooth and dynamic subject to insertions and deletions of points. The second version uses the first but must additionally deal with compression and alignment of quadtree components. In both cases our updates take 2^{O(d log d)} time, except for the point location part in the second version which has a lower bound of Omega(log n); but if a pointer (finger) to the correct quadtree cell is given, the rest of the updates take worst-case constant time. Our result implies that several classic and recent results (ranging from ray tracing to planar point location) in computational geometry which use quadtrees can deal with arbitrary point sets on a real RAM pointer machine.
Cite as

Ivor van der Hoog, Elena Khramtcova, and Maarten Löffler. Dynamic Smooth Compressed Quadtrees. In 34th International Symposium on Computational Geometry (SoCG 2018). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 99, pp. 45:1-45:15, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2018)

Copy BibTex To Clipboard

@InProceedings{vanderhoog_et_al:LIPIcs.SoCG.2018.45,
  author =	{van der Hoog, Ivor and Khramtcova, Elena and L\"{o}ffler, Maarten},
  title =	{{Dynamic Smooth Compressed Quadtrees}},
  booktitle =	{34th International Symposium on Computational Geometry (SoCG 2018)},
  pages =	{45:1--45:15},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-066-8},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2018},
  volume =	{99},
  editor =	{Speckmann, Bettina and T\'{o}th, Csaba D.},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.SoCG.2018.45},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-87581},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.SoCG.2018.45},
  annote =	{Keywords: smooth, dynamic, data structure, quadtree, compression, alignment, Real RAM}
}
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