22 Search Results for "Ziegenbein, Dirk"

Volume

OASIcs, Volume 68

Workshop on Autonomous Systems Design (ASD 2019)

ASD 2019, March 29, 2019, Florence, Italy

Editors: Selma Saidi, Rolf Ernst, and Dirk Ziegenbein

Document
DOI: 10.4230/LITES.11.1.1
A Survey of Real-Time Support, Analysis, and Advancements in ROS 2

Authors: Daniel Casini, Jian-Jia Chen, Jing Li, Federico Reghenzani, and Harun Teper

Published in: LITES, Volume 11, Issue 1 (2026). Leibniz Transactions on Embedded Systems, Volume 11, Issue 1

Abstract
The Robot Operating System 2 (ROS 2) has emerged as a relevant middleware framework for robotic applications, offering modularity, distributed execution, and communication. In the last six years, ROS 2 has drawn increasing attention from the real-time systems community and industry. This survey presents a comprehensive overview of research efforts that analyze, enhance, and extend ROS 2 to support real-time execution. We first provide a detailed description of the internal scheduling mechanisms of ROS 2 and its layered architecture, including the interaction with DDS-based communication and other communication middleware. We then review key contributions from the literature, covering timing analysis for both single- and multi-threaded executors, metrics such as response time, reaction time, and data age, and different communication modes. The survey also discusses community-driven enhancements to the ROS 2 runtime, including new executor algorithm designs, real-time GPU management, and microcontroller support via micro-ROS. Furthermore, we summarize techniques for bounding DDS communication delays, message filters, and profiling tools that have been developed to support analysis and experimentation. To help systematize this growing body of work, we introduce taxonomies that classify the surveyed contributions based on different criteria. This survey aims to guide both researchers and practitioners in understanding and improving the real-time capabilities of ROS 2.
Cite as

Daniel Casini, Jian-Jia Chen, Jing Li, Federico Reghenzani, and Harun Teper. A Survey of Real-Time Support, Analysis, and Advancements in ROS 2. In LITES, Volume 11, Issue 1 (2026). Leibniz Transactions on Embedded Systems, Volume 11, Issue 1, pp. 1:1-1:37, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2026)

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@Article{casini_et_al:LITES.11.1.1,
  author =	{Casini, Daniel and Chen, Jian-Jia and Li, Jing and Reghenzani, Federico and Teper, Harun},
  title =	{{A Survey of Real-Time Support, Analysis, and Advancements in ROS 2}},
  journal =	{Leibniz Transactions on Embedded Systems},
  pages =	{1:1--1:37},
  ISSN =	{2199-2002},
  year =	{2026},
  volume =	{11},
  number =	{1},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LITES.11.1.1},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-257914},
  doi =		{10.4230/LITES.11.1.1},
  annote =	{Keywords: ROS 2, middleware, real-time, timing predictability, publish-subscribe}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LITES.10.2.2
Improved Elastic Scheduling Algorithms for Implicit-Deadline Tasks

Authors: Marion Sudvarg, Christopher Gill, and Sanjoy Baruah

Published in: LITES, Volume 10, Issue 2 (2025): Special Issue on Industrial Real-Time Systems. Leibniz Transactions on Embedded Systems, Volume 10, Issue 2

Abstract
Elastic scheduling provides a framework under which the utilizations of recurrent tasks are reduced by increasing their periods in response to system overload. The original elastic scheduling model was proposed by Buttazzo et al. in 1998 for implicit-deadline tasks on a uniprocessor and decreases task utilizations to satisfy a schedulable utilization bound. In 2019, Orr and Baruah extended the framework to multiprocessor scheduling of implicit-deadline tasks. In this paper, we propose, analyze, and evaluate new elastic scheduling algorithms for several of the scheduling policies considered in these prior works. In particular, (i) we evaluate an algorithm that we proposed as a short note in the Real-Time Systems journal and demonstrate that it allows for faster admission control than the algorithm of Buttazzo et al. when applied to uniprocessor and fluid scheduling. (ii) We also present faster elastic scheduling algorithms for partitioned EDF scheduling. Finally, (iii) we provide polynomial-time exact elastic scheduling algorithms for global EDF and global RM.
Cite as

Marion Sudvarg, Christopher Gill, and Sanjoy Baruah. Improved Elastic Scheduling Algorithms for Implicit-Deadline Tasks. In LITES, Volume 10, Issue 2 (2025): Special Issue on Industrial Real-Time Systems. Leibniz Transactions on Embedded Systems, Volume 10, Issue 2, pp. 2:1-2:36, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2025)

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@Article{sudvarg_et_al:LITES.10.2.2,
  author =	{Sudvarg, Marion and Gill, Christopher and Baruah, Sanjoy},
  title =	{{Improved Elastic Scheduling Algorithms for Implicit-Deadline Tasks}},
  journal =	{Leibniz Transactions on Embedded Systems},
  pages =	{2:1--2:36},
  ISSN =	{2199-2002},
  year =	{2025},
  volume =	{10},
  number =	{2},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LITES.10.2.2},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-252346},
  doi =		{10.4230/LITES.10.2.2},
  annote =	{Keywords: real-time systems, elastic scheduling, scheduling algorithms}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ECRTS.2025.3
Enabling Containerisation of Distributed Applications with Real-Time Constraints

Authors: Nasim Samimi, Luca Abeni, Daniel Casini, Mauro Marinoni, Twan Basten, Mitra Nasri, Marc Geilen, and Alessandro Biondi

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 335, 37th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2025)

Abstract
Containerisation is becoming a cornerstone of modern distributed systems, thanks to their lightweight virtualisation, high portability, and seamless integration with orchestration tools such as Kubernetes. The usage of containers has also gained traction in real-time cyber-physical systems, such as software-defined vehicles, which are characterised by strict timing requirements to ensure safety and performance. Nevertheless, ensuring real-time execution of co-located containers is challenging because of mutual interference due to the sharing of the same processing hardware. Existing parallel computing frameworks such as Ray and its Kubernetes-enabled variant, KubeRay, excel in distributed computation but lack support for scheduling policies that allow guaranteeing real-time timing constraints and CPU resource isolation between containers, such as the SCHED_DEADLINE policy of Linux. To fill this gap, this paper extends Ray to support real-time containers that leverage SCHED_DEADLINE. To this end, we propose KubeDeadline, a novel, modular Kubernetes extension to support SCHED_DEADLINE. We evaluate our approach through extensive experiments, using synthetic workloads and a case study based on the MobileNet and EfficientNet deep neural networks. Our evaluation shows that KubeDeadline ensures deadline compliance in all synthetic workloads, adds minimal deployment overhead (in the order of milliseconds), and achieves lower worst-case response times, up to 4 times lower, than vanilla Kubernetes under background interference.
Cite as

Nasim Samimi, Luca Abeni, Daniel Casini, Mauro Marinoni, Twan Basten, Mitra Nasri, Marc Geilen, and Alessandro Biondi. Enabling Containerisation of Distributed Applications with Real-Time Constraints. In 37th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2025). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 335, pp. 3:1-3:29, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2025)

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@InProceedings{samimi_et_al:LIPIcs.ECRTS.2025.3,
  author =	{Samimi, Nasim and Abeni, Luca and Casini, Daniel and Marinoni, Mauro and Basten, Twan and Nasri, Mitra and Geilen, Marc and Biondi, Alessandro},
  title =	{{Enabling Containerisation of Distributed Applications with Real-Time Constraints}},
  booktitle =	{37th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2025)},
  pages =	{3:1--3:29},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-377-5},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2025},
  volume =	{335},
  editor =	{Mancuso, Renato},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ECRTS.2025.3},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-235816},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ECRTS.2025.3},
  annote =	{Keywords: Kubernetes, real-time containers, SCHED\underlineDEADLINE, KubeRay}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ECRTS.2025.12
Real-Time System Evaluation Techniques: A Systematic Mapping Study

Authors: Tilmann L. Unte and Sebastian Altmeyer

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 335, 37th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2025)

Abstract
A systematic mapping study assesses a broad selection of research publications with the aim of categorizing them according to a research question. We present the first systematic mapping study on evaluation practices within the field of real-time systems, by analyzing publications from the top three conferences ECRTS, RTAS, and RTSS from 2017 until 2024. Our study provides a comprehensive view on the evaluation practices prevalent in our community, including benchmark software, task set and graph generators, case studies, industrial challenges, and custom solutions. Based on our study, we construct and publish a dataset enabling quantitative analysis of evaluation practices within the real-time systems community. Our analysis indicates shortcomings in current practice: custom case studies are abundant, while industrial challenges have very minor impact. Reproducibility has only been shown for a small subset of evaluations and there is no indication of change. Adoption of new and improved tools and benchmarks is very slow or even non-existent. Evaluation must not be viewed as an obligation when publishing a paper, but as a key element in ensuring practicability, comparability, and reproducibility. Based on our study, we conclude that our community currently falls short on these objectives.
Cite as

Tilmann L. Unte and Sebastian Altmeyer. Real-Time System Evaluation Techniques: A Systematic Mapping Study. In 37th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2025). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 335, pp. 12:1-12:21, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2025)

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@InProceedings{unte_et_al:LIPIcs.ECRTS.2025.12,
  author =	{Unte, Tilmann L. and Altmeyer, Sebastian},
  title =	{{Real-Time System Evaluation Techniques: A Systematic Mapping Study}},
  booktitle =	{37th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2025)},
  pages =	{12:1--12:21},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-377-5},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2025},
  volume =	{335},
  editor =	{Mancuso, Renato},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ECRTS.2025.12},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-235903},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ECRTS.2025.12},
  annote =	{Keywords: Systematic Mapping Study, Real-Time Systems, Evaluation}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ECRTS.2025.7
Period Assignment for Real-Time Cascade Control Tasks Under Stability and Schedulability Constraints

Authors: Ismail Hawila, Liliana Cucu-Grosjean, and Slim Ben Amor

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 335, 37th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2025)

Abstract
Existing results for cyber-physical systems have been proposed to merge the requirements associated to the stability of the physical components and the schedulability of the cyber components. Nevertheless, none of the existing results has studied these requirements for multiple real-time cascade control tasks where their periods choice are dependent and affect stability. In this paper, we propose a methodology to evaluate the periods of the real-time cascade control tasks that ensures stability of the physical components, then we present a co-design problem for the period choice that guarantees good performance of the physical components and schedulability of the cyber components under fixed-priority scheduling. We then evaluate this methodology on a real use-case of a drone system. Results show the importance of studying these requirements together as their relation has an impact on stable periods range.
Cite as

Ismail Hawila, Liliana Cucu-Grosjean, and Slim Ben Amor. Period Assignment for Real-Time Cascade Control Tasks Under Stability and Schedulability Constraints. In 37th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2025). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 335, pp. 7:1-7:21, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2025)

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@InProceedings{hawila_et_al:LIPIcs.ECRTS.2025.7,
  author =	{Hawila, Ismail and Cucu-Grosjean, Liliana and Ben Amor, Slim},
  title =	{{Period Assignment for Real-Time Cascade Control Tasks Under Stability and Schedulability Constraints}},
  booktitle =	{37th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2025)},
  pages =	{7:1--7:21},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-377-5},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2025},
  volume =	{335},
  editor =	{Mancuso, Renato},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ECRTS.2025.7},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-235858},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ECRTS.2025.7},
  annote =	{Keywords: Real-time Systems, Cascade Control, Physical Stability, Control Performance}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/OASIcs.PARMA-DITAM.2025.6
HiPART: High-Performance Technology for Advanced Real-Time Systems

Authors: Sara Royuela, Adrian Munera, Chenle Yu, and Josep Pinot

Published in: OASIcs, Volume 127, 16th Workshop on Parallel Programming and Run-Time Management Techniques for Many-Core Architectures and 14th Workshop on Design Tools and Architectures for Multicore Embedded Computing Platforms (PARMA-DITAM 2025)

Abstract
Cyber-physical systems (CPS) attempt to meet real-time and safety requirements by using hypervisors that provide isolation via virtualisation and Real-Time Operating Systems that manage the concurrency of system tasks. However, the operating system’s (OS) decisions may hinder the efficiency of tasks because it needs more awareness of their specific intricacies. Hence, one critical limitation to efficiently developing CPSs is the lack of tailored parallel programming models that can harness the capabilities of advanced heterogeneous architectures while meeting the requirements integral to CPSs, such as real-time behaviour and safety requirements. While conventional HPC languages, like OpenMP and CUDA, cannot accommodate critical non-functional properties, safety languages, like Rust and Ada, are limited in their capabilities to exploit complex systems efficiently. On top of that, accessibility to the programming task is essential to making the system usable to different domain experts. HiPART tackles these challenges by developing a comprehensive framework holistically addressing efficiency, interoperability, reliability, and sustainability. The HiPART framework, based on OpenMP, provides tailored support for (1) real-time behaviour and safety requirements and (2) the efficient exploitation of advanced parallel and heterogeneous processor architectures. This support is exposed to users through extensions to the OpenMP specification and its implementation in the LLVM framework, including the compiler and the OpenMP runtime library. With this framework, HiPART will contribute to realising more capable and reliable autonomous systems across various domains, from autonomous mobility to space exploration.
Cite as

Sara Royuela, Adrian Munera, Chenle Yu, and Josep Pinot. HiPART: High-Performance Technology for Advanced Real-Time Systems. In 16th Workshop on Parallel Programming and Run-Time Management Techniques for Many-Core Architectures and 14th Workshop on Design Tools and Architectures for Multicore Embedded Computing Platforms (PARMA-DITAM 2025). Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs), Volume 127, pp. 6:1-6:15, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2025)

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@InProceedings{royuela_et_al:OASIcs.PARMA-DITAM.2025.6,
  author =	{Royuela, Sara and Munera, Adrian and Yu, Chenle and Pinot, Josep},
  title =	{{HiPART: High-Performance Technology for Advanced Real-Time Systems}},
  booktitle =	{16th Workshop on Parallel Programming and Run-Time Management Techniques for Many-Core Architectures and 14th Workshop on Design Tools and Architectures for Multicore Embedded Computing Platforms (PARMA-DITAM 2025)},
  pages =	{6:1--6:15},
  series =	{Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-363-8},
  ISSN =	{2190-6807},
  year =	{2025},
  volume =	{127},
  editor =	{Cattaneo, Daniele and Fazio, Maria and Kosmidis, Leonidas and Morabito, Gabriele},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/OASIcs.PARMA-DITAM.2025.6},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-229108},
  doi =		{10.4230/OASIcs.PARMA-DITAM.2025.6},
  annote =	{Keywords: Cyber-physical systems, OpenMP, Parallel and heterogeneous architectures, Efficiency, Adaptability, Interoperability, Real-time, Resilience, Reliability}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ECRTS.2023.4
Memory Latency Distribution-Driven Regulation for Temporal Isolation in MPSoCs

Authors: Ahsan Saeed, Denis Hoornaert, Dakshina Dasari, Dirk Ziegenbein, Daniel Mueller-Gritschneder, Ulf Schlichtmann, Andreas Gerstlauer, and Renato Mancuso

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 262, 35th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2023)

Abstract
Temporal isolation is one of the most significant challenges that must be addressed before Multi-Processor Systems-on-Chip (MPSoCs) can be widely adopted in mixed-criticality systems with both time-sensitive real-time (RT) applications and performance-oriented non-real-time (NRT) applications. Specifically, the main memory subsystem is one of the most prevalent causes of interference, performance degradation and loss of isolation. Existing memory bandwidth regulation mechanisms use static, dynamic, or predictive DRAM bandwidth management techniques to restore the execution time of an application under contention as close as possible to the execution time in isolation. In this paper, we propose a novel distribution-driven regulation whose goal is to achieve a timeliness objective formulated as a constraint on the probability of meeting a certain target execution time for the RT applications. Using existing interconnect-level Performance Monitoring Units (PMU), we can observe the Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF) of the per-request memory latency. Regulation is then triggered to enforce first-order stochastical dominance with respect to a desired reference. Consequently, it is possible to enforce that the overall observed execution time random variable is dominated by the reference execution time. The mechanism requires no prior information of the contending application and treats the DRAM subsystem as a black box. We provide a full-stack implementation of our mechanism on a Commercial Off-The-Shelf (COTS) platform (Xilinx Ultrascale+ MPSoC), evaluate it using real and synthetic benchmarks, experimentally validate that the timeliness objectives are met for the RT applications, and demonstrate that it is able to provide 2.2x more overall throughput for NRT applications compared to DRAM bandwidth management-based regulation approaches.
Cite as

Ahsan Saeed, Denis Hoornaert, Dakshina Dasari, Dirk Ziegenbein, Daniel Mueller-Gritschneder, Ulf Schlichtmann, Andreas Gerstlauer, and Renato Mancuso. Memory Latency Distribution-Driven Regulation for Temporal Isolation in MPSoCs. In 35th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2023). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 262, pp. 4:1-4:23, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2023)

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@InProceedings{saeed_et_al:LIPIcs.ECRTS.2023.4,
  author =	{Saeed, Ahsan and Hoornaert, Denis and Dasari, Dakshina and Ziegenbein, Dirk and Mueller-Gritschneder, Daniel and Schlichtmann, Ulf and Gerstlauer, Andreas and Mancuso, Renato},
  title =	{{Memory Latency Distribution-Driven Regulation for Temporal Isolation in MPSoCs}},
  booktitle =	{35th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2023)},
  pages =	{4:1--4:23},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-280-8},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2023},
  volume =	{262},
  editor =	{Papadopoulos, Alessandro V.},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ECRTS.2023.4},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-180339},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ECRTS.2023.4},
  annote =	{Keywords: temporal isolation, memory latency, real-time system, multi-core}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ECRTS.2020.21
Control-System Stability Under Consecutive Deadline Misses Constraints

Authors: Martina Maggio, Arne Hamann, Eckart Mayer-John, and Dirk Ziegenbein

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 165, 32nd Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2020)

Abstract
This paper deals with the real-time implementation of feedback controllers. In particular, it provides an analysis of the stability property of closed-loop systems that include a controller that can sporadically miss deadlines. In this context, the weakly hard m-K computational model has been widely adopted and researchers used it to design and verify controllers that are robust to deadline misses. Rather than using the m-K model, we focus on another weakly-hard model, the number of consecutive deadline misses, showing a neat mathematical connection between real-time systems and control theory. We formalise this connection using the joint spectral radius and we discuss how to prove stability guarantees on the combination of a controller (that is unaware of deadline misses) and its system-level implementation. We apply the proposed verification procedure to a synthetic example and to an industrial case study.
Cite as

Martina Maggio, Arne Hamann, Eckart Mayer-John, and Dirk Ziegenbein. Control-System Stability Under Consecutive Deadline Misses Constraints. In 32nd Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2020). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 165, pp. 21:1-21:24, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2020)

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@InProceedings{maggio_et_al:LIPIcs.ECRTS.2020.21,
  author =	{Maggio, Martina and Hamann, Arne and Mayer-John, Eckart and Ziegenbein, Dirk},
  title =	{{Control-System Stability Under Consecutive Deadline Misses Constraints}},
  booktitle =	{32nd Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2020)},
  pages =	{21:1--21:24},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-152-8},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2020},
  volume =	{165},
  editor =	{V\"{o}lp, Marcus},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ECRTS.2020.21},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-123845},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ECRTS.2020.21},
  annote =	{Keywords: Real-Time Control, Deadline Misses, Weakly Hard Models}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/DagRep.9.12.28
Future Automotive HW/SW Platform Design (Dagstuhl Seminar 19502)

Authors: Dirk Ziegenbein, Selma Saidi, Xiaobo Sharon Hu, and Sebastian Steinhorst

Published in: Dagstuhl Reports, Volume 9, Issue 12 (2020)

Abstract
This report documents the program and the outcomes of Dagstuhl Seminar 19502 "Future Automotive HW/SW Platform Design". The goal of this seminar was to gather researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to discuss key industrial challenges, existing solutions and research directions in the design of future automotive HW/SW platforms, particularly focusing on predictability of systems regarding extra-functional properties, safe integration of hardware and software components and programmability and optimization of emerging heterogeneous platforms.
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Dirk Ziegenbein, Selma Saidi, Xiaobo Sharon Hu, and Sebastian Steinhorst. Future Automotive HW/SW Platform Design (Dagstuhl Seminar 19502). In Dagstuhl Reports, Volume 9, Issue 12, pp. 28-66, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2020)

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@Article{ziegenbein_et_al:DagRep.9.12.28,
  author =	{Ziegenbein, Dirk and Saidi, Selma and Hu, Xiaobo Sharon and Steinhorst, Sebastian},
  title =	{{Future Automotive HW/SW Platform Design (Dagstuhl Seminar 19502)}},
  pages =	{28--66},
  journal =	{Dagstuhl Reports},
  ISSN =	{2192-5283},
  year =	{2020},
  volume =	{9},
  number =	{12},
  editor =	{Ziegenbein, Dirk and Saidi, Selma and Hu, Xiaobo Sharon and Steinhorst, Sebastian},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/DagRep.9.12.28},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-120101},
  doi =		{10.4230/DagRep.9.12.28},
  annote =	{Keywords: automotive, hw/sw platforms, real-time systems, systems design automation}
}
Document
Complete Volume
DOI: 10.4230/OASIcs.ASD.2019
OASIcs, Volume 68, ASD'19, Complete Volume

Authors: Selma Saidi, Rolf Ernst, and Dirk Ziegenbein

Published in: OASIcs, Volume 68, Workshop on Autonomous Systems Design (ASD 2019)

Abstract
OASIcs, Volume 68, ASD'19, Complete Volume
Cite as

Workshop on Autonomous Systems Design (ASD 2019). Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs), Volume 68, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2019)

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@Proceedings{saidi_et_al:OASIcs.ASD.2019,
  title =	{{OASIcs, Volume 68, ASD'19, Complete Volume}},
  booktitle =	{Workshop on Autonomous Systems Design (ASD 2019)},
  series =	{Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-102-3},
  ISSN =	{2190-6807},
  year =	{2019},
  volume =	{68},
  editor =	{Saidi, Selma and Ernst, Rolf and Ziegenbein, Dirk},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/OASIcs.ASD.2019},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-103628},
  doi =		{10.4230/OASIcs.ASD.2019},
  annote =	{Keywords: Hardware, Analysis and design of emerging devices and systems, Computer systems organization, Robotic autonomy, Software and its engineering, Software safety, Dependable and fault-tolerant systems and networks}
}
Document
Front Matter
DOI: 10.4230/OASIcs.ASD.2019.0
Front Matter, Table of Contents, Preface, Conference Organization

Authors: Selma Saidi, Rolf Ernst, and Dirk Ziegenbein

Published in: OASIcs, Volume 68, Workshop on Autonomous Systems Design (ASD 2019)

Abstract
Front Matter, Table of Contents, Preface, Conference Organization
Cite as

Workshop on Autonomous Systems Design (ASD 2019). Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs), Volume 68, pp. 0:i-0:xviii, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2019)

Copy BibTex To Clipboard

@InProceedings{saidi_et_al:OASIcs.ASD.2019.0,
  author =	{Saidi, Selma and Ernst, Rolf and Ziegenbein, Dirk},
  title =	{{Front Matter, Table of Contents, Preface, Conference Organization}},
  booktitle =	{Workshop on Autonomous Systems Design (ASD 2019)},
  pages =	{0:i--0:xviii},
  series =	{Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-102-3},
  ISSN =	{2190-6807},
  year =	{2019},
  volume =	{68},
  editor =	{Saidi, Selma and Ernst, Rolf and Ziegenbein, Dirk},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/OASIcs.ASD.2019.0},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-103337},
  doi =		{10.4230/OASIcs.ASD.2019.0},
  annote =	{Keywords: Front Matter, Table of Contents, Preface, Conference Organization}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/OASIcs.ASD.2019.1
Fault-Tolerance by Graceful Degradation for Car Platoons

Authors: M. Baha E. Zarrouki, Verena Klös, Markus Grabowski, and Sabine Glesner

Published in: OASIcs, Volume 68, Workshop on Autonomous Systems Design (ASD 2019)

Abstract
The key advantage of autonomous car platoons are their short inter-vehicle distances that increase traffic flow and reduce fuel consumption. However, this is challenging for operational and functional safety. If a failure occurs, the affected vehicles cannot suddenly stop driving but instead should continue their operation with reduced performance until a safe state can be reached or, in the case of temporal failures, full functionality can be guaranteed again. To achieve this degradation, platoon members have to be able to compensate sensor and communication failures and have to adjust their inter-vehicle distances to ensure safety. In this work, we describe a systematic design of degradation cascades for sensor and communication failures in autonomous car platoons using the example of an autonomous model car. We describe our systematic design method, the resulting degradation modes, and formulate contracts for each degradation level. We model and test our resulting degradation controller in Simulink/Stateflow.
Cite as

M. Baha E. Zarrouki, Verena Klös, Markus Grabowski, and Sabine Glesner. Fault-Tolerance by Graceful Degradation for Car Platoons. In Workshop on Autonomous Systems Design (ASD 2019). Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs), Volume 68, pp. 1:1-1:15, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2019)

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@InProceedings{zarrouki_et_al:OASIcs.ASD.2019.1,
  author =	{Zarrouki, M. Baha E. and Kl\"{o}s, Verena and Grabowski, Markus and Glesner, Sabine},
  title =	{{Fault-Tolerance by Graceful Degradation for Car Platoons}},
  booktitle =	{Workshop on Autonomous Systems Design (ASD 2019)},
  pages =	{1:1--1:15},
  series =	{Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-102-3},
  ISSN =	{2190-6807},
  year =	{2019},
  volume =	{68},
  editor =	{Saidi, Selma and Ernst, Rolf and Ziegenbein, Dirk},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/OASIcs.ASD.2019.1},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-103344},
  doi =		{10.4230/OASIcs.ASD.2019.1},
  annote =	{Keywords: fault-tolerance, degradation, car platoons, autonomous driving, contracts}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/OASIcs.ASD.2019.2
Feasibility Study and Benchmarking of Embedded MPC for Vehicle Platoons

Authors: Iñaki Martín Soroa, Amr Ibrahim, Dip Goswami, and Hong Li

Published in: OASIcs, Volume 68, Workshop on Autonomous Systems Design (ASD 2019)

Abstract
This paper performs a feasibility analysis of deploying Model Predictive Control (MPC) for vehicle platooning on an On-Board Unit (OBU) and performance benchmarking considering interference from other (system) tasks running on an OBU. MPC is a control strategy that solves an implicit (on-line) or explicit (off-line) optimisation problem for computing the control input in every sample. OBUs have limited computational resources. The challenge is to implement an MPC algorithm on such automotive Electronic Control Units (ECUs) with an acceptable timing behavior. Moreover, we should be able to stop the execution if necessary at the cost of performance. We measured the computational capability of a unit developed by Cohda Wireless and NXP under the influence of its Operating System (OS). Next, we analysed the computational requirements of different state-of-the-art MPC algorithms by estimating their execution times. We use off-the-shelf and free automatic code generators for MPC to run a number of relevant MPC algorithms on the platform. From the results, we conclude that it is feasible to implement MPC on automotive ECUs for vehicle platooning and we further benchmark their performance in terms of MPC parameters such as prediction horizon and system dimension.
Cite as

Iñaki Martín Soroa, Amr Ibrahim, Dip Goswami, and Hong Li. Feasibility Study and Benchmarking of Embedded MPC for Vehicle Platoons. In Workshop on Autonomous Systems Design (ASD 2019). Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs), Volume 68, pp. 2:1-2:15, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2019)

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@InProceedings{martinsoroa_et_al:OASIcs.ASD.2019.2,
  author =	{Mart{\'\i}n Soroa, I\~{n}aki and Ibrahim, Amr and Goswami, Dip and Li, Hong},
  title =	{{Feasibility Study and Benchmarking of Embedded MPC for Vehicle Platoons}},
  booktitle =	{Workshop on Autonomous Systems Design (ASD 2019)},
  pages =	{2:1--2:15},
  series =	{Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-102-3},
  ISSN =	{2190-6807},
  year =	{2019},
  volume =	{68},
  editor =	{Saidi, Selma and Ernst, Rolf and Ziegenbein, Dirk},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/OASIcs.ASD.2019.2},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-103359},
  doi =		{10.4230/OASIcs.ASD.2019.2},
  annote =	{Keywords: Model predictive control, vehicle platoon, embedded implementation, code generation}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/OASIcs.ASD.2019.3
IDF-Autoware: Integrated Development Framework for ROS-Based Self-Driving Systems Using MATLAB/Simulink

Authors: Shota Tokunaga, Yuki Horita, Yasuhiro Oda, and Takuya Azumi

Published in: OASIcs, Volume 68, Workshop on Autonomous Systems Design (ASD 2019)

Abstract
This paper proposes an integrated development framework that enables co-simulation and operation of a Robot Operating System (ROS)-based self-driving system using MATLAB/Simulink (IDF-Autoware). The management of self-driving systems is becoming more complex as the development of self-driving technology progresses. One approach to the development of self-driving systems is the use of ROS; however, the system used in the automotive industry is typically designed using MATLAB/Simulink, which can simulate and evaluate the models used for self-driving. These models are incompatible with ROS-based systems. To allow the two to be used in tandem, it is necessary to rewrite the C++ code and incorporate them into the ROS-based system, which makes development inefficient. Therefore, the proposed framework allows models created using MATLAB/Simulink to be used in a ROS-based self-driving system, thereby improving development efficiency. Furthermore, our evaluations of the proposed framework demonstrated its practical potential.
Cite as

Shota Tokunaga, Yuki Horita, Yasuhiro Oda, and Takuya Azumi. IDF-Autoware: Integrated Development Framework for ROS-Based Self-Driving Systems Using MATLAB/Simulink. In Workshop on Autonomous Systems Design (ASD 2019). Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs), Volume 68, pp. 3:1-3:9, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2019)

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@InProceedings{tokunaga_et_al:OASIcs.ASD.2019.3,
  author =	{Tokunaga, Shota and Horita, Yuki and Oda, Yasuhiro and Azumi, Takuya},
  title =	{{IDF-Autoware: Integrated Development Framework for ROS-Based Self-Driving Systems Using MATLAB/Simulink}},
  booktitle =	{Workshop on Autonomous Systems Design (ASD 2019)},
  pages =	{3:1--3:9},
  series =	{Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-102-3},
  ISSN =	{2190-6807},
  year =	{2019},
  volume =	{68},
  editor =	{Saidi, Selma and Ernst, Rolf and Ziegenbein, Dirk},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/OASIcs.ASD.2019.3},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-103367},
  doi =		{10.4230/OASIcs.ASD.2019.3},
  annote =	{Keywords: self-driving systems, framework, robot operating system (ROS), MATLAB/Simulink}
}
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