Volume

Dagstuhl Seminar Proceedings, Volume 7122

Publication Details

  • published at: 2007-03-12
  • Publisher: Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik

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Document
DOI: 10.4230/DagSemProc.07122.1
07122 Abstracts Collection – Normative Multi-agent Systems

Authors: Guido Boella, Harko Verhagen, and Leendert van der Torre

Abstract
From 18.03.07 to 23.03.07, the Dagstuhl Seminar 07122 ``Normative Multi-agent Systems'' was held in the International Conference and Research Center (IBFI), Schloss Dagstuhl. During the seminar, several participants presented their current research, and ongoing work and open problems were discussed. Abstracts of the presentations given during the seminar as well as abstracts of seminar results and ideas are put together in this paper. The first section describes the seminar topics and goals in general. Links to extended abstracts or full papers are provided, if available.
Cite as

Guido Boella, Harko Verhagen, and Leendert van der Torre. 07122 Abstracts Collection – Normative Multi-agent Systems. In Normative Multi-agent Systems. Dagstuhl Seminar Proceedings, Volume 7122, pp. 1-15, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2007)

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@InProceedings{boella_et_al:DagSemProc.07122.1,
  author =	{Boella, Guido and Verhagen, Harko and van der Torre, Leendert},
  title =	{{ 07122 Abstracts Collection – Normative Multi-agent Systems}},
  booktitle =	{Normative Multi-agent Systems},
  pages =	{1--15},
  series =	{Dagstuhl Seminar Proceedings (DagSemProc)},
  ISSN =	{1862-4405},
  year =	{2007},
  volume =	{7122},
  editor =	{Guido Boella and Leon van der Torre and Harko Verhagen},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/DagSemProc.07122.1},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-9433},
  doi =		{10.4230/DagSemProc.07122.1},
  annote =	{Keywords: Normative systems, multi-agent systems}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/DagSemProc.07122.2
Introduction to Normative Multiagent Systems

Authors: Guido Boella, Leendert van der Torre, and Harko Verhagen

Abstract
This article introduces the research issues related to and definition of normative multiagent systems.
Cite as

Guido Boella, Leendert van der Torre, and Harko Verhagen. Introduction to Normative Multiagent Systems. In Normative Multi-agent Systems. Dagstuhl Seminar Proceedings, Volume 7122, pp. 1-7, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2007)

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@InProceedings{boella_et_al:DagSemProc.07122.2,
  author =	{Boella, Guido and van der Torre, Leendert and Verhagen, Harko},
  title =	{{ Introduction to Normative Multiagent Systems}},
  booktitle =	{Normative Multi-agent Systems},
  pages =	{1--7},
  series =	{Dagstuhl Seminar Proceedings (DagSemProc)},
  ISSN =	{1862-4405},
  year =	{2007},
  volume =	{7122},
  editor =	{Guido Boella and Leon van der Torre and Harko Verhagen},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/DagSemProc.07122.2},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-9187},
  doi =		{10.4230/DagSemProc.07122.2},
  annote =	{Keywords: Norms, Multiagent systems, Normative multiagent systems}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/DagSemProc.07122.3
A Game-Theoretic Approach to Normative Multi-Agent Systems

Authors: Guido Boella and Leendert van der Torre

Abstract
We explain the raison d'etre and basic ideas of our game-theoretic approach to normative multiagent systems, sketching the central elements with pointers to other publications for detailed developments.
Cite as

Guido Boella and Leendert van der Torre. A Game-Theoretic Approach to Normative Multi-Agent Systems. In Normative Multi-agent Systems. Dagstuhl Seminar Proceedings, Volume 7122, pp. 1-35, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2007)

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@InProceedings{boella_et_al:DagSemProc.07122.3,
  author =	{Boella, Guido and van der Torre, Leendert},
  title =	{{A Game-Theoretic Approach to Normative Multi-Agent Systems}},
  booktitle =	{Normative Multi-agent Systems},
  pages =	{1--35},
  series =	{Dagstuhl Seminar Proceedings (DagSemProc)},
  ISSN =	{1862-4405},
  year =	{2007},
  volume =	{7122},
  editor =	{Guido Boella and Leon van der Torre and Harko Verhagen},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/DagSemProc.07122.3},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-9373},
  doi =		{10.4230/DagSemProc.07122.3},
  annote =	{Keywords: Normative multiagent systems, deontic logic, input/output logic}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/DagSemProc.07122.4
A Normative Framework for Agent-Based Systems

Authors: Fabiola Lopez y Lopez, Michael Luck, and Mark d'Inverno

Abstract
One of the key issues in the computational representation of open societies relates to the introduction of norms that help to cope with the heterogeneity, the autonomy and the diversity of interests among their members. Research regarding this issue presents two omissions. One is the lack of a canonical model of norms that facilitates their implementation, and that allows us to describe the processes of reasoning about norms. The other refers to considering, in the model of normative multi-agent systems, the perspective of individual agents and what they might need to effectively reason about the society in which they participate. Both are the concerns of this paper, and the main objective is to present a formal normative framework for agent-based systems that facilitates their implementation.
Cite as

Fabiola Lopez y Lopez, Michael Luck, and Mark d'Inverno. A Normative Framework for Agent-Based Systems. In Normative Multi-agent Systems. Dagstuhl Seminar Proceedings, Volume 7122, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2007)

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@InProceedings{lopezylopez_et_al:DagSemProc.07122.4,
  author =	{Lopez y Lopez, Fabiola and Luck, Michael and d'Inverno, Mark},
  title =	{{A Normative Framework for Agent-Based Systems}},
  booktitle =	{Normative Multi-agent Systems},
  series =	{Dagstuhl Seminar Proceedings (DagSemProc)},
  ISSN =	{1862-4405},
  year =	{2007},
  volume =	{7122},
  editor =	{Guido Boella and Leon van der Torre and Harko Verhagen},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/DagSemProc.07122.4},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-9332},
  doi =		{10.4230/DagSemProc.07122.4},
  annote =	{Keywords: Normative agents, normative multi-agent systems}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/DagSemProc.07122.5
A Normative Multi-Agent Systems Approach to the Use of Conviviality for Digital Cities

Authors: Patrice Caire

Abstract
Conviviality is a mechanism to reinforce social cohesion and a tool to reduce mis-coordination between individuals, groups and institutions in web communities, for example in digital cities. We use a two-fold definition of conviviality as a condition for social interactions and an instrument for the internal regulation of social systems. In this paper we discuss the use of normative multi-agent systems to analyze the use of conviviality for digital cities, by contrasting norms for conviviality with legal and institutional norms in digital cities. We show the role of the distinction among various kinds of norms, the explicit representation of norms, the violability of norms, the dynamics of norms and the creation of norms in the context of conviviality.
Cite as

Patrice Caire. A Normative Multi-Agent Systems Approach to the Use of Conviviality for Digital Cities. In Normative Multi-agent Systems. Dagstuhl Seminar Proceedings, Volume 7122, pp. 1-21, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2007)

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@InProceedings{caire:DagSemProc.07122.5,
  author =	{Caire, Patrice},
  title =	{{A Normative Multi-Agent Systems Approach to the Use of Conviviality for Digital Cities}},
  booktitle =	{Normative Multi-agent Systems},
  pages =	{1--21},
  series =	{Dagstuhl Seminar Proceedings (DagSemProc)},
  ISSN =	{1862-4405},
  year =	{2007},
  volume =	{7122},
  editor =	{Guido Boella and Leon van der Torre and Harko Verhagen},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/DagSemProc.07122.5},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-9064},
  doi =		{10.4230/DagSemProc.07122.5},
  annote =	{Keywords: Conviviality, multi-agent systems, normative systems, social computing, digital cities.}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/DagSemProc.07122.6
Agents, Norms and Forest Cleaning

Authors: Jan Odelstad

Abstract
The automation of forest cleaning presupposes principles for choosing those trees that ought to be taken away and those that shall be left standing. In this paper, which is a report on a work in progress, the question is raised whether those principles can be structured as a combination of a normative system and a utility function. Of special interest is the possibility that the agent system can evaluate the efficiency of the normative system and the utility function and, furthermore, suggest improvements of them. Earlier works on norms and norm-regulation of agent systems that the author has been involved in are used to elucidate the problem area discussed in the paper.
Cite as

Jan Odelstad. Agents, Norms and Forest Cleaning. In Normative Multi-agent Systems. Dagstuhl Seminar Proceedings, Volume 7122, pp. 1-15, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2007)

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@InProceedings{odelstad:DagSemProc.07122.6,
  author =	{Odelstad, Jan},
  title =	{{Agents, Norms and Forest Cleaning}},
  booktitle =	{Normative Multi-agent Systems},
  pages =	{1--15},
  series =	{Dagstuhl Seminar Proceedings (DagSemProc)},
  ISSN =	{1862-4405},
  year =	{2007},
  volume =	{7122},
  editor =	{Guido Boella and Leon van der Torre and Harko Verhagen},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/DagSemProc.07122.6},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-9172},
  doi =		{10.4230/DagSemProc.07122.6},
  annote =	{Keywords: Norm, normative system, norm-regulated agent, forest cleaning}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/DagSemProc.07122.7
Aligning Models of Normative Systems and Artificial Societies: Towards norm-governed behavior in virtual enterprises

Authors: Paul Davidson and Andreas Jacobsson

Abstract
The purpose is to explore how norm-governed behavior within agent societies can be achieved in the context of Virtual Enterprises. We analyze a number of formal models from the agent research field, of which three models focus on the society aspects and three models focus on norms. A general observation is that the models reviewed are not concordant with each other and therefore require further alignment. A number of additions that may enrich the norm-focused models are suggested. It is also concluded that the introduction of different types of norms on different levels can be applied to ensure sound collaboration in agent-supported virtual enterprises. Moreover, the deployment of norm defender and promoter functionality is suggested to ensure norm compliance and punishments of norm violations.
Cite as

Paul Davidson and Andreas Jacobsson. Aligning Models of Normative Systems and Artificial Societies: Towards norm-governed behavior in virtual enterprises. In Normative Multi-agent Systems. Dagstuhl Seminar Proceedings, Volume 7122, pp. 1-12, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2007)

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@InProceedings{davidson_et_al:DagSemProc.07122.7,
  author =	{Davidson, Paul and Jacobsson, Andreas},
  title =	{{Aligning Models of Normative Systems and Artificial Societies: Towards norm-governed behavior in virtual enterprises}},
  booktitle =	{Normative Multi-agent Systems},
  pages =	{1--12},
  series =	{Dagstuhl Seminar Proceedings (DagSemProc)},
  ISSN =	{1862-4405},
  year =	{2007},
  volume =	{7122},
  editor =	{Guido Boella and Leon van der Torre and Harko Verhagen},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/DagSemProc.07122.7},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-9082},
  doi =		{10.4230/DagSemProc.07122.7},
  annote =	{Keywords: Agents, norms, virtual enterprises}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/DagSemProc.07122.8
BIO Logical Agents: Norms, Beliefs, Intentions in Defeasible Logic

Authors: Guido Governatori and Antonino Rotolo

Abstract
In this paper we follow the BOID (Belief, Obligation, Intention, Desire) architecture to describe agents and agent types in Defeasible Logic. We argue, in particular, that the introduction of obligations can provide a new reading of the concepts of intention and intentionality. Then we examine the notion of social agent (i.e., an agent where obligations prevail over intentions) and discuss some computational and philosophical issues related to it. We show that the notion of social agent either requires more complex computations or has some philosophical drawbacks.
Cite as

Guido Governatori and Antonino Rotolo. BIO Logical Agents: Norms, Beliefs, Intentions in Defeasible Logic. In Normative Multi-agent Systems. Dagstuhl Seminar Proceedings, Volume 7122, pp. 1-34, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2007)

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@InProceedings{governatori_et_al:DagSemProc.07122.8,
  author =	{Governatori, Guido and Rotolo, Antonino},
  title =	{{BIO Logical Agents: Norms, Beliefs, Intentions in Defeasible Logic}},
  booktitle =	{Normative Multi-agent Systems},
  pages =	{1--34},
  series =	{Dagstuhl Seminar Proceedings (DagSemProc)},
  ISSN =	{1862-4405},
  year =	{2007},
  volume =	{7122},
  editor =	{Guido Boella and Leon van der Torre and Harko Verhagen},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/DagSemProc.07122.8},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-9123},
  doi =		{10.4230/DagSemProc.07122.8},
  annote =	{Keywords: Social Agents, Defeasible Logic, Complexity of Agents}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/DagSemProc.07122.9
Choosing Your Beliefs

Authors: Guido Boella, Célia da Costa Pereira, Gabriella Pigozzi, Andrea Tettamanzi, and Leendert van der Torre

Abstract
This paper presents and discusses a novel approach to indeterministic belief revision. An indeterministic belief revision operator assumes that, when an agent is confronted with a new piece of information, it can revise its belief sets in more than one way. We define a rational agent not only in terms of what it believes but also of what it desires and wants to achieve. Hence, we propose that the agent's goals play a role in the choice of (possibly) one of the several available revision options. Properties of the new belief revision mechanism are also investigated.
Cite as

Guido Boella, Célia da Costa Pereira, Gabriella Pigozzi, Andrea Tettamanzi, and Leendert van der Torre. Choosing Your Beliefs. In Normative Multi-agent Systems. Dagstuhl Seminar Proceedings, Volume 7122, pp. 1-18, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2007)

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@InProceedings{boella_et_al:DagSemProc.07122.9,
  author =	{Boella, Guido and da Costa Pereira, C\'{e}lia and Pigozzi, Gabriella and Tettamanzi, Andrea and van der Torre, Leendert},
  title =	{{Choosing Your Beliefs}},
  booktitle =	{Normative Multi-agent Systems},
  pages =	{1--18},
  series =	{Dagstuhl Seminar Proceedings (DagSemProc)},
  ISSN =	{1862-4405},
  year =	{2007},
  volume =	{7122},
  editor =	{Guido Boella and Leon van der Torre and Harko Verhagen},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/DagSemProc.07122.9},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-9386},
  doi =		{10.4230/DagSemProc.07122.9},
  annote =	{Keywords: Rational agents, indeterministic belief revision, qualitative decision theory}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/DagSemProc.07122.10
Control Patterns in a Health Care Network

Authors: Vera Kartseva, Joris Hulstijn, Jaap Gordijn, and Yao-Hua Tan

Abstract
In this paper we present control patterns for the analysis and design of administrative control mechanisms in a network organization. A control pattern is a description of a generic and reusable control mechanism that solves a specific control problem, to be selected on the basis of the context. To represent the context and solution, we analyze a network organization as a set of actors who transfer objects of economic value. The usefulness and adequacy of the control patterns is demonstrated by a case study of the governance and control mechanisms of the Dutch public health insurance network for exceptional medical expenses (AWBZ).
Cite as

Vera Kartseva, Joris Hulstijn, Jaap Gordijn, and Yao-Hua Tan. Control Patterns in a Health Care Network. In Normative Multi-agent Systems. Dagstuhl Seminar Proceedings, Volume 7122, pp. 1-33, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2007)

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@InProceedings{kartseva_et_al:DagSemProc.07122.10,
  author =	{Kartseva, Vera and Hulstijn, Joris and Gordijn, Jaap and Tan, Yao-Hua},
  title =	{{Control Patterns in a Health Care Network}},
  booktitle =	{Normative Multi-agent Systems},
  pages =	{1--33},
  series =	{Dagstuhl Seminar Proceedings (DagSemProc)},
  ISSN =	{1862-4405},
  year =	{2007},
  volume =	{7122},
  editor =	{Guido Boella and Leon van der Torre and Harko Verhagen},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/DagSemProc.07122.10},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-9158},
  doi =		{10.4230/DagSemProc.07122.10},
  annote =	{Keywords: Governance and control, network organizations, value modeling}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/DagSemProc.07122.11
Deriving individual obligations from collective obligations

Authors: Christophe Garion and Laurence Cholvy

Abstract
A collective obligation is an obligation directed to a group of agents so that the group, as a whole, is obliged to achieve a given task. The problem investigated here is the impact of collective obligations to individual obligations, i.e. obligations directed to single agents of the group. The groups we consider do not have any particular hierarchical structure nor have an institutionalized representative agent. In this case, we claim that the derivation of individual obligations from collective obligations depends on several parameters among which the ability of the agents (i.e. what they can do) and their own personal commitments (i.e. what they are determined to do). As for checking if these obligations are fulfilled or not, we need to know what are the actual actions performed by the agents. This present paper addresses these questions in the rather general case when the collective obligations are conditional ones.
Cite as

Christophe Garion and Laurence Cholvy. Deriving individual obligations from collective obligations. In Normative Multi-agent Systems. Dagstuhl Seminar Proceedings, Volume 7122, pp. 1-16, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2007)

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@InProceedings{garion_et_al:DagSemProc.07122.11,
  author =	{Garion, Christophe and Cholvy, Laurence},
  title =	{{Deriving individual obligations from collective obligations}},
  booktitle =	{Normative Multi-agent Systems},
  pages =	{1--16},
  series =	{Dagstuhl Seminar Proceedings (DagSemProc)},
  ISSN =	{1862-4405},
  year =	{2007},
  volume =	{7122},
  editor =	{Guido Boella and Leon van der Torre and Harko Verhagen},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/DagSemProc.07122.11},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-9118},
  doi =		{10.4230/DagSemProc.07122.11},
  annote =	{Keywords: Deontic logic, action, representation of preferences}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/DagSemProc.07122.12
Designing Organizations: Towards a Model

Authors: Emanuele Bottazzi, Roberta Ferrario, Claudio Masolo, and Robert Trypuz

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to draw a preliminary model of an ontology of organizations. The emphasis is on the structural aspects of organizations and the relations that these have with the design process of the organization itself on the one hand, and with its normative layer on the other.
Cite as

Emanuele Bottazzi, Roberta Ferrario, Claudio Masolo, and Robert Trypuz. Designing Organizations: Towards a Model. In Normative Multi-agent Systems. Dagstuhl Seminar Proceedings, Volume 7122, pp. 1-9, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2007)

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@InProceedings{bottazzi_et_al:DagSemProc.07122.12,
  author =	{Bottazzi, Emanuele and Ferrario, Roberta and Masolo, Claudio and Trypuz, Robert},
  title =	{{Designing Organizations: Towards a Model}},
  booktitle =	{Normative Multi-agent Systems},
  pages =	{1--9},
  series =	{Dagstuhl Seminar Proceedings (DagSemProc)},
  ISSN =	{1862-4405},
  year =	{2007},
  volume =	{7122},
  editor =	{Guido Boella and Leon van der Torre and Harko Verhagen},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/DagSemProc.07122.12},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-9049},
  doi =		{10.4230/DagSemProc.07122.12},
  annote =	{Keywords: Ontology, organizations, structure, design, norms}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/DagSemProc.07122.13
Emergence In the Loop: Simulating the two way dynamics of norm innovation

Authors: Giulia Andrighetto, Rosaria Conte, Paolo Turrini, and Mario Paolucci

Abstract
In this paper we will present the EMIL project, "EMergence In the Loop: Simulating the two-way dynamics of norm innovation", a three-year project funded by the European Commission (Sixth Framework Programme -Information Society and Technologies) in the framework of the initiative "Simulating Emergent Properties in Complex Systems". The EMIL project intends to contribute to the study of social complex systems by modelling norm innovation as a phenomenon implying interrelationships among multiple levels. It shall endeavour to point out that social dynamics in societies of intelligent agents is necessarily bi-directional, which adds complexity to the emergence processes. The micro-macro link will be modelled and observed in the emergence of properties at the macro-level and their immergence into the micro-level units. The main scientific aim of the EMIL project is to construct a simulator for exploring and experimenting norm-innovation.
Cite as

Giulia Andrighetto, Rosaria Conte, Paolo Turrini, and Mario Paolucci. Emergence In the Loop: Simulating the two way dynamics of norm innovation. In Normative Multi-agent Systems. Dagstuhl Seminar Proceedings, Volume 7122, pp. 1-30, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2007)

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@InProceedings{andrighetto_et_al:DagSemProc.07122.13,
  author =	{Andrighetto, Giulia and Conte, Rosaria and Turrini, Paolo and Paolucci, Mario},
  title =	{{Emergence In the Loop: Simulating the two way dynamics of norm innovation}},
  booktitle =	{Normative Multi-agent Systems},
  pages =	{1--30},
  series =	{Dagstuhl Seminar Proceedings (DagSemProc)},
  ISSN =	{1862-4405},
  year =	{2007},
  volume =	{7122},
  editor =	{Guido Boella and Leon van der Torre and Harko Verhagen},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/DagSemProc.07122.13},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-9077},
  doi =		{10.4230/DagSemProc.07122.13},
  annote =	{Keywords: Norm innovation, emergence, immergence, simulation, social complexity.}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/DagSemProc.07122.14
Epistemic Norms in a Nutshell

Authors: Emil Weydert

Abstract
We present some thoughts on epistemic norms.
Cite as

Emil Weydert. Epistemic Norms in a Nutshell. In Normative Multi-agent Systems. Dagstuhl Seminar Proceedings, Volume 7122, p. 1, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2007)

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@InProceedings{weydert:DagSemProc.07122.14,
  author =	{Weydert, Emil},
  title =	{{Epistemic Norms in a Nutshell}},
  booktitle =	{Normative Multi-agent Systems},
  pages =	{1--1},
  series =	{Dagstuhl Seminar Proceedings (DagSemProc)},
  ISSN =	{1862-4405},
  year =	{2007},
  volume =	{7122},
  editor =	{Guido Boella and Leon van der Torre and Harko Verhagen},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/DagSemProc.07122.14},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-9246},
  doi =		{10.4230/DagSemProc.07122.14},
  annote =	{Keywords: Epistemic norms, Trust, Meta-Science}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/DagSemProc.07122.15
Expressing and Verifying Business Contracts with Abductive

Authors: Marco Alberti, Federico Chesani, Marco Gavanelli, Evelina Lamma, Paola Mello, Marco Montali, and Paolo Torroni

Abstract
In this article, we propose to adopt the SCIFF abductive logic language to specify business contracts, and show how its proof procedures are useful to verify contract execution and fulfilment. SCIFF is a declarative language based on abductive logic programming, which accommodates forward rules, predicate definitions, and constraints over finite domain variables. Its declarative semantics is abductive, and can be related to that of deontic operators; its operational specification is the sound and complete SCIFF proof procedure, defined as a set of transition rules, which has been implemented and integrated into a reasoning and verification tool. A variation of the SCIFF proof-procedure (g-SCIFF) can be used for static verification of contract properties. We demonstrate the use of the SCIFF language for business contract specification and verification, in a concrete scenario. In order to accommodate integration of SCIFF with architectures for business contract, we also propose an encoding of SCIFF contract rules in RuleML.
Cite as

Marco Alberti, Federico Chesani, Marco Gavanelli, Evelina Lamma, Paola Mello, Marco Montali, and Paolo Torroni. Expressing and Verifying Business Contracts with Abductive. In Normative Multi-agent Systems. Dagstuhl Seminar Proceedings, Volume 7122, pp. 1-29, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2007)

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@InProceedings{alberti_et_al:DagSemProc.07122.15,
  author =	{Alberti, Marco and Chesani, Federico and Gavanelli, Marco and Lamma, Evelina and Mello, Paola and Montali, Marco and Torroni, Paolo},
  title =	{{Expressing and Verifying Business Contracts with Abductive}},
  booktitle =	{Normative Multi-agent Systems},
  pages =	{1--29},
  series =	{Dagstuhl Seminar Proceedings (DagSemProc)},
  ISSN =	{1862-4405},
  year =	{2007},
  volume =	{7122},
  editor =	{Guido Boella and Leon van der Torre and Harko Verhagen},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/DagSemProc.07122.15},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-9017},
  doi =		{10.4230/DagSemProc.07122.15},
  annote =	{Keywords: Contracts, Verification, Abduction}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/DagSemProc.07122.16
Implementing Norms that Govern Non-Dialogical Actions

Authors: Viviane Torres da Silva

Abstract
The governance of open multi-agent systems is particular important since those systems are composed by heterogeneous, autonomous and independently designed agents. Such governance is usually provided by the establishment of norms that regulate the actions of agents. Although there are several approaches that formally describe norms, there are still few of them that propose their implementation. In additions, only one that provides support for implementing norms deals with non-dialogical actions since the others only deal with dialogical actions, i.e., actions that provide the interchange of messages between agents. In this paper we propose the implementation of norms that govern non-dialogical actions by extending one of the approaches that regulate dialogical ones. Non-dialogical actions are not related to the interactions between agents but to tasks executed by agents that characterize, for instance, the access to resources, their commitment to play roles or their movement into environments and organizations.
Cite as

Viviane Torres da Silva. Implementing Norms that Govern Non-Dialogical Actions. In Normative Multi-agent Systems. Dagstuhl Seminar Proceedings, Volume 7122, pp. 1-13, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2007)

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@InProceedings{torresdasilva:DagSemProc.07122.16,
  author =	{Torres da Silva, Viviane},
  title =	{{Implementing Norms that Govern Non-Dialogical Actions}},
  booktitle =	{Normative Multi-agent Systems},
  pages =	{1--13},
  series =	{Dagstuhl Seminar Proceedings (DagSemProc)},
  ISSN =	{1862-4405},
  year =	{2007},
  volume =	{7122},
  editor =	{Guido Boella and Leon van der Torre and Harko Verhagen},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/DagSemProc.07122.16},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-9278},
  doi =		{10.4230/DagSemProc.07122.16},
  annote =	{Keywords: Norm, governance of multi-agent system, non-dialogical action}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/DagSemProc.07122.17
Interaction between Normative Systems and Cognitive agents in Temporal Modal Defeasible Logic

Authors: Regis Riveret, Antonino Rotolo, and Guido Governatori

Abstract
While some recent frameworks on cognitive agents addressed the combination of mental attitudes with deontic concepts, they commonly ignore the representation of time. We propose in this paper a variant of Temporal Modal Defeasible Logic to deal in particular with temporal intervals.
Cite as

Regis Riveret, Antonino Rotolo, and Guido Governatori. Interaction between Normative Systems and Cognitive agents in Temporal Modal Defeasible Logic. In Normative Multi-agent Systems. Dagstuhl Seminar Proceedings, Volume 7122, pp. 1-17, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2007)

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@InProceedings{riveret_et_al:DagSemProc.07122.17,
  author =	{Riveret, Regis and Rotolo, Antonino and Governatori, Guido},
  title =	{{Interaction between Normative Systems and Cognitive agents in Temporal Modal Defeasible Logic}},
  booktitle =	{Normative Multi-agent Systems},
  pages =	{1--17},
  series =	{Dagstuhl Seminar Proceedings (DagSemProc)},
  ISSN =	{1862-4405},
  year =	{2007},
  volume =	{7122},
  editor =	{Guido Boella and Leon van der Torre and Harko Verhagen},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/DagSemProc.07122.17},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-9232},
  doi =		{10.4230/DagSemProc.07122.17},
  annote =	{Keywords: Time, Norm, Temporal Modal Defeasible Logic}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/DagSemProc.07122.18
Normative Multi-Agent Organizations: Modeling, Support and Control, Draft Version

Authors: Olivier Boissier and Benjamin Gâteau

Abstract
In the last years, social and organizational aspects of agency have become a major issue in multi-agent systems' research. Recent applications of MAS enforce the need of using these aspects in order to ensure some social order within these systems. Tools to control and regulate the overall functioning of the system are needed in order to enforce global laws on the autonomous agents operating in it. This paper presents a normative organization system composed of a normative organization modeling language MOISEInst used to define the normative organization of a MAS, accompanied with SYNAI, a normative organization implementation architecture which is itself regulated with an explicit normative organization specification.
Cite as

Olivier Boissier and Benjamin Gâteau. Normative Multi-Agent Organizations: Modeling, Support and Control, Draft Version. In Normative Multi-agent Systems. Dagstuhl Seminar Proceedings, Volume 7122, pp. 1-17, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2007)

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@InProceedings{boissier_et_al:DagSemProc.07122.18,
  author =	{Boissier, Olivier and G\^{a}teau, Benjamin},
  title =	{{Normative Multi-Agent Organizations: Modeling, Support and Control, Draft Version}},
  booktitle =	{Normative Multi-agent Systems},
  pages =	{1--17},
  series =	{Dagstuhl Seminar Proceedings (DagSemProc)},
  ISSN =	{1862-4405},
  year =	{2007},
  volume =	{7122},
  editor =	{Guido Boella and Leon van der Torre and Harko Verhagen},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/DagSemProc.07122.18},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-9029},
  doi =		{10.4230/DagSemProc.07122.18},
  annote =	{Keywords: Organization, multi-agent}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/DagSemProc.07122.19
Norms and accountability in multi-agent societies

Authors: Rodger Kibble

Abstract
It is argued that norms are best understood as classes of constraints on practical reasoning, which an agent may consult either to select appropriate goals or commitments according to the circumstances, or to construct a discursive justification for a course of action after the event. We also discuss the question of how norm-conformance can be enforced in an open agent society, arguing that some form of peer pressure is needed in open agent societies lacking universally-recognised rules or any accepted authority structure. The paper includes formal specifications of some data structures that may be employed in reasoning about normative agents.
Cite as

Rodger Kibble. Norms and accountability in multi-agent societies. In Normative Multi-agent Systems. Dagstuhl Seminar Proceedings, Volume 7122, pp. 1-10, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2007)

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@InProceedings{kibble:DagSemProc.07122.19,
  author =	{Kibble, Rodger},
  title =	{{Norms and accountability in multi-agent societies}},
  booktitle =	{Normative Multi-agent Systems},
  pages =	{1--10},
  series =	{Dagstuhl Seminar Proceedings (DagSemProc)},
  ISSN =	{1862-4405},
  year =	{2007},
  volume =	{7122},
  editor =	{Guido Boella and Leon van der Torre and Harko Verhagen},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/DagSemProc.07122.19},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-9161},
  doi =		{10.4230/DagSemProc.07122.19},
  annote =	{Keywords: Norms, agents, social commitments, reasoning}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/DagSemProc.07122.20
Norms and plans as unification criteria for social collectives

Authors: Aldo Gangemi, Jos Lehmann, and Carola Catenacci

Abstract
Based on the formal-ontological paradigm of Constructive Descriptions and Situations, we propose a definition of social collectives that includes social agents, plans, norms, and the conceptual relations between them. We also propose a typology of social collectives, including collection of agents, knowledge community, intentional collective, and intentional normative collective. Our ontology, represented as a first-order theory, provides the expressivity to talk about the contexts (social, informational, circumstantial, and epistemic), in which collectives make and produce sense
Cite as

Aldo Gangemi, Jos Lehmann, and Carola Catenacci. Norms and plans as unification criteria for social collectives. In Normative Multi-agent Systems. Dagstuhl Seminar Proceedings, Volume 7122, pp. 1-40, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2007)

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@InProceedings{gangemi_et_al:DagSemProc.07122.20,
  author =	{Gangemi, Aldo and Lehmann, Jos and Catenacci, Carola},
  title =	{{Norms and plans as unification criteria for social collectives}},
  booktitle =	{Normative Multi-agent Systems},
  pages =	{1--40},
  series =	{Dagstuhl Seminar Proceedings (DagSemProc)},
  ISSN =	{1862-4405},
  year =	{2007},
  volume =	{7122},
  editor =	{Guido Boella and Leon van der Torre and Harko Verhagen},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/DagSemProc.07122.20},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-9103},
  doi =		{10.4230/DagSemProc.07122.20},
  annote =	{Keywords: Formal Ontology, Constructivism, Social Entities, Semantic Web}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/DagSemProc.07122.21
Norms of Conversation in a Framework for Agent Communication Languages

Authors: Rodrigo Agerri

Abstract
In open and heterogeneous environments offered by the Internet, where agents are designed by different vendors, the development of standards for agent communication needs to keep abreast of new dynamic interaction modalities. The objective of this paper is to contribute to FIPA's standardization effort by proposing a pragmatic approach to the design of agent communication languages (ACLs) in which the meaning of messages is the combination of its semantics and pragmatics. First, we present a reformulation of FIPA's communicative acts (ACL semantics) using a grounded specification language which overcomes some of the usual problems attributed to FIPA's ACL semantics. Then the ACL pragmatics aims to account for the contextual factors that enriches the semantics, such agents' roles, turn-taking, and the satisfiability of messages' perlocutionary effects. We claim that the ACL pragmatics is best specified by means of norms related to agents' obligations, permissions and rights.
Cite as

Rodrigo Agerri. Norms of Conversation in a Framework for Agent Communication Languages. In Normative Multi-agent Systems. Dagstuhl Seminar Proceedings, Volume 7122, pp. 1-43, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2007)

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@InProceedings{agerri:DagSemProc.07122.21,
  author =	{Agerri, Rodrigo},
  title =	{{Norms of Conversation in a Framework for Agent Communication Languages}},
  booktitle =	{Normative Multi-agent Systems},
  pages =	{1--43},
  series =	{Dagstuhl Seminar Proceedings (DagSemProc)},
  ISSN =	{1862-4405},
  year =	{2007},
  volume =	{7122},
  editor =	{Guido Boella and Leon van der Torre and Harko Verhagen},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/DagSemProc.07122.21},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-9206},
  doi =		{10.4230/DagSemProc.07122.21},
  annote =	{Keywords: Agent Communication Languages, Norms, Multi-Agent Systems}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/DagSemProc.07122.22
Normtypologies

Authors: Harko Verhagen

Abstract
In this extended abstract I describe some norm typolgies developed within sociololgy and social philosophy. Using these typologies we can determine the bounderies of the different approaches to normative agent systems.
Cite as

Harko Verhagen. Normtypologies. In Normative Multi-agent Systems. Dagstuhl Seminar Proceedings, Volume 7122, pp. 1-4, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2007)

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@InProceedings{verhagen:DagSemProc.07122.22,
  author =	{Verhagen, Harko},
  title =	{{Normtypologies}},
  booktitle =	{Normative Multi-agent Systems},
  pages =	{1--4},
  series =	{Dagstuhl Seminar Proceedings (DagSemProc)},
  ISSN =	{1862-4405},
  year =	{2007},
  volume =	{7122},
  editor =	{Guido Boella and Leon van der Torre and Harko Verhagen},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/DagSemProc.07122.22},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-9309},
  doi =		{10.4230/DagSemProc.07122.22},
  annote =	{Keywords: Norms, Multiagent systems, Normative multiagent systems}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/DagSemProc.07122.23
On the Logic of Constitutive Rules

Authors: Davide Grossi, John-Jules Meyer, and Frank Dignum

Abstract
The paper proposes a logical systematization of the notion of counts-as which is grounded on a very simple intuition about what counts-as statements actually mean, i.e., forms of classification. Moving from this analytical thesis the paper disentangles three semantically different readings of statements of the type X counts as Y in context C, from the weaker notion of contextual classification to the stronger notion of constitutive rule. These many ways in which counts-as can be said are then formally addressed by making use of modal logic techniques. The resulting framework allows for a formal characterization of all the involved notions and their reciprocal logical relationships.
Cite as

Davide Grossi, John-Jules Meyer, and Frank Dignum. On the Logic of Constitutive Rules. In Normative Multi-agent Systems. Dagstuhl Seminar Proceedings, Volume 7122, pp. 1-33, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2007)

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@InProceedings{grossi_et_al:DagSemProc.07122.23,
  author =	{Grossi, Davide and Meyer, John-Jules and Dignum, Frank},
  title =	{{On the Logic of Constitutive Rules}},
  booktitle =	{Normative Multi-agent Systems},
  pages =	{1--33},
  series =	{Dagstuhl Seminar Proceedings (DagSemProc)},
  ISSN =	{1862-4405},
  year =	{2007},
  volume =	{7122},
  editor =	{Guido Boella and Leon van der Torre and Harko Verhagen},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/DagSemProc.07122.23},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-9131},
  doi =		{10.4230/DagSemProc.07122.23},
  annote =	{Keywords: Constitutive rules, counts-as, modal logic.}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/DagSemProc.07122.24
On the Logic of Normative Systems

Authors: Thomas Ågotnes, Wiebe van der Hoek, Juan A. Rodriguez-Aguilar, Carles Sierra, and Michael Wooldridge

Abstract
We introduce emph{Normative Temporal Logic} (acro{ntl}), a logic for reasoning about normative systems. acro{ntl} is a generalisation of the well-known branching-time temporal logic acro{ctl}, in which the path quantifiers $Apath$ (``on all pathsldots'') and $Epath$ (``on some pathldots'') are replaced by the indexed deontic operators $O{ s}$ and $P{ s}$, where for example $O{ s}phi$ means ``$phi$ is obligatory in the context of normative system $ s$''. After defining the logic, we give a sound and complete axiomatisation, and discuss the logic's relationship to standard deontic logics. We present a symbolic representation language for models and normative systems, and identify four different model checking problems, corresponding to whether or not a model is represented symbolically or explicitly, and whether or not we are given an interpretation for the normative systems named in formulae to be checked. We show that the complexity of model checking varies from acro{p}-complete up to acro{exptime}-hard for these variations.
Cite as

Thomas Ågotnes, Wiebe van der Hoek, Juan A. Rodriguez-Aguilar, Carles Sierra, and Michael Wooldridge. On the Logic of Normative Systems. In Normative Multi-agent Systems. Dagstuhl Seminar Proceedings, Volume 7122, pp. 1-13, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2007)

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@InProceedings{agotnes_et_al:DagSemProc.07122.24,
  author =	{\r{A}gotnes, Thomas and van der Hoek, Wiebe and Rodriguez-Aguilar, Juan A. and Sierra, Carles and Wooldridge, Michael},
  title =	{{On the Logic of Normative Systems}},
  booktitle =	{Normative Multi-agent Systems},
  pages =	{1--13},
  series =	{Dagstuhl Seminar Proceedings (DagSemProc)},
  ISSN =	{1862-4405},
  year =	{2007},
  volume =	{7122},
  editor =	{Guido Boella and Leon van der Torre and Harko Verhagen},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/DagSemProc.07122.24},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-9210},
  doi =		{10.4230/DagSemProc.07122.24},
  annote =	{Keywords: Normative systems, normative temporal logic, deontic logic}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/DagSemProc.07122.25
Prioritized Conditional Imperatives:Problems and a New Proposal

Authors: Jörg Hansen

Abstract
The sentences of deontic logic may be understood as describing what an agent ought to do when faced with a given set of norms. If these norms come into conflict, the best the agent can be expected to do is to follow a maximal subset of the norms. Intuitively, a priority ordering of the norms can be helpful in determining the relevant sets and resolve conflicts, but a formal resolution mechanism has been difficult to provide. In particular, reasoning about prioritized conditional imperatives is overshadowed by problems such as the `order puzzle' that are not satisfactorily resolved by existing approaches. The paper provides a new proposal as to how these problems may be overcome.
Cite as

Jörg Hansen. Prioritized Conditional Imperatives:Problems and a New Proposal. In Normative Multi-agent Systems. Dagstuhl Seminar Proceedings, Volume 7122, pp. 1-30, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2007)

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@InProceedings{hansen:DagSemProc.07122.25,
  author =	{Hansen, J\"{o}rg},
  title =	{{Prioritized Conditional Imperatives:Problems and a New Proposal}},
  booktitle =	{Normative Multi-agent Systems},
  pages =	{1--30},
  series =	{Dagstuhl Seminar Proceedings (DagSemProc)},
  ISSN =	{1862-4405},
  year =	{2007},
  volume =	{7122},
  editor =	{Guido Boella and Leon van der Torre and Harko Verhagen},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/DagSemProc.07122.25},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-9147},
  doi =		{10.4230/DagSemProc.07122.25},
  annote =	{Keywords: Deontic logic, default logic, priorities, logic of imperatives}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/DagSemProc.07122.26
Spatially Distributed Normative Objects

Authors: Fabio Okuyama, Rafael Bordini, and Antônio Carlos Rocha Costa

Abstract
Organisational structures for multi-agent systems are usually defined independently of any spatial or temporal structure. Therefore, when the multiagent system is situated in a spatial environment, there is usually a conceptual gap between the definition of the system’s organisational structures and the definition of the environment. In this paper, we focus on a mechanism for the spatial distribution of an organization’s normative information. Spatially distributing the normative information over the environment is a natural way to simplify the definition of organisational structures and the development of large-scale multi-agent systems. By distributing the normative information in different spatial locations, we allow agents to directly access the relevant information needed in each environmental context. We extend our previous work on a language for modelling multi-agent environments in order to allow for the definition of spatially distributed norms in the form of normative objects.
Cite as

Fabio Okuyama, Rafael Bordini, and Antônio Carlos Rocha Costa. Spatially Distributed Normative Objects. In Normative Multi-agent Systems. Dagstuhl Seminar Proceedings, Volume 7122, pp. 1-14, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2007)

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@InProceedings{okuyama_et_al:DagSemProc.07122.26,
  author =	{Okuyama, Fabio and Bordini, Rafael and Rocha Costa, Ant\^{o}nio Carlos},
  title =	{{Spatially Distributed Normative Objects}},
  booktitle =	{Normative Multi-agent Systems},
  pages =	{1--14},
  series =	{Dagstuhl Seminar Proceedings (DagSemProc)},
  ISSN =	{1862-4405},
  year =	{2007},
  volume =	{7122},
  editor =	{Guido Boella and Leon van der Torre and Harko Verhagen},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/DagSemProc.07122.26},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-9030},
  doi =		{10.4230/DagSemProc.07122.26},
  annote =	{Keywords: Multi-Agent Systems, Environment Modelling, Normative Infrastructure}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/DagSemProc.07122.27
Specifying and Enforcing Norms in Artificial Institutions

Authors: Nicoletta Fornara and Marco Colombetti

Abstract
In this paper we investigate two important and related aspects of the formalization of open interaction systems: how to specify norms, and how to enforce them by means of sanctions. The problem of specifying the sanctions associated with the violation of norms is crucial in an open system because, given that the compliance of autonomous agents to obligations and prohibitions cannot be taken for granted, norm enforcement is necessary to constrain the possible evolutions of the system, thus obtaining a degree of predictability that makes it rational for agents to interact with the system. In our model, norms are specified declaratively. When certain events take place, norms become active and generate pending commitments for the agents playing certain roles. Norms also specify the sanctions associated with their violation. In the paper, we analyze the concept of sanction in detail and propose a mechanism through which sanctions can be applied.
Cite as

Nicoletta Fornara and Marco Colombetti. Specifying and Enforcing Norms in Artificial Institutions. In Normative Multi-agent Systems. Dagstuhl Seminar Proceedings, Volume 7122, pp. 1-16, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2007)

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@InProceedings{fornara_et_al:DagSemProc.07122.27,
  author =	{Fornara, Nicoletta and Colombetti, Marco},
  title =	{{Specifying and Enforcing Norms in Artificial Institutions}},
  booktitle =	{Normative Multi-agent Systems},
  pages =	{1--16},
  series =	{Dagstuhl Seminar Proceedings (DagSemProc)},
  ISSN =	{1862-4405},
  year =	{2007},
  volume =	{7122},
  editor =	{Guido Boella and Leon van der Torre and Harko Verhagen},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/DagSemProc.07122.27},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-9097},
  doi =		{10.4230/DagSemProc.07122.27},
  annote =	{Keywords: Norms, Sanctions, Commitments, Artificial Institutions,}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/DagSemProc.07122.28
Ten Philosophical Problems in Deontic Logic

Authors: Jörg Hansen, Gabriella Pigozzi, and Leendert van der Torre

Abstract
The paper discusses ten philosophical problems in deontic logic: how to formally represent norms, when a set of norms may be termed `coherent', how to deal with normative conflicts, how contrary-to-duty obligations can be appropriately modeled, how dyadic deontic operators may be redefined to relate to sets of norms instead of preference relations between possible worlds, how various concepts of permission can be accommodated, how meaning postulates and counts-as conditionals can be taken into account, and how sets of norms may be revised and merged. The problems are discussed from the viewpoint of input/output logic as developed by van der Torre Makinson. We argue that norms, not ideality, should take the central position in deontic semantics, and that a semantics that represents norms, as input/output logic does, provides helpful tools for analyzing, clarifying and solving the problems of deontic logic.
Cite as

Jörg Hansen, Gabriella Pigozzi, and Leendert van der Torre. Ten Philosophical Problems in Deontic Logic. In Normative Multi-agent Systems. Dagstuhl Seminar Proceedings, Volume 7122, pp. 1-26, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2007)

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@InProceedings{hansen_et_al:DagSemProc.07122.28,
  author =	{Hansen, J\"{o}rg and Pigozzi, Gabriella and van der Torre, Leendert},
  title =	{{Ten Philosophical Problems in Deontic Logic}},
  booktitle =	{Normative Multi-agent Systems},
  pages =	{1--26},
  series =	{Dagstuhl Seminar Proceedings (DagSemProc)},
  ISSN =	{1862-4405},
  year =	{2007},
  volume =	{7122},
  editor =	{Guido Boella and Leon van der Torre and Harko Verhagen},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/DagSemProc.07122.28},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-9413},
  doi =		{10.4230/DagSemProc.07122.28},
  annote =	{Keywords: Deontic logic, normative systems, input/output logic}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/DagSemProc.07122.29
Towards a General Framework for Modelling Roles

Authors: Valerio Genovese

Abstract
Role is a widespread concept, it is used in many areas like MAS, Programming Languages, Organizations, Security and OO mod- elling. Unfortunately, it seems that the literature is not actually able to give a uniform definition of roles, there exist several approaches that model roles in many different (or even opposite) ways. In this draft we start to define a meta-model for roles. Our aim is to build a formal framework through which we can describe different roles appeared in the literature or implemented in up and running computer systems. In particular we give a new definition of role’s foundation introducing ses- sions, which are a formal instrument to talk about role’s states and we show how sessions may be useful to model many different role’s accounts.
Cite as

Valerio Genovese. Towards a General Framework for Modelling Roles. In Normative Multi-agent Systems. Dagstuhl Seminar Proceedings, Volume 7122, pp. 1-21, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2007)

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@InProceedings{genovese:DagSemProc.07122.29,
  author =	{Genovese, Valerio},
  title =	{{Towards a General Framework for Modelling Roles}},
  booktitle =	{Normative Multi-agent Systems},
  pages =	{1--21},
  series =	{Dagstuhl Seminar Proceedings (DagSemProc)},
  ISSN =	{1862-4405},
  year =	{2007},
  volume =	{7122},
  editor =	{Guido Boella and Leon van der Torre and Harko Verhagen},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/DagSemProc.07122.29},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-9256},
  doi =		{10.4230/DagSemProc.07122.29},
  annote =	{Keywords: Roles, Organizations, Object OrientedModelling, Multi-Agent Systems, Security.}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/DagSemProc.07122.30
Towards a Logic of Graded Normativity and Norm Adherence

Authors: Matthias Nickles

Abstract
A key focus of contemporary agent-oriented research and engineering is on open multiagent systems composed of truly autonomous, interacting agents. This poses new challenges, as entities in open systems are usually more or less mentally opaque (e.g., possibly insincere), and can enter and leave the system at will. Thus interactions among such black- or gray-box entities usually imply more or less severe contingencies in behavior: Among other issues, in principle, the adherence of agents to norms cannot be guaranteed in such systems. As a response to this issue, this paper proposes a logic-based approach based on the notion of (possibly probabilistic) behavioral expectations, which are stylized either as adaptive (i.e., predictive) or normative (i.e., prescriptive). Some features of this approach are the enabling of "soft norms" which are automatically weakened to some degree if contradicted at runtime, and the possibility to quantify norm adherence using the measurement of norm deviance.
Cite as

Matthias Nickles. Towards a Logic of Graded Normativity and Norm Adherence. In Normative Multi-agent Systems. Dagstuhl Seminar Proceedings, Volume 7122, pp. 1-15, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2007)

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@InProceedings{nickles:DagSemProc.07122.30,
  author =	{Nickles, Matthias},
  title =	{{Towards a Logic of Graded Normativity and Norm Adherence}},
  booktitle =	{Normative Multi-agent Systems},
  pages =	{1--15},
  series =	{Dagstuhl Seminar Proceedings (DagSemProc)},
  ISSN =	{1862-4405},
  year =	{2007},
  volume =	{7122},
  editor =	{Guido Boella and Leon van der Torre and Harko Verhagen},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/DagSemProc.07122.30},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-9267},
  doi =		{10.4230/DagSemProc.07122.30},
  annote =	{Keywords: Computational Norms, Dynamic Logic, Computational Expectations, Social AI}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/DagSemProc.07122.31
What an Agent Ought To Do

Authors: Jan M. Broersen and Leendert van der Torre

Abstract
This paper reviewes Horty's 2001 book `Agency and Deontic Logic'. We place Horty's research I a broader context and discuss the relevancy for logics for multi-agent systems.
Cite as

Jan M. Broersen and Leendert van der Torre. What an Agent Ought To Do. In Normative Multi-agent Systems. Dagstuhl Seminar Proceedings, Volume 7122, pp. 1-17, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2007)

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@InProceedings{broersen_et_al:DagSemProc.07122.31,
  author =	{Broersen, Jan M. and van der Torre, Leendert},
  title =	{{What an Agent Ought To Do}},
  booktitle =	{Normative Multi-agent Systems},
  pages =	{1--17},
  series =	{Dagstuhl Seminar Proceedings (DagSemProc)},
  ISSN =	{1862-4405},
  year =	{2007},
  volume =	{7122},
  editor =	{Guido Boella and Leon van der Torre and Harko Verhagen},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/DagSemProc.07122.31},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-9051},
  doi =		{10.4230/DagSemProc.07122.31},
  annote =	{Keywords: Deontic logic, STIT, agency, action}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/DagSemProc.07122.32
What is Input/Output Logic? Input/Output Logic, Constraints, Permissions

Authors: David Makinson and Leendert van der Torre

Abstract
We explain the {em raison d'^etre} and basic ideas of input/output logic, sketching the central elements with pointers to other publications for detailed developments. The motivation comes from the logic of norms. Unconstrained input/output operations are straightforward to define, with relatively simple behaviour, but ignore the subtleties of contrary-to-duty norms. To deal with these more sensitively, we constrain input/output operations by means of consistency conditions, expressed via the concept of an outfamily. They also provide a convenient platform for distinguishing and analysing several different kinds of permission.
Cite as

David Makinson and Leendert van der Torre. What is Input/Output Logic? Input/Output Logic, Constraints, Permissions. In Normative Multi-agent Systems. Dagstuhl Seminar Proceedings, Volume 7122, pp. 1-12, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2007)

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@InProceedings{makinson_et_al:DagSemProc.07122.32,
  author =	{Makinson, David and van der Torre, Leendert},
  title =	{{What is Input/Output Logic? Input/Output Logic, Constraints, Permissions}},
  booktitle =	{Normative Multi-agent Systems},
  pages =	{1--12},
  series =	{Dagstuhl Seminar Proceedings (DagSemProc)},
  ISSN =	{1862-4405},
  year =	{2007},
  volume =	{7122},
  editor =	{Guido Boella and Leon van der Torre and Harko Verhagen},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/DagSemProc.07122.32},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-9282},
  doi =		{10.4230/DagSemProc.07122.32},
  annote =	{Keywords: Deontic logic, input/output logic, constraints, permissions}
}

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